Understanding Microbial Arsenic-Mobilization in Multiple Aquifers: Insight from DNA and RNA Analyses

Metagenomic and FT-ICR MS insights into the mechanism for the arsenic biogeochemical cycling in groundwater

Arsenic (As) is a groundwater contaminant of global concern. The degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) can provide a reducing environment for As release. However, the interaction of DOM with local microbial communities and how different sources and types of DOM influence the biotransformation of As in aquifers is uncertain. This study used optical spectroscopy, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), metagenomics, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to demonstrate the how the biotransformation of As in aquifers is promoted. The results indicated that the DOM in high-As groundwater is dominated by highly unsaturated low-oxygen(O) compounds that are quite humic and stable. Metagenomics analysis indicated Acinetobacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, and Pseudomonas predominate in high-As environments; these genera all contain As detoxification genes and are members of the same phylum (Proteobacteria). SEM analyses indicated the presence of Proteobacteria is positively related to highly unsaturated low-O compounds in the groundwater and conditions that promote arsenite release. The results illustrate how the biogeochemical transformation of As in groundwater systems is affected by DOM from different sources and with different characteristics.

Deciphering the spatial heterogeneity of groundwater arsenic in Quaternary aquifers of the Central Yangtze River Basin

Significant spatial variability of groundwater arsenic (As) concentrations in South/Southeast Asia is closely associated with sedimentogenesis and biogeochemical cycling processes. However, the role of fine-scale differences in biogeochemical processes under similar sedimentological environments in controlling the spatial heterogeneity of groundwater As concentrations is poorly understood. Within the central Yangtze Basin, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbial functional communities in the groundwater and solid-phase As-Fe speciation in Jianghan Plain (JHP) and Jiangbei Plain (JBP) were compared to reveal mechanisms related to the spatial heterogeneity of groundwater As concentration. The optical signatures of DOM showed that low molecular terrestrial fulvic-like with highly humified was predominant in the groundwater of JHP, while terrestrial humic-like and microbial humic-like with high molecular weight were predominant in the groundwater of JBP. The inorganic carbon isotope, microbial functional communities, and solid-phase As-Fe speciation suggest that the primary process controlling As accumulation in JHP groundwater system is the degradation of highly humified OM by methanogens, which drive the reductive dissolution of amorphous iron oxides. While in JBP groundwater systems, anaerobic methane-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM) coupled with fermentative bacteria, iron reduction bacteria (IRB), and sulfate reduction bacteria (SRB) utilize low molecular weight DOM degradation to drive biotic/abiotic reduction of Fe oxides, further facilitating the formation of carbonate associated Fe and crystalline Fe oxides, resulting in As release into groundwater. Different biogeochemical cycling processes determine the evolution of As-enriched aquifer systems, and the coupling of multiple processes involving organic matter transformation‑iron cycling‑sulfur cycling-methane cycling leads to heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of As concentrations in groundwater. These findings provide new perspectives to decipher the spatial variability of As concentrations in groundwater.

Electrokinetic bioremediation of trichloroethylene and Cr/As co-contaminated soils with elevated sulfate

Co-contaminants and complex subsurface conditions pose great challenges to site remediation. This study demonstrates the potential of electrokinetic bioremediation (EK-BIO) in treating co-contaminants of chlorinated solvents and heavy metals in low-permeability soils with elevated sulfate. EK-BIO columns were filled with field soils, and were fed by the electrolyte containing 20 mg/L trichloroethylene (TCE), 250 μM Cr(VI), 25 μM As(III), 10 mM lactate, and 10 mM sulfate. A dechlorinating consortium containing Dehalococcoides (Dhc) was injected several times during a 199-d treatment at ∼1 V/cm. Sulfate reduction, Cr/As immobilization, and complete TCE biodechlorination were observed sequentially. EK-BIO facilitated the delivery of lactate, Cr(VI)/As(III), and sulfate to the soils, creating favorable reductive conditions for contaminant removal. Supplementary batch experiments and metagenomic/transcriptomic analysis suggested that sulfate promoted the reductive immobilization of Cr(VI) by generating sulfide species, which subsequently enhanced TCE biodechlorination by alleviating Cr(VI) toxicity. The dechlorinating community displayed a high As(III) tolerance. Metagenomic binning analysis revealed the dechlorinating activity of Dhc and the potential synergistic effects from other bacteria in mitigating heavy metal toxicity. This study justified the feasibility of EK-BIO for co-contaminant treatment and provided mechanistic insights into EK-BIO treatment.

