1
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Yan X, An J, He W, Zhou Q. Environmental factors influencing the soil-air partitioning of semi-volatile petroleum hydrocarbons: Laboratory measurements and optimization model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171953. [PMID: 38537825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The soil-air partition coefficient (KSA) values are commonly utilized to examine the fate of organic contaminants in soils; however, their measurement has been lacking for semi-volatile petroleum hydrocarbons within soil contaminated by crude oil. This research utilized a solid-phase fugacity meter to determine the KSA values of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under crucial environmental conditions. The results showed a notable increase in KSA values with the extent of crude oil contamination in soil. Specifically, in the 3 % crude oil treatment, the KSA values for n-alkanes and PAHs increased by 1.16 and 0.66 times, respectively, compared to the 1 % crude oil treatment. However, the KSA values decreased with changes in temperature, water content, and particle size within the specified experimental range. Among these factors, temperature played a significant role. The KSA values for n-alkanes and PAHs decreased by 0.27-0.89 and 0.61-0.83 times, respectively, with a temperature increase from 5 °C to 35 °C. Moreover, the research identified that the molecular weight of n-alkanes and PAHs contributed to variations in KSA values under identical environmental factors. With an increase in temperature from 5 °C to 35 °C, the range of n-alkanes present in the air phase expanded from C11 to C34, and PAHs showed elevated levels of acenaphthene (ACE) and benzo (b) fluoranthene (BbFA). Furthermore, heightened water content and particle size were observed to facilitate the volatilization of low molecular weight petroleum hydrocarbons. The effect of environmental variables on soil-air partitioning was evaluated using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) model, resulting in the attainment of the lowest log KSA values. These results illustrate that soil-air partitioning is a complex process influenced by various factors. In conclusion, this study improves our comprehension and predictive capabilities concerning the behavior and fate of n-alkanes and PAHs within soil-air systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing An
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation by Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Wenxiang He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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2
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Wang R, Zhang KH, Wang Y, Wu CC, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Use of machine learning to identify key factors regulating volatilization of semi-volatile organic chemicals from soil to air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170769. [PMID: 38342447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Volatilization from soil to air is a key process driving the distribution and fate of semi-volatile organic contaminants. However, quantifying this process and the key environmental governing factors remains difficult. To address this issue, the volatilization fluxes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) from soil were determined in 16 batch experiments orthogonally with six variables (chemical property, soil concentration, air velocity, ambient temperature, soil porosity, and soil moisture) and analyzed with machine learning methods. The results showed that gradient-boosting regression tree models satisfactorily predicted the volatilization fluxes of PBDEs (r2 = 0.82 ± 0.07) and OPEs (r2 = 0.62 ± 0.13). Permutation importance analysis showed that partitioning potential of chemicals between soil and air was the most important factor regulating the volatilization of the target compounds from soil. Temperature and soil porosity played a secondary role in controlling the migration of PBDEs and OPEs, respectively, due to higher volatilization enthalpies of PBDEs than those of OPEs and dominant adsorption of OPEs on mineral surface. The effect of soil moisture was negative and positive for the volatilization fluxes of PBDEs and OPEs, respectively. These results suggested different responses in the soil-air diffusive transport of PBDEs and OPEs to high temperature and rainstorm induced by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Kai-Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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3
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Mayer L, Degrendele C, Šenk P, Kohoutek J, Přibylová P, Kukučka P, Melymuk L, Durand A, Ravier S, Alastuey A, Baker AR, Baltensperger U, Baumann-Stanzer K, Biermann T, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Ceburnis D, Conil S, Couret C, Degórska A, Diapouli E, Eckhardt S, Eleftheriadis K, Forster GL, Freier K, Gheusi F, Gini MI, Hellén H, Henne S, Herrmann H, Holubová Šmejkalová A, Hõrrak U, Hüglin C, Junninen H, Kristensson A, Langrene L, Levula J, Lothon M, Ludewig E, Makkonen U, Matejovičová J, Mihalopoulos N, Mináriková V, Moche W, Noe SM, Pérez N, Petäjä T, Pont V, Poulain L, Quivet E, Ratz G, Rehm T, Reimann S, Simmons I, Sonke JE, Sorribas M, Spoor R, Swart DPJ, Vasilatou V, Wortham H, Yela M, Zarmpas P, Zellweger Fäsi C, Tørseth K, Laj P, Klánová J, Lammel G. Widespread Pesticide Distribution in the European Atmosphere Questions their Degradability in Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38323876 PMCID: PMC10882970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Risk assessment of pesticide impacts on remote ecosystems makes use of model-estimated degradation in air. Recent studies suggest these degradation rates to be overestimated, questioning current pesticide regulation. Here, we investigated the concentrations of 76 pesticides in Europe at 29 rural, coastal, mountain, and polar sites during the agricultural application season. Overall, 58 pesticides were observed in the European atmosphere. Low spatial variation of 7 pesticides suggests continental-scale atmospheric dispersal. Based on concentrations in free tropospheric air and at Arctic sites, 22 pesticides were identified to be prone to long-range atmospheric transport, which included 15 substances approved for agricultural use in Europe and 7 banned ones. Comparison between concentrations at remote sites and those found at pesticide source areas suggests long atmospheric lifetimes of atrazine, cyprodinil, spiroxamine, tebuconazole, terbuthylazine, and thiacloprid. In general, our findings suggest that atmospheric transport and persistence of pesticides have been underestimated and that their risk assessment needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Mayer
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Céline Degrendele
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment (LCE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13003, France
| | - Petr Šenk
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiři Kohoutek
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Amandine Durand
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment (LCE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13003, France
| | - Sylvain Ravier
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment (LCE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13003, France
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Alex R Baker
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Biermann
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | | | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Natural Sciences and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Sébastien Conil
- DRD/GES Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement, ANDRA, Bure 55290, France
| | - Cédric Couret
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Zugspitze 82475 Germany
| | - Anna Degórska
- Institute of Environmental Protection, National Research Institute, Warsaw 02-170, Poland
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear Radiological Science Technology, Energy and Safety, ENRACT, Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Sabine Eckhardt
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller 2007, Norway
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear Radiological Science Technology, Energy and Safety, ENRACT, Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Grant L Forster
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - François Gheusi
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, CNRS/IRD, University of Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Maria I Gini
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear Radiological Science Technology, Energy and Safety, ENRACT, Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Heidi Hellén
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Stephan Henne
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Adéla Holubová Šmejkalová
- National Atmospheric Observatory Košetice, KošeticeCzech Hydrometeorological Institute, Košetice 395 01, Czech Republic
| | - Urmas Hõrrak
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Christoph Hüglin
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | | | - Laurent Langrene
- DRD/GES Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement, ANDRA, Bure 55290, France
| | - Janne Levula
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Marie Lothon
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, CNRS/IRD, University of Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France
| | | | - Ulla Makkonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Steffen M Noe
- Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Véronique Pont
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, CNRS/IRD, University of Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Etienne Quivet
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment (LCE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13003, France
| | - Gabriela Ratz
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Augsburg 86179, Germany
| | - Till Rehm
- Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus (UFS), Zugspitze 82475, Germany
| | - Stefan Reimann
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Simmons
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik EH260QB; United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen E Sonke
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD, University of Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Mar Sorribas
- Atmospheric Sounding Station El Arenosillo, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Huelva 21130, Spain
| | - Ronald Spoor
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3721, MA, the Netherlands
| | - Daan P J Swart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3721, MA, the Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Vasilatou
- National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nuclear Radiological Science Technology, Energy and Safety, ENRACT, Agia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Henri Wortham
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Environment (LCE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13003, France
| | - Margarita Yela
- Atmospheric Sounding Station El Arenosillo, National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Huelva 21130, Spain
| | - Pavlos Zarmpas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 715 00, Greece
| | - Claudia Zellweger Fäsi
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Kjetil Tørseth
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller 2007, Norway
| | - Paolo Laj
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00100, Finland
- Institut des Géoscience de l'Environnement, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38058, France
| | - Jana Klánová
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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4
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Boonupara T, Udomkun P, Khan E, Kajitvichyanukul P. Airborne Pesticides from Agricultural Practices: A Critical Review of Pathways, Influencing Factors, and Human Health Implications. TOXICS 2023; 11:858. [PMID: 37888709 PMCID: PMC10611335 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This critical review examines the release of pesticides from agricultural practices into the air, with a focus on volatilization, and the factors influencing their dispersion. The review delves into the effects of airborne pesticides on human health and their contribution to anthropogenic air pollution. It highlights the necessity of interdisciplinary research encompassing science, technology, public policy, and agricultural practices to effectively mitigate the risks associated with pesticide volatilization and spray dispersion. The text acknowledges the need for more research to understand the fate and transport of airborne pesticides, develop innovative application technologies, improve predictive modeling and risk assessment, and adopt sustainable pest management strategies. Robust policies and regulations, supported by education, training, research, and development, are crucial to ensuring the safe and sustainable use of pesticides for human health and the environment. By providing valuable insights, this review aids researchers and practitioners in devising effective and sustainable solutions for safeguarding human health and the environment from the hazards of airborne pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirasant Boonupara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (P.U.)
| | - Patchimaporn Udomkun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (P.U.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA
| | - Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (P.U.)
