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Robinson RFA, Mills GA, Grabic R, Bořík A, Fones GR. Quantification and risk assessment of polar organic contaminants in two chalk streams in Hampshire, UK using the Chemcatcher passive sampler. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173316. [PMID: 38782290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater systems are facing a number of pressures due to the inputs of polar organic contaminants from a range of sources including agriculture, domestic and industry. The River Itchen and River Test are two sensitive chalk streams in Southern England that are experiencing a decline in invertebrate communities. We used Chemcatcher passive samplers to measure time-weighted average concentrations (14 days) of polar pollutants at nine sites on the River Itchen and eight sites on the River Test over a 12-month period. Sampler extracts were analysed using a targeted LC/MS method. In total, 121 plant protection products and pharmaceutical and personal care products were quantified (range of log Kow from - 1.5 to 7). Concentrations (sub ng L-1 to >500 ng L-1) in both rivers showed spatial and temporal variations. A greater number of compounds and higher concentrations were found in the River Test. The chemical profile was dominated by inputs from wastewater treatment plants and legacy plant protection products. On the River Itchen, high concentrations (∼100 ng L-1) of caffeine were observed directly downstream of a fish farm. Using the NORMAN database, the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) freshwater values were exceeded by only five contaminants (2-hydroxy-terbuthylazine, alprazolam, azithromycin, diclofenac and imidacloprid). In addition, venlafaxine was detected above its EU Watch List concentration. These exceedances were mainly downstream of direct inputs from treatment plants. These compounds are known to have ecotoxicological effects on a range of aquatic biota including macroinvertebrates. Of concern is the ubiquitous presence of the ectoparasiticide imidacloprid, highlighting the need to control its use. The impact of the cocktail of pollutants found in this study on the long-term effects on chalk stream ecosystems remains unknown and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamund F A Robinson
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bořík
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK.
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Wang L, Liu R, Zhou Y, Yuan P, Liu X, Gao H. Mass transfer characteristics of chiral pharmaceuticals on membrane used for polar organic chemical integrative sampler. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:670-681. [PMID: 37923475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling technology has good application prospects for monitoring trace pollutants in aquatic environments. Further research on the sampling mechanism of this technology is essential to improve the measurement accuracy and extend the application scope of this approach. In this study, adsorption and permeation experiments were performed to investigate the sorption and mass transfer properties of five chiral pharmaceuticals at the enantiomeric level on polyethersulfone (PES) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes used in a polar organic chemical integrative sampler. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the PES membrane had an adsorption phenomenon for most selected pollutants and an insignificant sorption behavior was observed for all selected pharmaceuticals on the PTFE membrane except for R(S)-fluoxetine. The diffusion coefficients of selected pharmaceuticals onto the PTFE membrane were approximately one order of magnitude higher than those onto the PES membrane. The permeation experiment indicated that under different hydraulic conditions, the change of the relative pollutant concentration through the PTFE membrane for the composite pollutant system was more obvious than that for the single pollutant system, and mass transfer hysteresis exists for both contaminant systems through PES membranes. Using the first-order equation or 3-component model to estimate the overall mass transfer coefficients, the results showed that the overall mass transfer coefficient values of pollutants in the composite pollutant system onto both membranes were higher than those in the single pollutant system. This parameter was mainly influenced by the synergistic effects of the multi-analyte interaction and diminished water boundary layers during the mass transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Wang
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100018, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100018, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Youya Zhou
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hongjie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