Comamonas-dominant microbial community in carbon poor aquitard sediments revealed by metagenomic-based growth rate investigation

The microbiological ecology of a low-nutrient shallow aquifer with high arsenic content in the Yinchuan Plain was investigated in this study. Amplicon sequencing data from five samples (depths: 1.5 m, 3.5 m, 11.2 m, 19.3 m, and 25.5 m) revealed diverse and adaptable microbial community. Among the microbial community, Comamonas was the most prominent, accounting for 10.52 % of the total. This genus displayed high growth rates, with a maximum growth rate of 12.06 d-1 and a corresponding doubling time of 1.38 days, as determined through an analysis of codon usage bias. Functional annotation of Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs) for samples at 1.5 m and 11.2 m depths revealed Comamonas' metabolic versatility, including various carbon pathways, assimilative sulfate reduction (ASR), and dissimilatory reduction to ammonium (DNRA). The TPM (Transcripts Per Kilobase of exon model per Million mapped reads) of MAGs at 11.2 m sample was 15.7 and 12.3. The presence of arsenic resistance genes in Comamonas aligns with sediment arsenic levels (65.8 mg/kg for 1.5 m depth, 32.8 mg/kg for 11.2 m depth). This study highlights the role of Comamonas as a 'generalist' bacteria in challenging oligotrophic sediments, emphasizing the significance of such organisms in community stability and ecological functions. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Low-biomass limits the microbial activity and biogeochemical study in oligotrophic environments, which is the typical condition for underground aquatic ecosystems. Facilitated by growth rate estimation, our research focuses on active functional microorganisms and their biogeochemical metabolic in oligotrophic aquifer sediments, revealing their impact on the environment and response to arsenic threats. Findings illuminate the metabolic advantage of a 'generalist life-style' in carbon-scarce environments and contribute to a broader understanding of bacterial ecosystems and environmental impacts in oligotrophic aquifer sediments worldwide.

Ammonium-Enhanced Arsenic Mobilization from Aquifer Sediments

Ammonium-related pathways are important for groundwater arsenic (As) enrichment, especially via microbial Fe(III) reduction coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation; however, the key pathways (and microorganisms) underpinning ammonium-induced Fe(III) reduction and their contributions to As mobilization in groundwater are still unknown. To address this gap, aquifer sediments hosting high As groundwater from the western Hetao Basin were incubated with 15N-labeled ammonium and external organic carbon sources (including glucose, lactate, and lactate/acetate). Decreases in ammonium concentrations were positively correlated with increases in the total produced Fe(II) (Fe(II)tot) and released As. The molar ratios of Fe(II)tot to oxidized ammonium ranged from 3.1 to 3.7 for all incubations, and the δ15N values of N2 from the headspace increased in 15N-labeled ammonium-treated series, suggesting N2 as the key end product of ammonium oxidation. The addition of ammonium increased the As release by 16.1% to 49.6%, which was more pronounced when copresented with organic electron donors. Genome-resolved metagenomic analyses (326 good-quality MAGs) suggested that ammonium-induced Fe(III) reduction in this system required syntrophic metabolic interactions between bacterial Fe(III) reduction and archaeal ammonium oxidation. The current results highlight the significance of syntrophic ammonium-stimulated Fe(III) reduction in driving As mobilization, which is underestimated in high As groundwater.

Predicting geogenic groundwater arsenic contamination risk in floodplains using interpretable machine-learning model

Long-term exposure to geogenic arsenic (As)-contaminated groundwater poses a severe threat to public health problems. Generally, elevated As concentrations have been observed with high amounts of ammonium in groundwater of floodplains. An extreme gradient boosting algorithm was conducted to develop a probability model based on hydrogeochemical data, which predicted the occurrence rates of groundwater As on a regional scale. Results showed that concentrations of NH4+, Eh, K, Cl-, SO42-, and NO3- were powerful predictive variables of As exposure. The model revealed the co-enrichment of As with NH4+, suggesting that the mineralization of nitrogen-containing organic matter promoted the reduction of As-bearing iron-oxides. The predicted distribution of high-As groundwater showed high consistency with known spatial distribution of As contamination, and the model also accurately predicted As concentrations in Jiangbei Plain of China and typical As-affected floodplains of Southeast Asia. The model can serve as a low-cost and rapid virtual sensor for detecting As concentrations in private or newly drilled wells, thereby providing critical information for informed management decisions, environmental protection and public health safety.