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5
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Deng Y, Peng L, Li Z, Xu W, Ren G, Wang F. First determination on two kinds of microplastic-air partition coefficients of seven per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances under environmentally relative conditions: Experiment measurement and model prediction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132042. [PMID: 37480612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in the environment are the sink and vector of organic contaminants, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Although PFASs are low- and non-volatile compounds, they have the potential to partition and diffuse from MP into the gas phase in the environmental functions. Herein, the MP-air partition coefficient (KPA) of seven PFASs was measured using a solid-fugacity meter. The PFAS KPA values in two MPs (high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)) were determined under different times, temperatures, and relative humidities (RH), and a model was developed to predict the PFAS KPA values based on the measured data. The results showed that the KPA of PFASs increased with the prolonged partition time until 90 mins, and higher temperature and RH facilitated the distribution of PFASs in MPs into the air phase, leading to smaller KPA values. Moreover, the derived equation for predicting PFAS log KPA values was robust with 0.79 of an adjusted square of correlation coefficient (R2adjusted = 0.79) and 0.35 of root mean squared error (RMSE = 0.35). These findings provided the first knowledge for understanding the partition behavior and fate of PFASs in the MP-air microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Zhendong Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center, Shenzhen 518049, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Ren
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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6
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Li Z, Li M, Niu S. A Modeling Approach for Assessing Ecological Risks of Neonicotinoid Insecticides from Emission to Nontarget Organisms: A Case Study of Cotton Plant. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:928-938. [PMID: 36779656 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of neonicotinoid insecticides in agriculture has posed threats to ecological systems, and there is a need to assess the ecological risks of neonicotinoids from emission to nontarget organisms. We introduced a modeling approach to assess the ecological risks of neonicotinoids using honeybee and earthworm as model organisms, and the simulation was flexible under different environmental conditions. Using the cotton plant as an example, the simulation results demonstrated that under current recommended application rates, the use of common neonicotinoid insecticides posed no threat to earthworms, with the simulated risk quotients (RQs) much lower than 1. However, the simulation for some neonicotinoid insecticides (e.g., acetamiprid) indicated that using these insecticides on cotton plants could threaten honeybees, with simulated RQs higher than 1. The variability analysis showed that in high-latitude regions, the unacceptable risk to honeybees posed by insecticide application can be further elevated due to cold, wet weather that results in relatively high insecticide levels in pollen and nectar. The model evaluation showed large overlaps of simulated risk intervals between the proposed and existing (BeeREX) models. Because the proposed and existing models have different simulation mechanisms, we recommend that these two models be used together to complement each other in future studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:928-938. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Minmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agroproducts Quality and Safety Control in the Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shan Niu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Yadav R, Tripathi P, Singh RP, Khare P. Assessment of soil enzymatic resilience in chlorpyrifos contaminated soils by biochar aided Pelargonium graveolens L. plantation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7040-7055. [PMID: 36029442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP), a broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide, is known for deleterious effects on soil enzymatic activities. Hence, the present study aims to examine the resilience effect of biochar (BC) aided Pelargonium graveolens L. plantation on enzymatic activities of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil. The two chlorpyrifos contaminated agriculture soils (with concentrations: S1: 46.1 and S2: 95.5 mg kg-1) were taken for the pot experiment. The plant biomass, plant growth parameters, soil microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities such as alkaline phosphatase, N-acetyl glucosaminidase, aryl sulphatase, cellulase, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, phenoloxidase, and peroxidase enzymes were examined. Ecoenzyme activities and their stoichiometry were used to enumerate the different indices including geometric mean, weighted mean, biochemical activity indices, integrated biological response, treated-soil quality index, and vector analysis in all treatments. The results of the study demonstrated that the biochar incorporation enhanced the tolerance of P. graveolens (from 42-45% to 55-67%) in chlorpyrifos contaminated soil and reduced the CP accumulation in plants. A reduction in the inhibitory effect of chlorpyrifos on soil enzymatic activities and plant growth by BC incorporation was observed along with an increase in the activities of ecoenzymes (16.7-18.6%) in soil. The investigation indicated more microbial investments in C and P than that in N acquisition under CP stress. The BC amendment catalyzed the activities of lignin and cellulose-degrading enzymes and enhanced nutrition acquisition. The CP contamination and BC amendment have no significant effect on the oil quality of P. graveolens. The study demonstrated that BC-aided P. graveolens plantation offers sustainable phytotechnology for CP contaminated soil with an economic return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Yadav
- Crop Production and Protection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pratibha Tripathi
- Crop Production and Protection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Raghavendra Pratap Singh
- Crop Production and Protection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Puja Khare
- Crop Production and Protection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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8
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Baskaran S, Podagatlapalli A, Sangion A, Wania F. Predicting the Temperature Dependence of the Octanol–Air Partition Ratio: A New Model for Estimating $$\Delta {U^{ \circ}_{\text{OA}}}$$. J SOLUTION CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-022-01214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe octanol–air partition ratio (KOA) describes the partitioning of a chemical between air and octanol and is often used to approximate other partitioning phenomena in environmental chemistry (e.g., blood–air, atmospheric particulate matter–air, polyurethane foam-air). Such partitioning processes often occur at environmental temperatures other than 25 °C. Enthalpies $$\Delta {H^{ \circ}_{\text{OA}}}$$
Δ
H
OA
∘
or internal energies $$\Delta {U^{ \circ}_{\text{OA}}}$$
Δ
U
OA
∘
of phase transfer are used to express the temperature dependence of the KOA. Existing poly-parameter linear free energy relationships (ppLFERs) for predicting $$\Delta {H^{ \circ}_{\text{OA}}}$$
Δ
H
OA
∘
were developed using a relatively small dataset. In this work we utilize a recently developed comprehensive KOA database to create and curate a $$\Delta {U^{ \circ}_{\text{OA}}}$$
Δ
U
OA
∘
dataset containing 195 chemicals and use this dataset in the development of new predictive equations. Using the QSAR development platform QSARINS we evaluate the use of Abraham descriptors, other molecular descriptors, and the log10KOA at 25 °C as variables in different multilinear regression equations for $$\Delta {U^{ \circ}_{\text{OA}}}$$
Δ
U
OA
∘
. The $$\Delta {U^{ \circ}_{\text{OA}}}$$
Δ
U
OA
∘
of neutral organic chemicals can be reliably predicted using only the log10KOA (RMSEEXT = 6.86 kJ·mol−1, $${\text{R}^{2} _{\text{adj}}}$$
R
adj
2
= 0.94), only the solute’s hydrogen acidity A and the logarithm of the hexadecane–air partition ratio L (RMSEEXT = 7.23 kJ·mol−1, $${\text{R}^{2} _{\text{adj}}}$$
R
adj
2
= 0.93), or A and log10KOA (RMSEEXT = 6.76 kJ·mol−1, $${\text{R}^{2} _{\text{adj}}}$$
R
adj
2
= 0.95).