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Pinasseau L, Mermillod-Blondin F, Fildier A, Fourel F, Vallier F, Guillard L, Wiest L, Volatier L. Determination of groundwater origins and vulnerability based on multi-tracer investigations: New contributions from passive sampling and suspect screening approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162750. [PMID: 36907410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about groundwater origins and their interactions with surface water is fundamental to assess their vulnerability. In this context, hydrochemical and isotopic tracers are useful tools to investigate water origins and mixing. More recent studies examined the relevance of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) as co-tracers to distinguish sources contributing to groundwater bodies. However, these studies focused on known and targeted CECs a priori selected regarding their origin and/or concentrations. This study aimed to improve these multi-tracer approaches using passive sampling and qualitative suspect screening by exploring a larger variety of historical and emerging concern contaminants in combination with hydrochemistry and water molecule isotopes. With this objective, an in-situ study was conducted in a drinking water catchment area located in an alluvial aquifer recharged by several water sources (both surface and groundwater sources). CECs determined by passive sampling and suspect screening allowed to provide in-depth chemical fingerprints of groundwater bodies by enabling the investigation of >2500 compounds with an increased analytical sensitivity. Obtained cocktails of CECs were discriminating enough to be used as chemical tracer in combination with hydrochemical and isotopic tracers. In addition, the occurrence and type of CECs contributed to a better understanding of groundwater-surface water interactions and highlighted short-time hydrological processes. Furthermore, the use of passive sampling with suspect screening analysis of CECs lead to a more realistic assessment and mapping of groundwater vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pinasseau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélie Fildier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - François Fourel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Félix Vallier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ludovic Guillard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurence Volatier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Römerscheid M, Paschke A, Schneider S, Blaha M, Harzdorf J, Schüürmann G. Calibration of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and derivation of generic sampling rates for a broad application in monitoring of surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161936. [PMID: 36746283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We determined sampling rates for 34 pesticides, five pesticide transformation products, and 34 pharmaceutical compounds with the Chemcatcher (CC) passive sampler in a laboratory-based continuous-flow system at 40 cm/s and ambient temperature. Three different sampling phases were used: styrene divinylbenzene disks (SDB-XC), styrene divinylbenzene reversed phase sulfonate disks (SDB-RPS), and hydrophilic lipophilic balance disks (HLB), in all cases covered with a diffusion-limiting polyethersulfone membrane. The measured sampling rates range from 0.007 L/d to 0.193 L/d for CC with SDB-XC (CC-XC), from 0.055 L/d to 0.796 L/d for CC with SDB-RPS (CC-RPS), and from 0.018 L/d to 0.073 L/d for CC equipped with HLB (CC-HLB). Comparison with sampling rates from literature enabled to derive generic sampling rates that can be used for compounds with unknown uptake kinetics such as transformations products and new compounds of interest. Field trial results demonstrate that the presently derived generic sampling rates are suitable for estimating time-weighted average concentrations within reasonable uncertainty limits. In this way, Chemcatcher passive sampling can be applied approximately to a broad range of solutes without the need for deriving compound-specific sampling rates, which enable compliance checks against environmental quality standards and further risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Römerscheid
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Selma Schneider
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Blaha
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Harzdorf
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Rheinheimer Dos Santos D, Camotti Bastos M, Monteiro De Castro Lima JA, Le Guet T, Vargas Brunet J, Fernandes G, Zanella R, Damian Prestes O, Mondamert L, Labanowski J. Epilithic biofilms, POCIS, and water samples as complementary sources of information for a more comprehensive view of aquatic contamination by pesticides and pharmaceuticals in southern Brazil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:273-284. [PMID: 36861268 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2182583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatial-temporal monitoring of the presence of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in water requires rigor in the choice of matrix to be analyzed. The use of matrices, isolated or combined, may better represent the real state of contamination. In this sense, the present work contrasted the effectiveness of using epilithic biofilms with active water sampling and with a passive sampler-POCIS. A watershed representative of South American agriculture was monitored. Nine sites with different rural anthropic pressures (natural forest, intensive use of pesticides, and animal waste), and urban areas without sewage treatment, were monitored. Water and epilithic biofilms were collected during periods of intensive pesticide and animal waste application. After the harvest of the spring/summer crop, a period of low agrochemical input, the presence of pesticides and pharmaceuticals was monitored using the POCIS and epilithic biofilms. The spot water sampling leads to underestimation of the level of contamination of water resources as it does not allow discrimination of different anthropic pressures in rural areas. The use of endogenous epilithic biofilms as a matrix for the analysis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals is a viable and highly recommended alternative to diagnose the health of water sources, especially if associated with the use of POCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marília Camotti Bastos
