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Li B, Yao Z, Zhao F, Meng B, Ma Z, Li C. Occurrence of organic ultraviolet absorbers in the particle and gas samples from plastic greenhouses: Human inhalation intake risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134801. [PMID: 38843630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The environmental pollution of organic ultraviolet absorbers (UVAs) has attracted global attention. However, the distribution, sources and risk assessment of UVAs in air from plastic greenhouses are rarely reported. This study was the first to investigate the concentrations of ten UVAs in the air samples from plastic greenhouses. The total concentrations of ten UVAs (∑10UVAs) in the air samples ranged from 5.7 × 103 ng/m3 to 6.3 × 103 ng/m3 (median 5.7 × 103 ng/m3) in greenhouses covered with biodegradable mulch film, 288.2 ng/m3 to 376.4 ng/m3 (median 333.9 ng/m3) in greenhouses covered with PE mulch film, and 97.9 ng/m3 to 142.6 ng/m3 (median 114.9 ng/m3) in greenhouses covered without mulch film. The concentrations of ten UVAs in 65 commercial agricultural films were simultaneously analyzed. Additionally, the potential health risks for greenhouse workers exposed to UVAs were estimated. And the migration simulations showed that the health risk in greenhouses may be higher even if only one UVA is added to the biodegradable mulch film. Therefore, the exposure risk of UVAs in plastic greenhouses needs to be highly prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Boyuan Meng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
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2
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Cheng X, Gao L, Cao X, Zhang Y, Ai Q, Weng J, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang L, Lyu B, Wu Y, Zheng M. Identification and Prioritization of Organic Pollutants in Human Milk from the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38913859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Pollutants in human milk are critical for evaluating maternal internal exposure and infant external exposure. However, most studies have focused on a limited range of pollutants. Here, 15 pooled samples (prepared from 467 individual samples) of human milk from three areas of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China were analyzed by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In total, 171 compounds of nine types were preliminarily identified. Among these, 16 compounds, including 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone and 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, were detected in human milk for the first time. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis identified ten area-specific pollutants, including 2-naphthylamine, 9-fluorenone, 2-isopropylthianthrone, and benzo[a]pyrene, among pooled human milk samples from Shanghai (n = 3), Jiangsu Province (n = 6), and Zhejiang Province (n = 6). Risk index (RI) values were calculated and indicated that legacy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contributed only 20% of the total RIs for the identified PAHs and derivatives, indicating that more attention should be paid to PAHs with various functional groups. Nine priority pollutants in human milk from the YRD were identified. The most important were 4-tert-amylphenol, caffeine, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone, which are associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and other health hazards. The results improve our ability to assess the health risks posed by pollutants in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaoying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyuan Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Lorigo M, Quintaneiro C, Breitenfeld L, Cairrao E. Exposure to UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate and human health effects: Focus on endocrine disruptor actions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142218. [PMID: 38704047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Human skin is the first line of photoprotection against UV radiation. However, despite having its defence mechanisms, the photoprotection that the skin exerts is not enough. To protect human skin, the inclusion of UV filters in the cosmetic industry has grown significantly as a photoprotection strategy. Octylmethoxycinnamate, also designated by octinoxate, or 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (CAS number: 5466-77-3) is one of the most widely used UV-B filter in the cosmetic industry. The toxic effects of OMC have alarmed the public, but there is still no consensus in the scientific community about its use. This article aims to provide an overview of the UV filters' photoprotection, emphasizing the OMC and the possible negative effects it may have on the public health. Moreover, the current legislation will be addressed. In summary, the recommendations should be rethought to assess their risk-benefit, since the existing literature warns us to endocrine-disrupting effects of OMC. Further studies should be focus on the toxicity of OMC alone, in mixture and should consider its degradation products, to improve the knowledge of its risk assessment as EDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lorigo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carla Quintaneiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Luiza Breitenfeld