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9
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Degrendele C, Prokeš R, Šenk P, Jílková SR, Kohoutek J, Melymuk L, Přibylová P, Dalvie MA, Röösli M, Klánová J, Fuhrimann S. Human Exposure to Pesticides in Dust from Two Agricultural Sites in South Africa. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100629. [PMID: 36287909 PMCID: PMC9610731 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, concern has arisen worldwide about the negative impacts of pesticides on the environment and human health. Exposure via dust ingestion is important for many chemicals but poorly characterized for pesticides, particularly in Africa. We investigated the spatial and temporal variations of 30 pesticides in dust and estimated the human exposure via dust ingestion, which was compared to inhalation and soil ingestion. Indoor dust samples were collected from thirty-eight households and two schools located in two agricultural regions in South Africa and were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. We found 10 pesticides in dust, with chlorpyrifos, terbuthylazine, carbaryl, diazinon, carbendazim, and tebuconazole quantified in >50% of the samples. Over seven days, no significant temporal variations in the dust levels of individual pesticides were found. Significant spatial variations were observed for some pesticides, highlighting the importance of proximity to agricultural fields or of indoor pesticide use. For five out of the nineteen pesticides quantified in dust, air, or soil (i.e., carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, diuron and propiconazole), human intake via dust ingestion was important (>10%) compared to inhalation or soil ingestion. Dust ingestion should therefore be considered in future human exposure assessment to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Degrendele
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, 13003 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šenk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Martin Röösli
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Kinross AD, Hageman KJ, Luu C. Investigating the Effects of Temperature, Relative Humidity, Leaf Collection Date, and Foliar Penetration on Leaf-Air Partitioning of Chlorpyrifos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13058-13065. [PMID: 36067451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-air partition coefficient (Kleaf-air) values are needed to understand and predict pesticide volatilization and persistence in agroecosystems. The objectives of this work were to measure Kleaf-air values and foliar penetration for the insecticide chlorpyrifos (as an active ingredient alone and in a pesticide formulation) on alfalfa (lucerne) leaves at a range of temperatures and relative humidities and when using leaves collected in different summer months. Kleaf-air values were measured using a solid-phase fugacity meter. A portion of the leaves were also used for foliar penetration experiments. Kleaf-air values for chlorpyrifos as an active ingredient alone decreased with temperature, while the effects of temperature on chlorpyrifos in the formulation were negligible. No correlations between Kleaf-air values and relative humidity were observed. Foliar penetration increased with temperature for chlorpyrifos both as an active ingredient and in the formulation. Increasing foliar penetration with temperature is attributed to increasing diffusion into inner leaf layers. Both volatilization and foliar penetration affect the measured Kleaf-air values, so understanding the link between these processes is necessary to predict Kleaf-air values. The leaf collection date had a substantial effect on the measured Kleaf-air values, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the role of leaf properties on Kleaf-air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie D Kinross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Calvin Luu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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11
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Li Z. New implication of pesticide regulatory management in soils: Average vs ceiling legal limits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151705. [PMID: 34793794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To help regulatory agencies better interpret pesticide soil standards (PSSs) and promote pesticide soil regulations, this study revealed new PSS implications by introducing the average (i.e., PSSAC) and ceiling (i.e., PSSCC) legal limits of pesticides. The PSSAC indicates the average legal limit of a pesticide in the soil over a duration (e.g., annual or monthly average), ensuring that no adverse human health effects can occur. The PSSCC indicates the ceiling legal limit that cannot be exceeded by pesticide concentrations in the soil, which was introduced to comply with pesticide application in real-world scenarios. We introduced the regulatory ceiling factor (RCF) to screen whether a pesticide in the surface soil could be regulated using the PSSAC and PSSCC values. The results indicated that except for some pesticides with high lipophilicity and low degradability (e.g., legacy pesticides), many pesticides were eligible to be regulated by both average and ceiling legal limits. In addition, we conducted a case study to evaluate chlorpyrifos soil standards via a four-step regulatory procedure; the results indicated that our new interpretation using the simulated PSSAC and PSSCC values of chlorpyrifos demonstrated that most current chlorpyrifos soil standards can protect population health, which is in contrast to the findings of current regulatory studies. Furthermore, based on the new implication of PSSs interpreted in this study, we recommend that regulatory agencies clarify PSSs to avoid confusion and promote cost-efficient remediations, and recommend improving the regulatory communication between environmental agencies and pesticide manufacturers to define a comprehensive policy integrating PSSs and application patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
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12
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Deng Y, Xu W, Zeng Q, Sun F, Wang F, Li Y. Effects of temperature and relative humidity on soil-air partition coefficients of organophosphate flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132716. [PMID: 34718008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The soil-air partition coefficients (KSA) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) is important for determining their fate in soil and air media. However, KSA values of OPFRs and PBDEs are not available from the current literature, and the effects of environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity (RH) on KSA values are not clear. In this study, a solid-phase fugacity meter was used to measure the KSA values of PBDEs and OPFRs at different temperatures (25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 °C) and relative humidity (RH) conditions (<3 and 100% RH), the relationships between KSA and octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) for OPFRs and PBDEs were analyzed. The results showed that an increase in temperature and RH resulted in a decrease of all KSA values for PBDEs and OPFRs. Furthermore, the effects of RH on the soil-air partitioning behavior of PBDEs were larger than that of OPFRs. In addition, a significant correlation (p < 0.0001) was observed between log KSA and log KOA. The experimental KSA values of OPFRs and PBDEs were quite different from the predicted KSA, when calculated with their KOA values. Overall, this study provides a better understanding for predicting the behavior and fate of OPFRs and PBDEs in soil-air systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center, Shenzhen, 518049, China
| | - Qinghuai Zeng
- Shenzhen Environmental Monitoring Center, Shenzhen, 518049, China
| | - Feiyun Sun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yanjie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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13
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Degrendele C, Klánová J, Prokeš R, Příbylová P, Šenk P, Šudoma M, Röösli M, Dalvie MA, Fuhrimann S. Current use pesticides in soil and air from two agricultural sites in South Africa: Implications for environmental fate and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150455. [PMID: 34634720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the possible negative impacts of current use pesticides (CUPs) for both the environment and human health have increased worldwide. However, the knowledge on the occurrence of CUPs in soil and air and the related human exposure in Africa is limited. This study investigated the presence of 30 CUPs in soil and air at two distinct agricultural sites in South Africa and estimated the human exposure and related risks to rural residents via soil ingestion and inhalation (using hazard quotients, hazard index and relative potency factors). We collected 12 soil and 14 air samples over seven days during the main pesticide application season in 2018. All samples were extracted, purified and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In soils, nine CUPs were found, with chlorpyrifos, carbaryl and tebuconazole having the highest concentrations (up to 63.6, 1.10 and 0.212 ng g-1, respectively). In air, 16 CUPs were found, with carbaryl, tebuconazole and terbuthylazine having the highest levels (up to 25.0, 22.2 and 1.94 pg m-3, respectively). Spatial differences were observed between the two sites for seven CUPs in air and two in soils. A large dominance towards the particulate phase was found for almost all CUPs, which could be related to mass transport kinetics limitations (non-equilibrium) following pesticide application. The estimated daily intake via soil ingestion and inhalation of individual pesticides ranged from 0.126 fg kg-1 day-1 (isoproturon) to 14.7 ng kg-1 day-1 (chlorpyrifos). Except for chlorpyrifos, soil ingestion generally represented a minor exposure pathway compared to inhalation (i.e. <5%). The pesticide environmental exposure largely differed between the residents of the two distinct agricultural sites in terms of levels and composition. The estimated human health risks due to soil ingestion and inhalation of pesticides were negligible although future studies should explore other relevant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Klánová
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Příbylová
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šenk
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šudoma
- Masaryk University, RECETOX Centre, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Röösli
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
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14
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Li Z, Niu S. Improving screening model of pesticide risk assessment in surface soils: Addressing regional specific human exposure risks and regulatory management. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112894. [PMID: 34653939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple screening approach was proposed to evaluate region-specific population health risks of soil pesticides, which was achieved by introducing region-specific factors of pesticides, including fate factors (FFs), environmental distribution factors (DFs), and intake factors (IFs). These region-specific factors were characterized using simple weather variables and calculated the characterization factors (CFs) to link pesticide emissions to population exposure risks. The CF at the reference state indicates the potential of a pesticide entering the human body. Simulations for over 700 pesticides showed that pesticides that are thermodynamically stable in soil organics have large CFs. In addition, we conducted a case study on the region-specific risk assessment of malathion in the United States. The results indicated that colder regions have larger CFs of malathion than those of the warmer regions due to the large FF values for the same emission rates. However, from a regulatory perspective, colder regions should have less strict malathion soil standards than those of warmer regions as children in colder regions spend limited time outdoors. Although other region-specific factors such as soil type and population density need to be considered to improve the model, the approach proposed in this study can be used as a simple screening tool to evaluate region-specific population health risks and manage soil residues for different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