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratoire E2Lim - Eau et Environnement Limoges, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Thibaut Le Guet
- Laboratoire E2Lim - Eau et Environnement Limoges, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jocelina Vargas Brunet
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gracieli Fernandes
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Osmar Damian Prestes
- Departamento de Solos, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leslie Mondamert
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jérôme Labanowski
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Robinson RFA, Mills GA, Fones GR. Monitoring of polar organic compounds in fresh waters using the Chemcatcher passive sampler. MethodsX 2023; 10:102054. [PMID: 36851979 PMCID: PMC9958045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of polar organic pollutants in surface water is now undertaken to fulfil a number of legislative requirements. Passive sampling is being frequently used for this purpose and includes the commercially available Chemcatcher device. This protocol is based on knowledge that has been acquired over the past ten years in the use of the Chemcatcher for monitoring a wide range of polar organic compounds in freshwater. It provides detailed procedures and guidelines of how to prepare the sampler in the laboratory, deploy and retrieve the device in the field (including water and sampling site measurements) and subsequent sample processing in the laboratory up to instrumental analysis. By end users adopting this standardized, systematic protocol it will help to ensure the reproducibility of their monitoring data.•Robust and detailed procedure for the sampling of polar pollutants in surface waters using the Chemcatcher passive sampler•A low cost, novel and versatile apparatus for deploying the Chemcatcher at riverine sites•Practical tips based on extensive experience of using the Chemcatcher are provided for end-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamund F A Robinson
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
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7
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Allinson M, Cassidy M, Kadokami K, Besley CH. In situ calibration of passive sampling methods for urban micropollutants using targeted multiresidue GC and LC screening systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136997. [PMID: 36309053 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ChemcatcherTM (CC) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) passive samplers were chosen to investigate trace organic chemical residues in urban streams of the megacity of Sydney, Australia. In situ calibration with these passive samplers investigated 1392 organic chemicals. Six sets of CC passive samplers fitted with SDB-XC or SDB-RPS disks and six POCIS containing Oasis HLB sorbent were deployed at three sites. Every week for six weeks across three deployments, composite water samples were retrieved from autosamplers, along with one set of CC/POCIS passive samplers. Samples were analysed by Automated Identification and Quantification System (AIQS) GC/MS or LC/QTOF-MS database methods with 254 chemicals detected. The most frequently detected compounds under GC/MS analysis were aliphatic, pesticides, phenols, PAHs, sterols and fatty acid methyl esters while from LC/QTOF-MS analysis these were pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. Sampling rates (Rs) ranged between <0.001 - 0.132 L day-1 (CC SDB-XC, 18 chemicals), <0.001 - 0.291 L day-1 (CC SDB-RPS, 28 chemicals), and <0.001 - 0.576 L day-1 (POCIS Oasis HLB, 30 chemicals). Assessment of deployment duration indicated that about half of the chemicals that were continuously detected across all deployment weeks had maximal simple linear regression R2 values at four weeks for CC SDB-RPS (seven of 13 chemicals) and at three weeks for POCIS Oasis HLB (seven of 14 chemicals). Where ranges of Rs recorded from the estuarine site were able to be compared to ranges of Rs from one or both freshwater sites, only tributyl phosphate had a higher range of Rs out of 21 possible chemical comparisons, and suggested salinity was an unlikely influence on Rs. Whereas relatively higher rainfall of the third round of deployment aligned with higher Rs across the estuarine and freshwater sites for CC SDB-RPS and POCIS for nearly all possible comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Allinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Cassidy
- Wastewater Product, Sydney Water, 1 Smith Street, Parramatta, NSW, 2150, Australia
| | - K Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, The University of Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - C H Besley
- Monitoring, Design and Reporting, Sydney Water, 1 Smith Street, Parramatta, NSW, 2150, Australia.