Transformation of dissolved organic matter and related arsenic mobility at a surface water-groundwater interface in the Hetao Basin, China

Porewater arsenic mobility above the groundwater table has been recognized as a potential cause of arsenic-rich groundwater, but the processing pathways of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in that hyporheic zone and their effect on porewater arsenic release remain poorly understood. To address these issues, two porewater profiles were sampled in a surface water-groundwater interaction zone from the Hetao Basin, China, to monitor the porewater geochemistry and DOM molecular characteristics. The results show that the porewater arsenic, Fe(II), and DOC concentrations were all significantly higher than those of the intruding pond water, and were located above the conservative mixing model lines. This indicates a net release of these solutes from the sediment. By comparing the porewater with pond water DOM, we found that the carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM) were selectively preserved, carbohydrates and aliphatics/proteins were preferentially consumed, and low O/C-ratio compounds with high bioproduction index (I_bioprod) and terrestrial index (I_terr) were produced. The transformation of CHO to CHOS compounds also represented a pathway of recalcitrant DOM production. The produced recalcitrant organic compounds mostly contributed to the elevated porewater DOC concentrations, but their contribution decreased along the filtration path. The consumption of labile DOM compounds would be responsible for Fe(III) hydroxide reduction and arsenic release. The generated recalcitrant DOM may also be a driver of porewater arsenic mobility by acting as electron shuttles. This study highlights the importance of the hyporheic zone in shaping shallow groundwater DOM composition and the potential contribution to arsenic enrichment.

Arsenic removal in flue gas through anaerobic denitrification and sulfate reduction cocoupled arsenic oxidation

Arsenic in flue gas from municipal solid waste incineration can damage to human health and ecological environment. A sulfate-nitrate-reducing bioreactor (SNRBR) for flue gas arsenic removal was investigated. Arsenic removal efficiency attained 89.4%. An integrated metagenomic and metaproteomic investigation showed that three nitrate reductases (NapA, NapB and NarG), three sulfate reductases (Sat, AprAB and DsrAB), and arsenite oxidase (ArxA) regulated nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction and bacterial As(III)-oxidation, respectively. Citrobacter and Desulfobulbus could synthetically regulate the expression of arsenite-oxidizing gene, nitrate reductases and sulfate reducatases, which involved in As(III) oxidation, nitrate and sulfate reduction. A bacterial consortium containing Citrobacter, UG_Enterobacteriaceas, Desulfobulbus and Desulfovibrio could capable of simultaneously arsenic oxidation, sulfate reduction and denitrification. Anaerobic denitrification and sulfate reduction were cocoupled to arsenic oxidation. The biofilm was characterized by FTIR, XPS, XRD, EEM, and SEM. XRD and XPS spectra verified the formation of aarsenic species (As(V)) from flue gas As(III) conversion. Arsenic speciation in biofilms of SNRBR consisted of 77% residual arsenic, 15.9% organic matter-bound arsenic, and 4.3% strongly absorbed arsenic. Flue gas arsenic was bio-stabilized in the form of Fe-As-S and As-EPS through biodeposition, biosorption and biocomplexation. This provides a new way of flue gas arsenic removal using the sulfate-nitrate-reducing bioreactor.

Linking DOM characteristics to microbial community: The potential role of DOM mineralization for arsenic release in shallow groundwater

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) play critical roles in arsenic (As) biotransformation in groundwater, but its compositional characteristics and interactions with indigenous microbial communities remain unclear. In this study, DOM signatures coupled with taxonomy and functions of microbial community were characterized in As-enriched groundwater by excitation-emission matrix, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and metagenomic sequencing. Results showed that As concentrations were significantly positively correlated with DOM humification (r = 0.707, p < 0.01) and the most dominant humic acid-like DOM components (r = 0.789, p < 0.01). Molecular characterization further demonstrated high DOM oxidation degree, with the prevalence of unsaturated oxygen-low aromatics, nitrogen (N₁/N₂)-containing compounds and unique CHO molecules in high As groundwater. These DOM properties were consistent with microbial composition and functional potentials. Both taxonomy and binning analyses demonstrated the dominance of Pseudomonas stutzeri, Microbacterium and Sphingobium xenophagum in As-enriched groundwater which possessed abundant As-reducing gene, with organic carbon degrading genes capable of labile to recalcitrant compounds degradation and high potentials of organic nitrogen mineralization to generate ammonium. Besides, most assembled bins in high As groundwater presented strong fermentation potentials which could facilitate carbon utilization by heterotrophic microbes. This study provides better insight into the potential role of DOM mineralization for As release in groundwater system.