| | - Shan Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
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15
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Bukenov B, Baimatova N, Kenessov B. Quantification of transformation products of rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in air using solid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:614-622. [PMID: 34796657 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in ambient air is important for assessing the environmental impact of heavy rocket launches. There are very little data of such analyses, which is mainly caused by the low number of analytes covered by the available analytical methods and their complexity. A simple and cost-efficient method for accurate simultaneous determination of seven unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine transformation products in air using solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed. The method was optimized for air sampling and solid-phase microextraction from 20-mL vials, which allows full automation of analysis. The extraction for 5 min by Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber from amber vials and desorption for 3 min provided the greatest analytes' responses, lowest relative standard deviations, linear calibration (R2 ≥ 0.99), and limits of detection from 0.12 to 0.5 μg/m3 . Samples with concentrations 500 μg/m3 can be stored at 21 ± 1°C without substantial losses (1-11%) for up to 24 h, while air samples with concentrations 10 and 50 μg/m3 stored for up to 24 h can be used for accurate quantification of only two and four out of seven analytes, respectively. The developed method was successfully tested for the analysis of air above real soil samples contaminated with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine rocket fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bauyrzhan Bukenov
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi street, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Nassiba Baimatova
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi street, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Bulat Kenessov
- Center of Physical Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 96a Tole bi street, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
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16
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Li P, Hu J. Residual levels and dietary risk assessment of bifenthrin and dinotefuran and its major metabolites in open wheat field conditions. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5267. [PMID: 34654060 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the residual levels of bifenthrin and dinotefuran, a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous detection of bifenthrin and dinotefuran and its major metabolites in wheat was developed and validated. Dietary risk assessments were further performed based on the relevant residual data from 12 wheat fields, toxicology data and dietary patterns. In wheat grain and straw, the recoveries of all analytes ranged from 77 to 102% with the relative standard deviation <9.7% and the limit of quantitation 0.05 mg kg-1 . The highest terminal residue of bifenthrin in wheat grain was 0.069 mg kg-1 and dinotefuran was 0.34 mg kg-1 . Residual concentrations of bifenthrin and dinotefuran decreased to <0.05 and 0.15 mg kg-1 at 21 days (pre-harvest interval), respectively. The chronic risk quotient ranged from 6.4 to 62.7% and the acute risk quotient varied from 0.38 to 17.73%. The chronic and acute dietary risks caused by the terminal residues of the two insecticides were negligible for Chinese populations. The recommended pre-harvest interval was proposed to ensure safe wheat consumption. These data could provide a scientific reference to establish the Chinese maximum residue limit of dinotefuran in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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17
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Li Z, Niu S. Modeling pesticides in global surface soils: Evaluating spatiotemporal patterns for USEtox-based steady-state concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148412. [PMID: 34412385 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To better manage pesticide pollution in surface soils, we introduced a first-order-kinetics-based screening model to evaluate the steady-state concentrations of pesticides in surface soils while considering degradation, volatilization, plant uptake, and precipitation processes. For each process, we developed a spatiotemporal-pattern-based model using spatiotemporal variables, including air temperature (TA), relative humidity (RHA), and rainfall intensity (IRA), to characterize the overall dissipation rates (kT) of pesticides in the soil. These dissipation rates were converted to fate factors (FFs), which are commonly used in life cycle analyses. The results indicate that, in general, the kT values increase with increasing TA and IRA and decrease with increasing RHA. This is because increased TA boosts the degradation, volatilization, and plant uptake processes, whereas increased RHA lowers the plant transpiration rate. Also, the simulation for over 700 pesticides indicated that the degradation process dominates the overall dissipation of most pesticides in the soil, and the volatilization process contributes the least. In addition, we simulated chlorpyrifos FFs for Brazil, China, the US, and the European Union (EU) using the annual average TA, RHA, and IRA values. The results indicate that, in general, Brazilian federal units have the smallest FFs and the narrowest simulated FF range because of their humid tropical climates. Meanwhile, the EU member states have the largest FFs and the widest FF range because of their range in locations. In addition, our simulated results show that the surface soils in the high-latitude regions could accumulate more chlorpyrifos than those in low-latitude regions because of the larger simulated FFs. Furthermore, we parameterized our model using 737 pesticides with the USEtox, thereby providing an alternative approach to simulate the steady-state concentration of pesticides in surface soils from the USEtox available data. The model developed herein is a useful screening tool for predicting pesticide concentrations in surface soil worldwide to improve soil and ecological health risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, China.
| | - Shan Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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18
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Niu S, Tao W, Chen R, Hageman KJ, Zhu C, Zheng R, Dong L. Using Polychlorinated Naphthalene Concentrations in the Soil from a Southeast China E-Waste Recycling Area in a Novel Screening-Level Multipathway Human Cancer Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6773-6782. [PMID: 33900727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) concentrations in the soil at an e-waste recycling area in Guiyu, China, were measured and the associated human cancer risk due to e-waste-related exposures was investigated. We quantified PCNs in the agricultural soil and used these concentrations with predictive equations to calculate theoretical concentrations in outdoor air. We then calculated theoretical concentrations in indoor air using an attenuation factor and in the local diet using previously published models for contaminant uptake in plants and fruits. Potential human cancer risks of PCNs were assessed for multiple exposure pathways, including soil ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, and dietary ingestion. Our calculations indicated that local residents had a high cancer risk from exposure to PCNs and that the diet was the primary pathway of PCN exposure, followed by dermal contact as the secondary pathway. We next repeated the risk assessment using concentrations for other carcinogenic contaminants reported in the literature at the same site. We found that polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and PCNs caused the highest potential cancer risks to the residents, followed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The relative importance of different exposure pathways depended on the physicochemical properties of specific chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan 84322, United States
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wuqun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan 84322, United States
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan 84322, United States
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ran Zheng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102202, China
| | - Liang Dong
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
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19
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Galon L, Bragagnolo L, Korf EP, Dos Santos JB, Barroso GM, Ribeiro VHV. Mobility and environmental monitoring of pesticides in the atmosphere - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14258-x. [PMID: 33959837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the partition mechanisms in the agrochemical environment is fundamental for understanding their behavior within an ecosystem and mitigating possible adverse effects of these products. In this review, the objective was to present the main transport mechanisms, physical-chemical properties, and atmospheric monitoring methodologies of the most diverse types of agrochemicals used in agriculture that can reach the atmosphere and affect different compartments. It has been verified that volatilization is one of more considerable significance of the various forms of transport since a significant part of the applied pesticides can volatilize in a few days. As for monitoring these compounds in the atmosphere, both passive and active sampling have their advantages and disadvantages. Passive samplers allow sampling in large quantities and at remote locations, in addition to making continuous measurements, while active samplers have the advantage of being able to detect low concentrations and continuously. Since a significant portion of the applied pesticides is directed to the atmosphere, monitoring makes it possible to understand some properties of the pesticides present in the air. This monitoring can be done from different existing methodologies based on adopted criteria and existing technical standards. Graphical representation of mobility and environmental monitoring of atmospheric pollutants from pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Galon
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, ERS 135, km 72, n. 200, 99.700-000, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Lucimara Bragagnolo
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, ERS 135, km 72, n. 200, 99.700-000, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pavan Korf
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Postgraduate Program in Environmental Science and Technology, ERS 135, km 72, n. 200, 99.700-000, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Barbosa Dos Santos
- Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367, km 583, n. 5000, zip code 39.100-000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Madureira Barroso
- Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Rodovia MGT 367, km 583, n. 5000, zip code 39.100-000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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20
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Lyons SM, Hageman KJ. Foliar Photodegradation in Pesticide Fate Modeling: Development and Evaluation of the Pesticide Dissipation from Agricultural Land (PeDAL) Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4842-4850. [PMID: 33779156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide dissipation from plant surfaces depends on a variety of factors including meteorological conditions, the pesticide's physicochemical properties, and plant characteristics. Models already exist for describing pesticide behavior in agriculture fields; however, they do not account for pesticide-specific, condition-specific foliar photodegradation and the importance of this component in such models has not yet been investigated. We describe here the Pesticide Dissipation from Agricultural Land (PeDAL) model, which combines (a) multiphase partitioning to predict volatilization, (b) a new kinetics module for predicting photodegradation on leaf surfaces under varying light conditions based on location and timing, and (c) a generic foliar penetration component. The PeDAL model was evaluated by comparing measured pesticide dissipation rates from field experiments, described as the time for the pesticide concentration on leaves to decrease by half (DT50), to ones generated by the model when using the reported field conditions. A sensitivity analysis of the newly developed foliar photodegradation component was conducted. We also showed how the PeDAL could be used by applicators and regulatory agencies. First, we used the model to examine how pesticide application timing affects dissipation rates. Second, we demonstrated how the model can be used to produce emission flux values for use in atmospheric dispersion and transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Lyons