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Ashwini A, Jamwal P, Vanak AT. Environmental surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in a rapidly developing catchment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:7. [PMID: 36269439 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Development and spread of AMR from various sources such as hospitals, pharmaceutical industries, animal farms and human habitations is not well understood. We conducted a pilot study to assess the prevalence of AMR by taking a case of rapidly developing catchment in Western India. For this, we selected four sub-catchments/regions with a dominant source of antibiotics, viz. areas with (a) dense poultry farms (4 farms/km2), (b) sparse number of poultry farms (2 farms/km2), (c) agricultural fields and (d) habitation (village). The environmental samples (soil, litter and water) were subjected to Kirby-Bauer/antibiotic disc susceptibility test to assess the resistance pattern in the bacterial species. Preliminary investigations showed the presence of seven multidrug-resistant bacterial species in the litter from poultry farms, with five species having a MAR index greater than 0.2. No evidence of AMR was observed in the vicinity (water and soil) of the poultry farms. This could be attributed to the rigorous disinfection protocols followed at the poultry farms to prevent infection in the fresh batch of chickens. However, in agricultural fields where the litter is used as manure, seven multiple drugs resistant with two species scoring a MAR index greater than 0.2 were observed. MAR index of less than 0.2 was observed for Escherichia coli and Enterobacter species isolated from village and control site (soil), respectively, indicating negligible contamination by antibiotics at sub-catchments. This study provides an approach to investigate the effects of multiple factors on the prevalence of AMR at the catchment scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Ashwini
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment, Jakkur post, Bengaluru, India
| | - Priyanka Jamwal
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment, Jakkur post, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Abi Tamim Vanak
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment, Jakkur post, Bengaluru, India
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- DBT/Wellcome Trust, India Alliance Fellow, Hyderabad, India
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9
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Richardson AK, Irlam RC, Wright HR, Mills GA, Fones GR, Stürzenbaum SR, Cowan DA, Neep DJ, Barron LP. A miniaturized passive sampling-based workflow for monitoring chemicals of emerging concern in water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156260. [PMID: 35644406 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The miniaturization of a full workflow for identification and monitoring of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is presented. Firstly, successful development of a low-cost small 3D-printed passive sampler device (3D-PSD), based on a two-piece methacrylate housing that held up to five separate 9 mm disk sorbents, is discussed. Secondly, a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method reduced the need for large scale in-laboratory apparatus, solvent, reagents and reference material quantities for in-laboratory passive sampler device (PSD) calibration and extraction. Using hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced sorbents, sampling rates (Rs) were determined after a low 50 ng L-1 exposure over seven days for 39 pesticides, pharmaceuticals, drug metabolites and illicit drugs over the range 0.3 to 12.3 mL day-1. The high sensitivity LC-MS/MS method enabled rapid analysis of river water using only 10 μL of directly injected sample filtrate to measure occurrence of 164 CECs and sources along 19 sites on the River Wandle, (London, UK). The new 3D-PSD was then field-tested over seven days at the site with the highest number and concentration of CECs, which was down-river from a wastewater treatment plant. Almost double the number of CECs were identified in 3D-PSD extracts across sites in comparison to water samples (80 versus 42 CECs, respectively). Time-weighted average CEC concentrations ranged from 8.2 to 845 ng L-1, which were generally comparable to measured concentrations in grab samples. Lastly, high resolution mass spectrometry-based suspect screening of 3D-PSD extracts enabled 113 additional compounds to be tentatively identified via library matching, many of which are currently or are under consideration for the EU Watch List. This miniaturized workflow represents a new, cost-effective, and more practically efficient means to perform passive sampling chemical monitoring at a large scale. SYNOPSIS: Miniaturized, low cost, multi-disk passive samplers enabled more efficient multi-residue chemical contaminant characterization, potentially for large-scale monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Richardson
- Dept. Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel C Irlam
- Dept. Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Rapp Wright
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Graham A Mills
- Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Gary R Fones
- Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Stürzenbaum
- Dept. Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David A Cowan
- Dept. Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David J Neep
- Agilent Technologies UK Ltd, Essex Road, Church Stretton SY6 6AX, United Kingdom
| | - Leon P Barron
- Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.