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Ebert KE, Griem P, Weiss T, Brüning T, Hayen H, Koch HM, Bury D. Toxicokinetics of homosalate in humans after dermal application: applicability of oral-route data for exposure assessment by human biomonitoring. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1383-1398. [PMID: 38485782 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Homosalate (HMS) is a UV filter used in sunscreens and personal care products as a mixture of cis- and trans-isomers. Systemic absorption after sunscreen use has been demonstrated in humans, and concerns have been raised about possible endocrine activity of HMS, making a general population exposure assessment desirable. In a previous study, it was shown that the oral bioavailability of cis-HMS (cHMS) is lower than that of trans-HMS (tHMS) by a factor of 10, calling for a separate evaluation of both isomers in exposure and risk assessment. The aim of the current study is the investigation of HMS toxicokinetics after dermal exposure. Four volunteers applied a commercial sunscreen containing 10% HMS to their whole body under regular-use conditions (18-40 mg HMS (kg bw)-1). Parent HMS isomers and hydroxylated and carboxylic acid metabolites were quantified using authentic standards and isotope dilution analysis. Further metabolites were investigated semi-quantitatively. Elimination was delayed and slower compared to the oral route, and terminal elimination half-times were around 24 h. After dermal exposure, the bioavailability of cHMS was a factor of 2 lower than that of tHMS. However, metabolite ratios in relation to the respective parent isomer were very similar to the oral route, supporting the applicability of the oral-route urinary excretion fractions for dermal-route exposure assessments. Exemplary calculations of intake doses showed margins of safety between 11 and 92 (depending on the approach) after single whole-body sunscreen application. Human biomonitoring can reliably quantify oral and dermal HMS exposures and support the monitoring of exposure reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Ebert
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Griem
- Symrise AG, Mühlenfeldstrasse 1, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
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Li B, Yao Z, Wei D, Guo L, Ma Z, Li C. Uptake, accumulation and metabolism of UV-320 in vegetables and its impact on growth and quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171228. [PMID: 38402974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
UV-320 is classified as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) by the European Chemicals Agency and has attracted significant attention due to its presence in the environment. Understanding the uptake, translocation and metabolic patterns of UV-320 in vegetables is essential for assessing their ability to bioaccumulate and potential risks to human health. In this study, we investigated the uptake and translocation of UV-320 in lettuce and radish by hydroponic experiments. The results showed that the root concentration factors (Croot/Csolution, RCF) of lettuce and radish were in the range of 47.9 to 464 mL/g and 194 to 787 mL/g, respectively. The transfer factors (Cshoot/Croot, TF) were observed to be 0.001-0.012 for lettuce and 0.02-0.05 for radish. Additionally, non-targeted screening identified twelve phase I and one phase II metabolites of UV-320 in vegetables, which were confirmed based on their molecular formulas and structures. The metabolic pathways involving oxidation, ketonylation and deamination were proposed in vegetables. Also, we have observed that UV-320 inhibits the growth of vegetables. Meanwhile, we evaluated the health risk of UV-320 in lettuce and radish and found that the consumption of lettuce is relatively safe, while the consumption of radish has a risk of HQ >1 for both adults and children, which should be seriously considered. This study provides valuable insights into the behavior and ecological risks of UV-320 in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dizhe Wei
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co, Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
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Chen J, Wang W, Chen D, Zhu L. Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizers (BUVSs) as Potential Protein Kinase Antagonists in Rice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21405-21415. [PMID: 38061893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous occurrence of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) in the environment and organisms has warned of their potential ecological and health risks. Studies showed that some BUVSs exerted immune and chronic toxicities to animals by disturbing signaling transduction, yet limited research has investigated the toxic effects on crop plants and the underlying mechanisms of signaling regulation. Herein, a laboratory-controlled hydroponic experiment was conducted on rice to explore the phytotoxicity of BUVSs by integrating conventional biochemical experiments, transcriptomic analysis, competitive sorption assays, and computational studies. The results showed that BUVSs inhibited the growth of rice by 6.30-20.4% by excessively opening the leaf stomas, resulting in increased transpiration. BUVSs interrupted the transduction of abscisic acid (ABA) signal through competitively binding to Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), weakening the CDPK phosphorylation and further inhibiting the downstream signaling. As structural analogues of ATP, BUVSs acted as potential ABA signaling antagonists, leading to physiological dysfunction in mediating stomatal closure under stresses. This is the first comprehensive study elucidating the effects of BUVSs on the function of key proteins and the associated signaling transduction in plants and providing insightful information for the risk evaluation and control of BUVSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Dingjiang Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Liu Y, Gao L, Ai Q, Qiao L, Li J, Lyu B, Zheng M, Wu Y. Concentrations, Profiles, and Health Risks of Organic Ultraviolet Filters in Eight Food Categories Determined through the Sixth Chinese Total Diet Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13366-13374. [PMID: 37647541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are emerging contaminants that have been found in high concentrations in human tissues. Food intake is generally considered to be the primary route of human exposure to contaminants. In this study, 184 composite food samples, prepared from 4268 individual samples in eight categories collected from 23 Chinese provinces for the sixth Chinese total diet study, were analyzed. The total and median UV filter concentrations in food samples were 1.5-68.3 and 7.9 ng/g wet weight, respectively. The highest median concentrations were found in decreasing order in meat, cereals, and legumes. In total, 15 UV filters were analyzed. 