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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Zhao Z, Sun R, Su Y, Hu J, Liu X. Fate, residues and dietary risk assessment of the fungicides epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin in wheat in twelve different regions, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111236. [PMID: 32911182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fungicides epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin have been widely used to control wheat fusarium head blight. This study was designed to investigate the dissipation behaviors in different climate regions and provide data for the modification of maximum residue limits of the two fungicides. Wheat samples were collected from field sites in twelve different regions, China and analyzed with an HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous detection of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin in wheat. The average recoveries of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin in wheat matrix were 87-112% and 85-102%, respectively, with the relative standard deviations ≤8.1%. The limits of quantification of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin in grain and straw were both 0.01 mg/kg. The dissipations of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin followed first-order kinetics, with the half-lives of 10.3 days and 7.6 days, respectively. The terminal residues of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin in grain were below 0.034 and 0.028 mg/kg, separately, both lower than the maximum residue limits recommended by China. Based on Chinese dietary pattern and terminal residue distributions, the risk quotients of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin were 13.9% and 65.9%, respectively, revealing the evaluated wheat exhibited an acceptably low dietary risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Runxia Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yue Su
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Fuhrimann S, Klánová J, Přibylová P, Kohoutek J, Dalvie MA, Röösli M, Degrendele C. Qualitative assessment of 27 current-use pesticides in air at 20 sampling sites across Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127333. [PMID: 32947666 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing use of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in Africa raises environmental and public health concerns. But there is a large uncertainty about their occurrence and the composition of pesticide mixtures on this continent. This paper investigates the presence of 27 CUPs in air across 20 sampling sites in Africa. 166 passive air samples, consisting of polyurethane foam (PUF), were collected in 12 African countries between 2010 and 2018. Samples were extracted with methanol and analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The detection frequencies of CUPs per site were compared to land use patterns and sampling years, while their similarities were assessed using hierarchical cluster analysis. Overall, 24 CUPs were detected at least once. In 93% of all samples, at least one CUP was detected, while 78% of the samples had mixtures of two or more CUPs (median 3, interquartile range 5). Atrazine and chlorpyrifos were detected in 19 out of 20 sampling sites. Carbaryl, metazachlor, simazine, tebuconazole and terbuthylazine had the highest detection frequencies at sampling sites dominated by croplands. Across all the sampling years, 16 CUPs were present. Seven CUPs were newly detected from 2016 onwards (azinfos-methyl, dimetachlor, chlorsulfuron, chlortoluron, isoproturon, prochloraz and pyrazon), while metamitron was only present before 2012. Sites within a radius of about 200 km showed similarities in detected CUP mixtures across all samples. Our results show the presence of CUP mixtures across multiple agricultural and urban locations in Africa which requires further investigation of related environmental and human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fuhrimann
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jana Klánová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Sciences, RECETOX Centre, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Sciences, RECETOX Centre, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiři Kohoutek
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Sciences, RECETOX Centre, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Degrendele
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Sciences, RECETOX Centre, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Li Z. A theorem on a product of lognormal variables and hybrid models for children's exposure to soil contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114393. [PMID: 32222666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study developed hybrid Bayesian models to investigate the modeling process for children's exposure to soil contaminants, which involves the intrinsic uncertainty of the exposure model, people's judgments regarding random variables, and limited data resources. A hybrid Bayesian p-box was constructed, which was facilitated by a multiple integral dimensionality reduction (MIDR) theorem. The results indicated that exposure frequency (EF) dominated the exposure dose. The hybrid Bayesian p-box for the Frequentist-Bayesian (F-B) model at the 95th percentile of the simulated average daily dose (ADD) values corresponded to a 4.40 order-of-magnitude difference between the upper and lower bounds of the p-box. This considerable uncertainty was magnified by the combination of the highest posterior density (HPD) regions for three groups of the distribution parameters. For the Interior-Bayesian (I-B) hybrid model, the uncertainty of the outcomes, namely, [1.75 × 10-8, 2.18 × 10-8] mg kg-1d-1, was limited by the HPD regions for only one parameter unless the hyperparameters for the variables' distributions were further evaluated. It was concluded that the hybrid models could provide a novel understanding of the complexity of the exposure modeling process compared to the traditional modeling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, China.
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Li Z. PBCLM: A top-down causal modeling framework for soil standards and global sustainable agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114404. [PMID: 32224386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To help countries worldwide regulate agricultural soil standards for organic contaminants, this study developed the pastoral-based chemical lifecycle management (PBCLM) modeling framework, which comprehensively models the bottom-up causation of the chemicals' lifecycle at each level of the cattle industry and delivers top-down regulatory strategies. The lifecycle models for a total of 308 hydrophobic organic contaminants were constructed. The results indicated that the octanol-water partitioning coefficient (log KOW) values had the greater impact on the unit-legal-limit-based concentrations for contaminants at the producer level (i.e., grass) or higher. In addition, the analysis of the weather variables indicated that pastoral farming in warmer and drier places might lead to the bioaccumulation of more contaminants. By comparing the reference legal limits that were derived by the PBCLM, current soil standards might not be effective in protecting human health or harmonizing downstream food regulations. The PBCLM can help regulatory agencies better promulgate soil regulations to ensure sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510275, China.
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25
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Das S, Hageman KJ. Influence of Adjuvants on Pesticide Soil-Air Partition Coefficients: Laboratory Measurements and Predicted Effects on Volatilization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7302-7308. [PMID: 32436696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A solid-phase fugacity meter was used to measure the soil-air partition coefficients of three semivolatile pesticides (chlorpyrifos, pyrimethanil, and trifluralin) in the absence of additional adjuvants (Ksoil-air,AI), as part of commercial formulations (Ksoil-air,formulation), and as formulation mixtures with an additional spray adjuvant added (Ksoil-air,formulation+spray adjuvant). Chlorpyrifos Ksoil-air,formulation values were also measured over 15-30 °C, allowing for the change in internal energy of the phase transfer reaction (Δsoil-airU) to be calculated and compared to the Δsoil-airU for Ksoil-air,AI from the literature. Measured Ksoil-air values were then used as input parameters in a pesticide volatilization model to understand how their variability affects pesticide volatilization rates under different conditions. Initial experiments conducted at ∼24 °C indicated that all pesticides volatilized more readily in the presence of adjuvants than in their absence and that the additional spray adjuvant had minimal impact. The Δsoil-airU values were 328 and 90 kJ/mol for chlorpyrifos in the absence and presence of formulation adjuvants, respectively, suggesting that adjuvants may weaken or disrupt intermolecular attractions between pesticide molecules and soil. At temperatures below 24.5 °C, modeled chlorpyrifos volatilization rates were higher in the presence of adjuvants than in their absence; however, the opposite occurred at temperatures above 24.5 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supta Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-1400, United States
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26
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Islam MN, Huang L, Siciliano SD. Inclusion of molecular descriptors in predictive models improves pesticide soil-air partitioning estimates. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126031. [PMID: 32032877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The soil-air exchange of pesticides is one potential fate and exposure pathways, and this process is generally thought to be governed by soil properties and environmental conditions. The experimental determination of soil-air partitioning coefficient (Ksa) is laborious and costly and typically, Ksa's are predicted from a semiempirical or a simple linear regression approach with soil and environmental variables. Here we developed a model that combined linear regression of soil, environmental and molecular parameters with the quantitative structural-property relationship (QSPR) to predict Ksa for pesticides. The values of theoretical descriptors of pesticides were calculated and the best descriptors selected using the Boruta Algorithm. Seventy-six experimental logKsa values for 17 pesticides were used in model development. Multiple linear regression (MLR) with a soil (organic carbon fraction), physicochemical (octanol-air partitioning coefficient), environmental (temperature and humidity) and molecular descriptor (Gmin, a 2D E-state molecular parameter), called as MLR-QSPR combined model exhibited better predictability (adj. r2 = 0.95) of logKsa compared to MLR (adj. r2 = 0.87) or QSPR (adj. r2 = 0.82) itself. MLR-QSPR also showed the best performance in five-fold cross-validation (adj. r2 = 0.94) and test set verification (adj. r2 = 0.96). The developed model was validated and characterized by the applicability domain. Results showed that the proposed MLR-QSPR approach is highly predictive and statistically robust with >95% of predictions within ±0.5 log unit of the measured Ksa. Therefore, this approach can be used in estimating the soil-air partitioning of pesticides to better predict it's fate and transport in environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nazrul Islam
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Lidong Huang