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10
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Dron J, Demelas C, Mas J, Durand A, Pantalacci A, Austruy A, Périot M, Revenko G, Gori D, Lebaron K, Coupé S, Höhener P, Boudenne JL. Assessment of the contamination by 2,4,6-tribromophenol of marine waters and organisms exposed to chlorination discharges. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119742. [PMID: 35835273 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) is implied in the production of brominated flame retardants but is also a major chlorination by-product in seawater. A growing number of studies indicate that TBP is highly toxic to the marine biota, but the contribution of anthropogenic sources among natural production is still under question concerning its bioaccumulation in marine organisms. Here, several water sampling campaigns were carried out in the industrialized Gulf of Fos (northwestern Mediterranean Sea, France) and clearly showed the predominant incidence of industrial chlorination discharges on the TBP levels in water, at the 1-10 ng L-1 level in average and reaching up to 580 ng L-1 near the outlets. The bioaccumulation of TBP was measured in 90 biota samples from the Gulf of Fos. The concentrations found in European conger muscle tissues (140-1000 ng g-1 lipid weight, in average), purple sea urchin gonads (830-880 ng g-1 lipid weight, in average), and Mediterranean mussel body (1500-2000 ng g-1 lipid weight, in average) were above all published references. Significant correlations with fish length (European conger) and gonad somatic index (purple sea urchin) were also identified. Comparatively, fish, urchins and mussels from other Mediterranean sites analyzed within this study showed a lower bioaccumulation level of TBP, consistently with what found elsewhere. Industrial outflows were thus identified as hotspots for TBP in seawater and marine organisms. The environmental risk assessment indicated a high potential toxicity in the industrial Gulf of Fos, in particular near the outlets, and a limited threat to human but toxicological references are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dron
- Institut Écocitoyen pour La Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France.
| | | | - Justine Mas
- Institut Écocitoyen pour La Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
| | | | - Anthony Pantalacci
- Institut Écocitoyen pour La Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Annabelle Austruy
- Institut Écocitoyen pour La Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marine Périot
- Institut Écocitoyen pour La Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Gautier Revenko
- Institut Écocitoyen pour La Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Didier Gori
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Lebaron
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Coupé
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France
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11
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MacKeown H, Benedetti B, Di Carro M, Magi E. The study of polar emerging contaminants in seawater by passive sampling: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134448. [PMID: 35364083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging Contaminants (ECs) in marine waters include different classes of compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, showing "emerging concern" related to the environment and human health. Their measurement in seawater is challenging mainly due to the low concentration levels and the possible matrix interferences. Mass spectrometry combined with chromatographic techniques represents the method of choice to study seawater ECs, due to its sensitivity and versatility. Nevertheless, these instrumental techniques have to be preceded by suitable sample collection and pre-treatment: passive sampling represents a powerful approach in this regard. The present review compiles the existing occurrence studies on passive sampling coupled to mass spectrometry for the monitoring of polar ECs in seawater and discusses the availability of calibration data that enabled quantitative estimations. A vast majority of the published studies carried out during the last two decades describe the use of integrative samplers, while applications of equilibrium samplers represent approximately 10%. The polar Chemcatcher was the first applied to marine waters, while the more sensitive Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler rapidly became the most widely employed passive sampler. The organic Diffusive Gradients in Thin film technology is a recently introduced and promising device, due to its more reliable sampling rates. The best passive sampler selection for the monitoring of ECs in the marine environment as well as future research and development needs in this area are further discussed. On the instrumental side, combining passive sampling with high resolution mass spectrometry to better assess polar ECs is strongly advocated, despite the current challenges associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Di Carro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy.
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12
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Passive Sampling with Active Carbon Fibres in the Determination of Organic Pollutants in Groundwater. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Legislation addressing the quality of groundwater and increasing concerns over public health calls for the development of analytical methods that can produce accurate and precise results at the ppt level. Passive sampling has been recognised as a helpful tool in identifying various organic pollutants in groundwater, even when their presence had not yet been identified through conventional groundwater quality monitoring. The article presents an analytical method involving a simple and cost-effective passive sampling device using Zorflex® activated carbon fibres (ACFs) for the qualitative monitoring of a broad range of organic pollutants in water in a single run. The applicability of the method developed was tested in three hydrogeological studies. In the first case, we present a non-targeted qualitative screening and a list of 892 different contaminants detected in the groundwater in Slovenia. In the second case, we discuss the presence and origin of organic compounds in the groundwater from a pilot area of the urban aquifer, Ljubljansko polje. The third case presents a comparison of results between passive and grab sampling. Passive sampling with ACFs confirmed the presence of a pollutant, even when it had not been previously detected through a quantitative method.