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate, and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate were dominant and made median contributions of 34.1%, 22.6%, and 14.5%, respectively, and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol contributed the median of 0.03%, of the total UV filter concentrations. The estimated total daily UV filter intake in animal-origin foods and total UV filter concentration in human milk from the same province were significantly correlated (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). Predicted absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination properties led to 10 UV filters being prioritized as most likely to be retained in human tissues. The prioritization results and toxicity assessments indicated that octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate have stronger effects in vivo and therefore require more attention than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
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Zhang L, Shen L, Huang Y, Cui S, Zhao Q, Zhang C, Zhuang S, Jiang G. Embryonic Exposure to UV-328 Impairs the Cell Cycle in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) by Inhibiting the p38 MAPK/p53/Gadd45a Signaling Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37384941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The benzotriazole UV stabilizer UV-328 is well known for its potent antioxidative properties; however, there are concerns about how it may affect signaling nodes and lead to negative consequences. This study identified the key signaling cascades involved in oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae and evaluated the cell cycle arrests and associated developmental alternations. Exposure to UV-328 at 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00 μg/L downregulated gene expression associated with oxidative stress (cat, gpx, gst, and sod) and apoptosis (caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-8, and caspase-9) at 3 days postfertilization (dpf). The transcriptome aberration in zebrafish with disrupted p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades was validated based on decreased mRNA expressions of p38 MAPK (0.36-fold), p53 (0.33-fold), and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45 α (Gadd45a) (0.52-fold) after a 3- and 14-day exposure alongside a correspondingly decreased protein expression. The percentage of cells in the Gap 1 (G1) phase increased from 69.60% to a maximum of 77.07% (p < 0.05) in the 3 dpf embryos. UV-328 inhibited the p38 MAPK/p53/Gadd45a regulatory circuit but promoted G1 phase cell cycle arrest, abnormally accelerating the embryo hatching and heart rate. This study provided mechanistic insights that enrich the risk profiles of UV-328.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lilai Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhou Huang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shixuan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77058, United States
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Ebert KE, Griem P, Weiss T, Brüning T, Hayen H, Koch HM, Bury D. Diastereoselective metabolism of homomenthyl salicylate (homosalate): Identification of relevant human exposure biomarkers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107637. [PMID: 36423396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Homosalate (HMS) is a salicylate UV filter broadly used in sunscreens and personal care products. The aim of this study was the collection of human toxicokinetic data on HMS as a tool for risk assessment. For this purpose, metabolism and urinary excretion after a single oral HMS dose (98.2-149.1 µg (kg body weight)-1) were investigated in four volunteers (two male, two female). As commercial products generally contain a mixture of cis- and trans-HMS, both cis-rich and trans-rich isomer mixtures were studied to investigate possible differences in metabolism. Initial metabolite screening tentatively identified six oxidative metabolite subgroups, of which hydroxylated and carboxylic acid metabolites were studied in more detail. Unchanged parent HMS and the previously identified HMS metabolites 5-((2-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy)-3,3-dimethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (HMS-CA) and 3-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (3OH-HMS), respectively, were quantified separately as cis- and trans-isomers via authentic standards by isotope dilution analysis. In addition, further alkyl-hydroxylated and carboxylic acid metabolites were investigated semi-quantitatively. Peak concentrations in urine were reached 1.5-6.3 h post-dose and more than 80 % of each of the quantitatively investigated metabolites (and at least 70 % of the semi-quantitatively investigated metabolites) was excreted within the first 24 h. Plasma and urine data indicated that oral bioavailability of cis-HMS was one order of magnitude below that of trans-HMS. Furthermore, the mean total urinary excretion fraction (Fue) for the metabolites derived from trans-HMS (6.4 %) was two orders of magnitude higher than for the metabolites derived from cis-HMS (0.045 %). Our data proves diastereoselectivity in toxicokinetics of cis- and trans-HMS, emphasizing the necessity to address isomer ratios in future studies including HMS exposure and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina E Ebert
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Peter Griem
- Symrise AG, Mühlenfeldstraße 1, 37603 Holzminden, Germany.
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bury
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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