- Department of Agricultural Resources & Environments, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Taylor M, Lyons SM, Davie-Martin CL, Geoghegan TS, Hageman KJ. Understanding Trends in Pesticide Volatilization from Agricultural Fields Using the Pesticide Loss via Volatilization Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2202-2209. [PMID: 31858785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Pesticide Loss via Volatilization model was developed to predict and understand pesticide volatilization rates from a planted agricultural field. The model allows the user to adjust the properties of the pesticide, various soil and plant descriptors, and climatic conditions. A useful output from the model is the 24 h cumulative percentage volatilization (CPV24h) loss. The model was validated by comparing modeled CPV24h values to measured ones compiled from the literature. Sensitivity analysis showed that the plant intercept fraction (%I), leaf area index (LAI), and leaf height (hleaf) strongly affect volatilization rates of plant- and soil-sorbed pesticides whereas LAI, hleaf, and the percent of water on the plant surface strongly affect more water-soluble pesticides. The model showed that most pesticides volatilize more readily from plants than from soil and that volatilization rates vary significantly for certain pesticides (but not all) when applied to plants at different growth stages and for different species of plants. Results are displayed on chemical space diagrams to paint a clear picture of how CPV24h varies for chemicals with different properties under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Taylor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Otago , Dunedin 9016 , New Zealand
| | - Sean M Lyons
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Utah State University , Logan , Utah 84322-0305 , United States
| | | | | | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Utah State University , Logan , Utah 84322-0305 , United States
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28
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Sun T, Li M, Saleem M, Zhang X, Zhang Q. The fungicide "fluopyram" promotes pepper growth by increasing the abundance of P-solubilizing and N-fixing bacteria. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109947. [PMID: 31744624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluopyram, as a reasonably good fungicide and nematicide, is widely used to control agricultural pests worldwide. However, its effects on soil microbial communities and plant growth remain controversial. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of three concentrations (0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 mg/kg) of the fluopyram (Lufuda 41.7% a.i., suspension concentrate, SC) on the pepper rhizosphere microorganisms and pepper seedlings growth in a plant growth room. Moreover, we also investigated the dissipation of fluopyram in the soil, pepper roots, and leaves across a time interval of 45 days. The results showed that fluopyram application increased the number of pepper rhizosphere phosphate (P)-solubilizing bacteria, the abundance of nitrogen (N)-fixing nifH genes, and the pepper seedling growth. The results of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis demonstrated that fluopyram did not alter rhizosphere bacterial community structure and diversity. However, fluopyram did increase the relative abundances of 138 bp and 400 bp T-RFs closely representing Bacillus and Rhizobium genera that were known as efficient plant growth promoting bacteria with P-solubilization and N-fixation properties. Corresponding to the increase of plant growth and beneficial microbes, the half-lives of fluopyram in soil and plant tissues also decreased that nevertheless suggested the role of plant-microbe interactions in the faster removal of fluopyram after application. Our results suggest that short-lived and easily degradable pesticides may have less toxicological effects on soil health while their judicious use may reshape plant-microbe interactions in favor of the plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36101, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Qingming Zhang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China.
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29
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Li Z. A new pseudo-partition coefficient based on a weather-adjusted multicomponent model for mushroom uptake of pesticides from soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113372. [PMID: 31672361 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a weather-based multicomponent model was developed based on the unique biostructures and metabolic processes of mushrooms to evaluate their uptake of pesticides from soils, and the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the bioaccumulation of pesticides in mushrooms was comprehensively quantified. Additionally, a new pseudo-partition coefficient between mushrooms and soils was introduced to assess the impacts of different physiochemical properties on the pesticide uptake process. The results indicate that, in general, the pseudo-partition coefficient increases as the relative humidity increases for both the air and soil according to Fick's law of gas diffusion and the spatial competition of molecules, respectively. Meanwhile, the effect of temperature on the pesticide bioaccumulation process is more complex. For most pesticides (e.g., atrazine), the pseudo-partition coefficient that was computed from the transpiration component had a maximum value at a specific temperature due to the temperature dependency of the transpiration and biodegradation processes. For some pesticides (e.g., ethoprophos), the pseudo-partition coefficient of the air-deposition component had a maximum value at a certain temperature that was caused by the ratio of the soil-air internal transfer energy and degradation activation energy of the pesticide. It was also concluded that for relatively low-volatility pesticides, transpiration dominated the bioaccumulation process; this was mainly determined from the pesticide water solubility. For nonbiodegradable pesticides (e.g., lindane), the computed coefficient values were relatively low due to their insolubility in water, which inhibits bioaccumulation in mushrooms and is one of the main reasons for their long-term persistence in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, China.
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30
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Han F, Guo H, Hu J, Zhang J, Ying Q, Zhang H. Sources and health risks of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134229. [PMID: 31505341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment are of significant concerns due to their high toxicity to human health. PAHs measurements at limited air quality monitoring stations alone are insufficient to gain a complete understanding of ambient levels and public exposure of PAHs in China. This study simulated the concentrations of PAHs in China, identified the source contributions, and estimated the health risks. Anthropogenic emissions of 16 priority PAHs directly associated with health risks were generated from the global high-resolution PKU-FUEL-2007 inventory. Open biomass burning emissions were generated from the Fire Inventory from NCAR (FINN). PAHs concentrations in January, April, July, and October 2013 were simulated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model after incorporation of chemistry, partitioning, and deposition of PAHs. Predicted PAHs were in good agreement with seasonal and annual averaged observations from previous studies. The surface concentrations of 16-PAHs were higher in winter, with population weight average of 0.8 μg/m3 and peak value of 2.0 μg/m3 in urban areas in the North China Plain (NCP) and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Summer and spring exhibited lower concentrations of approximately 0.2 μg/m3 in most areas. The most important sources to PAHs were biomass burning and coal combustion in winter and industrial processes and oil and gas activities in summer. The cancer risk due to inhalation exposure of naphthalene (NAPH) and seven carcinogenic PAHs was significant, with the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of >5 × 10-4 in many urban and industrial areas. Exposure to PAHs was estimated to result in 15,198 excess lifetime cancer cases in China. Oil and gas burning associated with transport, residential and commercial activities were major contributors to ILCR in China. Coal combustion was predominant in Shanxi but less important in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglin Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zachary Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, United States
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachary Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, United States
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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31
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Chen J, Xia X, Wang H, Zhai Y, Xi N, Lin H, Wen W. Uptake pathway and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in spinach affected by warming in enclosed soil/water-air-plant microcosms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120831. [PMID: 31271938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among water-soil-air is temperature-dependent. Thus, we hypothesized that climate warming will affect the accumulation and uptake pathway of PAHs in plants. To test this hypothesis, enclosed soil/water-air-plant microcosm experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of warming on the uptake and accumulation of four PAHs in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). The results showed that root uptake was the predominant pathway and its contribution increased with temperature due to the promoted acropetal translocation. Owing to the increase in freely dissolved concentrations of PAHs in soil pore water, the four PAH concentrations in roots increased by 60.8-111.5% when temperature elevated from 15/10 to 21/16 °C. A model was established to describe the relationship between bioconcentration factor of PAHs in root and temperature. Compared with 15/10 °C, the PAH concentrations in leaves at both 18/13 and 21/16 °C elevated due to the increase in PAH concentrations in air, while slightly decreased when temperature elevated from 18/13 to 21/16 °C because the PAH concentrations in air decreased, resulting from accelerated biodegradation of PAHs in topsoil. This study suggests that warming will generally enhance the PAH accumulation in plant, but the effect will differ among different plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yawei Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Nannan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Wu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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32
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Liu Y, Xie S, Zheng L, Li T, Sun Y, Ma L, Lin Z, Grathwohl P, Lohmann R. Air-soil diffusive exchange of PAHs in an urban park of Shanghai based on polyethylene passive sampling: Vertical distribution, vegetation influence and diffusive flux. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:734-742. [PMID: 31280155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Compared with dry and wet deposition rates, air-soil exchange fluxes cannot be directly measured experimentally. Polyethylene passive sampling was applied to assess transport directions and to measure concentration gradients in order to calculate diffusive fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across the air-soil interface in an urban park of Shanghai, China. Seven campaigns with high spatial resolution sampling at 18 heights between 0 and 200 cm above the ground were conducted in 2017-2018. Air-to-soil deposition was observed, e.g. for phenanthrene, and soil-to-air volatilization for high molecular weight compounds, such as benzo[b]fluoranthene. Significant linear correlations between gaseous PAH concentration and log-transformed height were observed. Influence of vegetation on vertical concentration gradients of gaseous PAHs was insignificant in most cases except during the growing season. Local micrometeorological conditions resulted in a directional eddy diffusion in air and then influenced vertical diffusion of gaseous PAHs. Furthermore, the vertical eddy diffusivity was estimated as a function of distance to the air-soil surface. Air-soil exchange fluxes based on the Mackay's fugacity approach were calculated and confirmed by diffusive fluxes within air layer based on vertical concentration gradient of PAHs and eddy/molecular diffusion. Polyethylene passive sampling technology provides a useful tool to investigate air-soil exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (Shanghai Meteorological Bureau), IESD, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shuya Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change (Shanghai Meteorological Bureau), IESD, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Shanghai Shangde Experimental School, 1688 Xiuyan Road, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhifen Lin