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13
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Grodtke M, Paschke A, Harzdorf J, Krauss M, Schüürmann G. Calibration and field application of the Atlantic HLB Disk containing Chemcatcher® passive sampler - Quantitative monitoring of herbicides, other pesticides, and transformation products in German streams. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124538. [PMID: 33610392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Chemcatcher® (CC) passive sampler containing an Atlantic HLB-L Disk (AD) was calibrated in a laboratory-based flow-through tank over 21 days under stirring for 38 polar organic pesticides with log Kow ranging from -1.7 to 3.8. The resultant sampling rates Rs range from 0.025 to 0.068 L/d. In 2018, field trials were conducted in the German rivers Mulde and Havel, as well as in 7 agricultural streams in Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. For 36 detected pesticides, the overall low concentrations were 0.2 to 49.4 ng/L. The determined pesticide profiles reflect agricultural use and were dominated by triazine herbicides including transformation products, by neonicotinoid insecticides, and by the herbicide mecoprop. Additional single hot spots were provided by the herbicides metamitron, isoproturon, and MCPA (showing the overall largest value of 49.4 ng/L). Notably, the detected waterborne pesticides include banned herbicides and associated transformation products in concentration ratios suggesting also recent input. This concerns in particular atrazine and its transformation products 2-OH-atrazine, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine. An extended target screening of AD-CC extracts from the river Havel revealed the additional presence of other organic micropollutants including biocides, surfactants and industrial chemicals, and demonstrated the AD-CC applicability up to log Kow of 4.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Grodtke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Harzdorf
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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14
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Richardson AK, Chadha M, Rapp-Wright H, Mills GA, Fones GR, Gravell A, Stürzenbaum S, Cowan DA, Neep DJ, Barron LP. Rapid direct analysis of river water and machine learning assisted suspect screening of emerging contaminants in passive sampler extracts. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:595-606. [PMID: 33427827 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel and rapid approach to characterise the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in river water is presented using multi-residue targeted analysis and machine learning-assisted in silico suspect screening of passive sampler extracts. Passive samplers (Chemcatcher®) configured with hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB) sorbents were deployed in the Central London region of the tidal River Thames (UK) catchment in winter and summer campaigns in 2018 and 2019. Extracts were analysed by; (a) a rapid 5.5 min direct injection targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for 164 CECs and (b) a full-scan LC coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) method using data-independent acquisition over 15 min. From targeted analysis of grab water samples, a total of 33 pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, drug metabolites, personal care products and pesticides (including several EU Watch-List chemicals) were identified, and mean concentrations determined at 40 ± 37 ng L-1. For targeted analysis of passive sampler extracts, 65 unique compounds were detected with differences observed between summer and winter campaigns. For suspect screening, 59 additional compounds were shortlisted based on mass spectral database matching, followed by machine learning-assisted retention time prediction. Many of these included additional pharmaceuticals and pesticides, but also new metabolites and industrial chemicals. The novelty in this approach lies in the convenience of using passive samplers together with machine learning-assisted chemical analysis methods for rapid, time-integrated catchment monitoring of CECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Richardson
- Dept. Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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15
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Pinasseau L, Wiest L, Volatier L, Mermillod-Blondin F, Vulliet E. Emerging polar pollutants in groundwater: Potential impact of urban stormwater infiltration practices. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115387. [PMID: 32829126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The quality of groundwater (GW) resources is decreasing partly due to chemical contaminations from a wide range of activities, such as industrial and agricultural enterprises and changes in land-use. In urban areas, one potential major pathway of GW contamination is associated with urban water management practices based on stormwater runoff infiltration systems (SIS). Data on the performance of the upper layer of soil and the unsaturated zone of infiltration basins to limit the contamination of GW by hydrophilic compounds are lacking. With this aim, the impact of infiltration practices on GW contamination was assessed for 12 pesticides and 4 pharmaceuticals selected according to their ecotoxicological relevance and their likelihood of being present in urban stormwater and GW. For this purpose, 3 campaigns were conducted at 4 SIS during storm events. For each campaign, passive