Screening of hazardous groundwater pollutants responsible for microbial ecological consequences by integrated nontargeted analysis and high-throughput sequencing technologies

Organic contaminants, especially hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), pose potential ecological threats even at environmental concentrations. Characterization of HOC profiles and identification of key environmental stressors are vital but still challenging in groundwater quality management. In this study, a strategy for identifying the key environmental stressors among HOCs in groundwater based on integrated chemical monitoring technologies and microbial ecology analysis methods was proposed and applied to typical groundwater samples. Specifically, the characteristics of HOCs were systematically analyzed based on nontargeted and targeted approaches, and microbial community assembly and specific biomarker analysis were combined to determine the major ecological processes and key environmental stressors. The results showed that a total of 234 HOCs were detected in groundwater collected from Tongzhou, Beijing; among them, phthalate esters (PAEs) were screened out as key environmental stressors, considering that they made relatively higher microbial ecology contributions. Furthermore, their influences on the structure and function of the groundwater microbial community were evaluated by adopting high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis technologies. These findings confirmed PAEs as vital determinants driving microbial assembly, shifting community structure, and regulating community function in groundwater; in addition, the findings validated the feasibility and suitability of the proposed strategy.

Quantifying sulfidization and non-sulfidization in long-term in-situ microbial colonized As(V)-ferrihydrite coated sand columns: Insights into As mobility

Sulfide-induced reduction (sulfidization) of arsenic (As)-bearing Fe(III) (oxyhydro)oxides may lead to As mobilization in aquifer systems. However, little is known about the relative contributions of sulfidization and non-sulfidization of Fe(III) (oxyhydro)oxides reduction to As mobilization. To address this issue, high As groundwater with low sulfide (LS) and high sulfide (HS) concentrations were pumped through As(V)-bearing ferrihydrite-coated sand columns (LS-column and HS-column, respectively) being settled within wells in the western Hetao Basin, China. Sulfidization of As(V)-bearing ferrihydrite was evidenced by the increase in dissolved Fe(II) and the presence of solid Fe(II) and elemental sulfur (S⁰) in both the columns. A conceptual model was built using accumulated S⁰ and Fe(II) produced in the columns to calculate the proportions of sulfidization-induced Fe(III) (oxyhydro)oxide reduction and non-sulfidization-induced Fe(III) (oxyhydro)oxide reduction. Fe(III) reduction via sulfidization occurred preferentially in the inlet ends (LS-column, 31 %; HS-column, 86 %), while Fe(III) reduction via non-sulfidization processes predominated in the outlet ends (LS-column, 96 %; HS-column, 86 %), and was attributed to the metabolism of genera associated with Fe(III) reduction (including Shewanella, Ferribacterium, and Desulfuromonas). Arsenic was mobilized in the columns via sulfidization and non-sulfidization processes. More As was released from the solid of the HS-column than that of the LS-column due to the higher intensity of sulfidization in the presence of higher concentrations of dissolved S(-II). Overall, this study highlights the sulfidization of As-bearing Fe(III) (oxyhydro)oxides as an important As-mobilizing pathway in complex As-Fe-S bio-hydrogeochemical networks.