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peter Grathwohl
- Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstrasse 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882-1197, United States
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Xu C, Niu L, Zou D, Zhu S, Liu W. Congener-specific composition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil-air partitioning and the associated health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:486-495. [PMID: 31154221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent changes in the compositions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) after their restriction for 40 years may have various effects on human health. In order to characterize the congener-specific compositions of PCBs in the soil-air process and assess the associated human health risks, soil and air samples were simultaneously collected in winter and summer at two different functional locations. Homologue patterns suggest that long-range atmospheric transport might be the major source of soil and air residues of PCBs. The net deposition from air to soil was overwhelming for most PCB congeners. Variations in the occurrence and the homologue patterns of PCBs between the soil and air interface depended on chemical volatility, soil organic matter (OM) content, ambient temperature, topographical condition and atmospheric transport. Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for 11.0-70.3% and 2.31-54.8% of total PCB residues in soil and air, respectively. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to soil and air PCBs were also estimated. Different PCB congeners showed different health effects, with the highest contribution from PCB-26. Additionally, the non-carcinogenic risk levels of PCBs were enhanced, while the carcinogenic risk levels decreased during the soil-air exchange process of PCBs with time. Our results highlight the soil-air interaction of PCBs in predicting their potential human exposure health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Deliang Zou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Murschell T, Farmer DK. Real-Time Measurement of Herbicides in the Atmosphere: A Case Study of MCPA and 2,4-D during Field Application. TOXICS 2019; 7:E40. [PMID: 31390760 PMCID: PMC6789877 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric sources of herbicides enable short- and long-range transport of these compounds to off-target areas but the concentrations and mechanisms are poorly understood due, in part, to the challenge of detecting these compounds in the atmosphere. We present chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a sensitive, real-time technique to detect chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides in the atmosphere, using measurements during and after application over a field at Colorado State University as a case study. Gas-phase 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) mixing ratios were greatest during application (up to 20 pptv), consistent with rapid volatilization from spray droplets. In contrast, atmospheric concentrations of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) increased for several hours after the initial application, indicative of a slower source than 2,4-D. The maximum observed gas-phase MCPA was 60 pptv, consistent with a post-application volatilization source to the atmosphere. Exposure to applied pesticides in the gas-phase can thus occur both during and at least several hours after application. Spray droplet volatilization and direct volatilization from surfaces may both contribute pesticides to the atmosphere, enabling pesticide transport to off-target and remote regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trey Murschell
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Wang R, Yuan Y, Yen H, Grieneisen M, Arnold J, Wang D, Wang C, Zhang M. A review of pesticide fate and transport simulation at watershed level using SWAT: Current status and research concerns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:512-526. [PMID: 30884273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The application of pesticides in agriculture is a widely-used way to alleviate pest stresses. However, it also introduces various environmental concerns due to the offsite movement of pesticide residues towards receiving water bodies. While the application of process-based modeling approaches can provide quantitative information on pesticide exposure, there are nonetheless growing requirements for model development and improvement to better represent various hydrological and physico-chemical conditions at watershed scale, and for better model integration to address environmental, ecological and economic concerns. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is an ecohydrological model used in over 3000 published studies, including about 50 for simulating pesticide fate and transport at the watershed scale. To better understand its strengths and limitations, we conducted a rigorous review of published studies that have used SWAT for pesticide modeling. This review provides recommendations for improving the interior algorithms (fate simulation, pathway representation, transport/pollution control, and other hydrological related improvement) to better represent natural conditions, and for further extension of pesticide exposure modeling using SWAT by linking it with other models or management tools to effectively address the various concerns of environmental researchers and local decision makers. Going beyond past studies, we also recommend future improvement to fill research gaps in developing modularized field level simulation, improved BMPs, new in-pond and in-stream modules, and the incorporation of soft data. Our review pointed out a new insight of pesticide fate and transport modeling at watershed level, which should be seen as steps leading to the direction for model development, as well as better addressing management concerns of local stakeholders for model implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Yongping Yuan
- USEPA/ORD/NERL, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Haw Yen
- Blackland Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX 76502, United States
| | - Michael Grieneisen
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Jeffrey Arnold
- Blackland Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX 76502, United States
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA 95812, USA
| | - Chaozi Wang
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Ren J, Wang X, Gong P, Wang C. Characterization of Tibetan Soil As a Source or Sink of Atmospheric Persistent Organic Pollutants: Seasonal Shift and Impact of Global Warming. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3589-3598. [PMID: 30821446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Background soils are reservoirs of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). After decades of reduced primary emissions, it is now possible that the POPs contained in these reservoirs are being remobilized because of climate warming. However, a comprehensive investigation into the remobilization of POPs from background soil on the largest and highest plateau on Earth, the Tibetan Plateau (TP), is lacking. In this study, a sampling campaign was carried out on the TP at three background sites with different land cover types (forest, meadow and desert). Field measurements of the air-soil exchange of POPs showed that previous prediction using empirical models overestimated the values of the soil-air partitioning coefficient ( KSA), especially for chemicals with KOA > 9. The direction of exchange for γ-HCH, HCB, and PCB-28 overlapped with the air-soil equilibrium range, but with a tendency for volatilization. Their emission fluxes were 720, 2935, and 538 pg m-2 day-1, respectively, and were similar in extent to those observed for background Arctic soil in Norway. Nam Co and Ngari are also permafrost regions, and most chemicals at these two sites exhibited volatilization. This is the first result showing that permafrost can also emit POPs. Seasonally, we found that chemicals tended to be re-emitted from soils to the atmosphere in winter and deposited from the air to the soil in summer. This finding is opposite to most previous results, possibly because of the higher air-soil concentration gradient caused by the prevailing transport of POPs in summer. Climate warming exerts a strong influence on air-soil exchange, with an increase of 1 °C in ambient temperature likely leading to an increase of Tibetan atmospheric inventories of POPs by 60-400%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
- Research Institute of Transition of Resource-Based Economics , Shanxi University of Finance and Economics , Taiyuan 030006 , Shanxi China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes , Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100101 , China
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Ansari S, Waheed S, Ali U, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ, Halsall C, Malik RN. Assessing residual status and spatial variation of current-use pesticides under the influence of environmental factors in major cash crop growing areas of Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:486-496. [PMID: 30165276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The status of seven currently used pesticides were assessed under the influence of soil parameters in surface soils of cash crop growing areas of Pakistan. Chlorpyrifos occurred in highest mean concentration (1.18 mg kg-1). Selected pesticides exhibited higher affinity towards both organic carbon and black carbon fractions. The δ13C stable carbon isotopic fraction of inorganic carbon was also used as a tracer and disclosed high retention of total organic carbon in Swat and Swabi sites. Statistical analysis revealed that carbon storage was primarily influenced by altitude and temperature. Soil clay mineral oxides of aluminum and iron positively correlated with organic carbon and selected pesticides (chlorpyrifos and cyprodinil). Soil to plant bio-concentration ratios predicted heightened uptake of azinfos and diazinon in major cash crop bio mass. Occupational risk via soil ingestion expressed no significant threat to the farmer community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundas Ansari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Waheed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, 12 Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Andrew James Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, 12 Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, 12 Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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38
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Wei W, Mandin C, Ramalho O. Influence of indoor environmental factors on mass transfer parameters and concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:223-235. [PMID: 29268180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor environments can partition among the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, and available surfaces. The mass transfer parameters of SVOCs, such as the mass transfer coefficient and the partition coefficient, are influenced by indoor environmental factors. Subsequently, indoor SVOC concentrations and thus occupant exposure can vary depending on environmental factors. In this review, the influence of six environmental factors, i.e., indoor temperature, humidity, ventilation, airborne particle concentration, source loading factor, and reactive chemistry, on the mass transfer parameters and indoor concentrations of SVOCs was analyzed and tentatively quantified. The results show that all mass transfer parameters vary depending on environmental factors. These variations are mostly characterized by empirical equations, particularly for humidity. Theoretical calculations of these parameters based on mass transfer mechanisms are available only for the emission of SVOCs from source surfaces when airborne particles are not present. All mass transfer parameters depend on the temperature. Humidity influences the partition of SVOCs among different phases and is associated with phthalate hydrolysis. Ventilation has a combined effect with the airborne particle concentration on SVOC emission and their mass transfer among different phases. Indoor chemical reactions can produce or eliminate SVOCs slowly. To better model the dynamic SVOC concentration indoors, the present review suggests studying the combined effect of environmental factors in real indoor environments. Moreover, interactions between indoor environmental factors and human activities and their influence on SVOC mass transfer processes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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Donald CE, Anderson KA. Assessing soil-air partitioning of PAHs and PCBs with a new fugacity passive sampler. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 596-597:293-302. [PMID: 28437648 PMCID: PMC5549629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Soil-air fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined using a novel application of passive samplers to measure air and soil air, which is air in close proximity and in equilibrium with soil. Existing methods to measure flux of semi-volatile compounds between soil and air require collecting samples from the top soil layer. Yet, the top soil layer is hard to define and oversampling may misrepresent the exchangeable fraction. Alternatively, modified active samplers can measure soil air in situ, but require electricity while deployed. We present a new method to measure time-weighted averages of soil air concentrations in situ using passive sampling and requiring no electricity: a box is placed over low-density polyethylene passive samplers deployed 1cm above the soil. Passive air samplers were also co-deployed 1.5m above the soil to measure ambient air concentrations in three U.S. LOCATIONS near a former PCB manufacturing facility in Anniston, Alabama; on a former creosoting and the current Wyckoff/Eagle Superfund site near Seattle, Washington; and near the site of a recent oil-train derailment and fire in Mosier, Oregon. Following n-hexane extraction, sampler extracts were analyzed for PAHs with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and PCBs with dual gas chromatography-electron capture detectors. PAHs were generally depositing at Anniston and Mosier sites, but volatilizing from soil in Wyckoff, the site with historically-contaminated soil. PCBs were detected most frequently at the Anniston site, although levels were lower than previous reports. Variability in concentration measurements was greater among soil air samplers than air samplers, likely due to soil heterogeneity. Environmental conditions under the novel soil air box did not substantially change soil-air partitioning behavior. This method of measuring soil air in situ will allow for understanding of source-sink dynamics at sites with recent and historical contamination, and where conventional sampling is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Ag. and Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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40
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Farha W, Abd El-Aty AM, Rahman MM, Shin HC, Shim JH. An overview on common aspects influencing the dissipation pattern of pesticides: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:693. [PMID: 27888425 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The common aspects and processes influencing dissipation kinetics of pesticides are determinants of their fate in the environment. Nowadays, with increasing population, the demand for food and fodder crops has also increased. With the development in science and technology, the methods of controlling pests may improve, but the major role played by the environment cannot be altered, i.e. the environmental factors, climatic conditions, and geology of areas under cultivation. Plants play a crucial role in the dissipation kinetics, as they may vary in species and characteristics. Differences in physico-chemical properties, such as formulation, bioavailability, and efficacy of the pesticide, may result in variable dissipation patterns even under the same environmental conditions. While modelling the dissipation kinetics for any specific pesticide applied to any specific crop, each factor must be considered. This review focusses on the variability observed across common factors, i.e. environmental aspects, plant-associated facts, and observed characteristics of chemical substances, influencing pesticide dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waziha Farha
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Youngbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Md Musfiqur Rahman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Youngbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Youngbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Wei P, Liu Y, Li W, Qian Y, Nie Y, Kim D, Wang M. Metabolic and Dynamic Profiling for Risk Assessment of Fluopyram, a Typical Phenylamide Fungicide Widely Applied in Vegetable Ecosystem. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33898. [PMID: 27654708 PMCID: PMC5031996 DOI: 10.1038/srep33898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluopyram, a typical phenylamide fungicide, was widely applied to protect fruit vegetables from fungal pathogens-responsible yield loss. Highly linked to the ecological and dietary risks, its residual and metabolic profiles in the fruit vegetable ecosystem still remained obscure. Here, an approach using modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction combined with GC-MS/MS analysis was developed to investigate fluopyram fate in the typical fruit vegetables including tomato, cucumber, pepper under the greenhouse environment. Fluopyram dissipated in accordance with the first-order rate dynamics equation with the maximum half-life of 5.7 d. Cleveage of fluopyram into 2-trifluoromethyl benzamide and subsequent formation of 3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine-2-acetic acid and 3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) picolinic acid was elucidated to be its ubiquitous metabolic pathway. Moreover, the incurrence of fluopyram at the pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 7-21 d was between 0.0108 and 0.1603 mg/kg, and the Hazard Quotients (HQs) were calculated to be less than 1, indicating temporary safety on consumption of the fruit vegetables incurred with fluopyram, irrespective of the uncertain toxicity of the metabolites. Taken together, our findings reveal the residual essential of fluopyram in the typical agricultural ecosystem, and would advance the further insight into ecological risk posed by this fungicide associated with its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenzhuo Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanxia Nie
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Labs, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mengcen Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Impact of Spent Mushroom Substrates on the Fate of Pesticides in Soil, and Their Use for Preventing and/or Controlling Soil and Water Contamination: A Review. TOXICS 2016; 4:toxics4030017. [PMID: 29051422 PMCID: PMC5606655 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intensive crop production involves a high consumption of pesticides. This is a cause of major environmental concern because the presence of pesticides in water is becoming increasingly common. Physicochemical methods based on soil modification with organic residues have been developed to enhance the immobilization and/or degradation of pesticides in agricultural soils, which may control both the diffuse and the point pollution of soils and waters. This review summarizes the influence of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on the environmental fate of pesticides when both are simultaneously applied in agriculture. The processes of adsorption, leaching and dissipation of these compounds in SMS-amended soils were evaluated at laboratory and field scale. Relationships were established between the experimental parameters obtained and the properties of the soils, the SMS, and the pesticides in order to determine the effect that the application of SMS in agricultural soils has on the environmental impact of pesticides. Accordingly, this review highlights the use of SMS as a strategy for the prevention and/or control of soil and water contamination by pesticides to strike a balance between agricultural development and the use of these compounds.
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43
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Wang Y, Luo C, Wang S, Cheng Z, Li J, Zhang G. The Abandoned E-Waste Recycling Site Continued to Act As a Significant Source of Polychlorinated Biphenyls: An in Situ Assessment Using Fugacity Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8623-8630. [PMID: 27427439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of e-waste has attracted significant attention due to emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other contaminants into the environment. We measured PCB concentrations in surface soils, air equilibrated with the soil, and air at 1.5-m height using a fugacity sampler in an abandoned electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site in South China. The total concentrations of PCBs in the soils were 39.8-940 ng/g, whereas the concentrations in air equilibrated with the soil and air at 1.5 m height were 487-8280 pg/m(3) and 287-7380 pg/m(3), respectively. The PCB concentrations displayed seasonal variation; they were higher in winter in the soils and higher in summer in the air, indicating that the emission of PCBs from the soil was enhanced during hot seasons for the relatively high temperature or additional sources, especially for low-chlorinated PCBs. We compared two methods (traditional fugacity model and fugacity sampler) for assessing the soil-air partition coefficients (Ksa) and the fugacity fractions of PCBs. The results suggested that the fugacity sampler provided more instructive and practical estimation on Ksa values and trends in air-soil exchange, especially for low-chlorinated PCBs. The abandoned e-waste burning site still acted as a significant source of PCBs many years after the prohibition on open burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shaorui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
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Degrendele C, Audy O, Hofman J, Kučerik J, Kukučka P, Mulder MD, Přibylová P, Prokeš R, Šáňka M, Schaumann GE, Lammel G. Diurnal Variations of Air-Soil Exchange of Semivolatile Organic Compounds (PAHs, PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs) in a Central European Receptor Area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4278-88. [PMID: 27007480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in air and soil, their fugacities, and the experimental soil-air partitioning coefficient (KSA) were determined at two background sites in the Gt. Hungarian Plain in August 2013. The concentrations of the semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) in the soil were not correlated with the organic carbon content but with two indirect parameters of mineralization and aromaticity, suggesting that soil organic matter quality is an important parameter affecting the sorption of SOCs onto soils. Predictions based on the assumption that absorption is the dominant process were in good agreement with the measurements for PAHs, OCPs, and the low chlorinated PCBs. In general, soils were found to be a source of PAHs, high chlorinated PCBs, the majority of OCPs and PBDEs, and a sink for the low chlorinated PCBs and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane. Diurnal variations in the direction of the soil-air exchange were found for two compounds (i.e., pentachlorobenzene and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), with volatilization during the day and deposition in the night. The concentrations of most SOCs in the near-ground atmosphere were dominated by revolatilization from the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Degrendele
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ondřej Audy
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiři Kučerik
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie D Mulder
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Šáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriele E Schaumann
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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