The influence mechanism of hydrogeochemical environment and sulfur and nitrogen cycle on arsenic enrichment in groundwater: A case study of Hasuhai basin, China

Hydro-biogeochemical processes control the formation and evolution of high arsenic (As) groundwater. However, the effects of nitrogen and sulfur cycles in groundwater on As migration and transformation are not well understood. Thus, twenty-one groundwater samples were collected from the Hasuhai basin. Hydrochemistry and geochemical modeling were used to analyze the geochemical processes associated with nitrogen and sulfur cycles. An arsenic speciation model (AM) and a sulfide-As model (SAM) were constructed to verify the existence of As species and the formation mechanism of thioarsenate. A hydrous ferric oxide (Hfo)-As adsorption model (HAM) and a competitive adsorption model (CAM) were used to reveal the adsorption and desorption mechanisms of As. The results showed that high arsenic groundwater (As > 10 μg/L) was mainly distributed under reductive conditions, and the highest concentration was 231.5 μg/L. The modeling results revealed that sulfides were widely involved in the geochemical cycle of As, with H₃AsO₃ and H₂AsO₃^- accounting for >70 % of the total As, and thioarsenate accounting for 30 %. S/As < 2.5 and S/Fe < l control the formation of thioarsenate. With the high correlation of NH₄⁺, TFe, sulfide, and TAs, the co-mobilization of N and S cycles may facilitate As enrichment in groundwater. A weak alkaline reduction environment triggered by the decomposition of organic matter was the main factor leading to the transfer of As from the aquifer to the groundwater. This research contributes to the development of high-As groundwater, and the findings are of general significance for drinking water in the Hasuhai Basin.

Geogenic arsenic and arsenotrophic microbiome in groundwater from the Hetao Basin

High arsenic (As) in groundwater is an environmental issue of global concern, which is closely related to microbe-mediated As biogeochemical cycling. However, the distribution of genes related to As cycling and underlying microbial As biogeochemical processes in high As groundwater remain elusive. Hence, we profiled the As cycling genes (arsC, arrA, and aioA genes) and indigenous microbial communities in groundwater from a typical high As area, the Hetao Basin from China, using amplicon sequencing and qPCR techniques. Here, we revealed the significant difference in microbial community structure between low As groundwater samples (LG) and high As groundwater samples (HG). Acinetobacter, Thiovirga, Hydrogenophaga, and Sulfurimonas were dominant in LG, while Aquabcterium, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Desulfomicrobium, Hydrogenophaga, and Nitrospira were predominant in HG. Shannon and Chao indices of the microbial communities in HG were significantly higher than those of in LG. Alpha diversity and abundance of arsC and arrA genes were higher than those of aioA genes. The significant positive correlation was uncovered between the abundances of arsC and aioA genes, suggesting the cooccurrence of As functional genes in groundwater. Sphingopyxis, Agrobacterium, Klebsiella, Hoeflea, and Aeromonas represented the dominant taxa within the As (V) reducers communities. Distance-based redundancy analysis showed that ORP, pH, As_tot, Mn, and DOC were the key factors shaping the diverse microbial populations, while ORP, S^2-, As(III), Fe(II), NH₄⁺, pH, Mn, SO₄^2-, As(V), temperature, and P as the main drivers affecting arsenotrophic microbiota. This work provides an insight into microbial communities linked to As biogeochemical processes in high As groundwater, playing a fundamental role in groundwater As cycling.

Microbially mediated arsenic mobilization in the clay layer and underlying aquifer in the Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, China

The clay layer is a source to facilitate arsenic (As) enrichment in the aquifer. However, little is known about microbial processes in the clay layer and their roles in As mobilization in the underlying aquifer. In this study, high-throughput sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA gene and metagenomics were used to characterize the microbial composition and functional potential in a sediment borehole across the clay and sand layers in Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. Results showed the significant differences between the clay layer and underlying sand layer in the geochemistry, microbial composition and functional potential. Fermentation, Fe(III) reduction, As(V) reduction, sulfate reduction, thiosulfate disproportionation, reductive tricarboxylic acid and Wood-Ljungdahl pathway identified in sediments from the clay layer were positively correlated to the observed high levels of TOC, soluble ammonium, H₃PO₄-extractable As(III) and As(V) and HCl-extractable Fe(II). Although the microbial compositions of the clay and sand layers were different, the microbial functional potential at the interface between the clay and sand layers was similar with the characteristics of fermentation, ammonification and As(V) reduction. The similarity of microbial functional potential at the interface may be attributable to the interaction between the sand and adjacent clay layer with the fluctuation of groundwater level. These metabolic products from the microbial processes in the clay layers and interface would migrate into the underlying groundwater during groundwater overpumping, which facilitates As enrichment in groundwater.

Feammox in alluvial-lacustrine aquifer system: Nitrogen/iron isotopic and biogeochemical evidences

Groundwater nitrogen contamination is becoming increasingly serious worldwide, and natural nitrogen attenuation processes such as anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction ("Feammox") play an important role in mitigating contamination. Although there has been intensive study of Feammox in soils and sediments, still lacks research on this process in groundwater. This study makes effort to demonstrate the occurrence of Feammox in groundwater by combining information from Fe/N isotope composition, the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Poyang Lake Plain of Yangtze River in central China was selected as the case study area. The critical evidences that indicate Feammox in groundwater include favorable hydrogeochemical conditions of the alluvia-lacustrine aquifer systems, the simultaneous enrichment of ¹⁵N in ammonium and ⁵⁶Fe, the relative high abundance of Acidimicrobiaceae bacterium A6, and the joint elevation of the abundance of the Feammox bacteria and the concentration of Fe(III). Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that Geothrix and Rhodobacter may participate directly or cooperatively in the Feammox process. Ammonium-oxidizing archaea (AOA) involved in ammonium-oxidizing or Feammox process may be stimulated by Fe(III) under a low oxygen concentration and weakly acidic condition. Anammox may be indirectly enhanced by products of the nitrogen transformation processes involving Feammox bacteria and AOA. Fe(III) concentration is an important environmental factor affecting the abundance of functional microorganisms related to nitrogen cycling and the composition of ammonium-oxidizing and iron-reducing microbes. Specific geological background (such as the widespread red soils) and anthropogenic input of ammonium, iron, and acidic substances may jointly promote Feammox in groundwater.

Mobilization of As, Fe, and Mn from Contaminated Sediment in Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions: Chemical or Microbiological Triggers?

We integrated aqueous chemistry, spectroscopy, and microbiology techniques to identify chemical and microbial processes affecting the release of arsenic (As), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) from contaminated sediments exposed to aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The sediments were collected from Cheyenne River Sioux Tribal lands in South Dakota, which has dealt with mining legacy for several decades. The range of concentrations of total As measured from contaminated sediments was 96 to 259 mg kg^-1, which co-occurs with Fe (21 000-22 005 mg kg^-1) and Mn (682-703 mg kg^-1). The transition from aerobic to anaerobic redox conditions yielded the highest microbial diversity, and the release of the highest concentrations of As, Fe, and Mn in batch experiments reacted with an exogenous electron donor (glucose). The reduction of As was confirmed by XANES analyses when transitioning from aerobic to anaerobic conditions. In contrast, the releases of As, Fe and Mn after a reaction with phosphate was at least 1 order of magnitude lower compared with experiments amended with glucose. Our results indicate that mine waste sediments amended with an exogenous electron donor trigger microbial reductive dissolution caused by anaerobic respiration. These dissolution processes can affect metal mobilization in systems transitioning from aerobic to anaerobic conditions in redox gradients. Our results are relevant for natural systems, for surface and groundwater exchange, or other systems in which metal cycling is influenced by chemical and biological processes.

Genome-Resolved Metagenomic Analysis of Groundwater: Insights into Arsenic Mobilization in Biogeochemical Interaction Networks

High-arsenic (As) groundwaters, a worldwide issue, are critically controlled by multiple interconnected biogeochemical processes. However, there is limited information on the complex biogeochemical interaction networks that cause groundwater As enrichment in aquifer systems. The western Hetao basin was selected as a study area to address this knowledge gap, offering an aquifer system where groundwater flows from an oxidizing proximal fan (low dissolved As) to a reducing flat plain (high dissolved As). The key microbial interaction networks underpinning the biogeochemical pathways responsible for As mobilization along the groundwater flow path were characterized by genome-resolved metagenomic analysis. Genes associated with microbial Fe(II) oxidation and dissimilatory nitrate reduction were noted in the proximal fan, suggesting the importance of nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation in immobilizing As. However, genes catalyzing microbial Fe(III) reduction (omcS) and As(V) detoxification (arsC) were highlighted in groundwater samples downgradient flow path, inferring that reductive dissolution of As-bearing Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides mobilized As(V), followed by enzymatic reduction to As(III). Genes associated with ammonium oxidation (hzsABC and hdh) were also positively correlated with Fe(III) reduction (omcS), suggesting a role for the Feammox process in driving As mobilization. The current study illustrates how genomic sequencing tools can help dissect complex biogeochemical systems, and strengthen biogeochemical models that capture key aspects of groundwater As enrichment.