samplers based on the use of Empore™ disk were deployed in GW wells upstream and downstream of SIS, as well as in the stormwater runoff entering the infiltration basins. Upstream and downstream GW contaminations were compared to evaluate the potential effect of SIS on GW contamination and possible relationships with stormwater runoff composition were examined. Our results showed two interesting opposite trends: (i) carbendazim, diuron, fluopyram, imidacloprid and lamotrigine had concentrations significantly increasing in GW impacted by infiltration, indicating a contribution of SIS to GW contamination, (ii) atrazine, simazine and 2 transformation products exhibited concentrations significantly decreasing with infiltration due to a probable dilution of historic GW contaminants with infiltrated stormwater runoff. The other 7 contaminants showed no general trend. This study demonstrates that passive samplers deployed in GW wells enabled the capture of emerging polar pollutants present at very low concentrations and allowed the assessment of infiltration practices on GW quality. New data on GW and urban stormwater are provided for poorly studied hazardous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pinasseau
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Laurence Volatier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire D'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 Laboratoire D'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
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16
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Zhang L, Luo K, Li D, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Li J. Chiral molecular imprinted sensor for highly selective determination of D-carnitine in enantiomers via dsDNA-assisted conformation immobilization. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1136:82-90. [PMID: 33081952 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel approach was established on the basis of a molecularly imprinted technique with the aid of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) embedded in a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membrane as a new functional unit with chiral recognition for highly specific chiral recognition. The chiral molecules were immobilized and anchored in the cavities of the MIP membrane on the basis of the three-dimensional structure of a molecule determined by the functional groups, spatial characterization of the cavities of MIPs, and the spatial orientation with dsDNA embedded in MIPs. D-carnitine was selected as an example of a chiral molecular template, which intercalated into dsDNA immobilized on the gold electrode surface to form dsDNA-D-carnitine complex, and then the complex was embedded in the MIP during electropolymerization. After elution, the stereo-selective cavities were obtained. Our findings have shown that AAAA-TTTT base sequence had high affinity for D-carnitine intercalation. Combined with the electrochemical detection method, MIP sensor was prepared. The selectivity of the MIP sensor to ultratrace D-carnitine was significantly improved; the sensor had remarkable stereo-selectivity and highly chiral specific recognition to D-carnitine, and L-carnitine with a concentration of 10,000 times D-carnitine did not interfere with the detection of D-carnitine in the assay of raceme. The sensor also exhibited high sensitivity to ultratrace D-carnitine determination with a linear response to the concentration of D-carnitine in the range of 3.0 × 10-16 mol/L to 4.0 × 10-13 mol/L, with a detection limit of 2.24 × 10-16 mol/L. The mechanism of chiral recognition was studied, and result showed that apart from the recognition effect of imprinted cavities, dsDNA provided chiral selectivity to the spatial orientation of chiral molecules via the intercalation of chiral molecules with dsDNA and electrostatic interaction with groups of DNA base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianming Zhang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China; College of Material and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610000, PR China
| | - Kui Luo
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Yufu Zhang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Ying Zeng
- College of Material and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610000, PR China
| | - Jianping Li
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Food Safety and Detection, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China.
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17
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Study of passive sampler calibration (Chemcatcher®) for environmental monitoring of organotin compounds: Matrix effect, concentration levels and laboratory vs in situ calibration. Talanta 2020; 219:121316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Sampling Rate of Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS): Influence Factors and Calibration Methods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As a passive sampling device, the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) has the characteristics of simple operation, safety, and reliability for assessing the occurrence and risk of persistent and emerging trace organic pollutants. The POCIS, allowing for the determination of time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of polar organic chemicals, exhibits good application prospects in aquatic environments. Before deploying the device in water, the sampling rate (Rs), which is a key parameter for characterizing pollutant enrichment, should be determined and calibrated accurately. However, the Rs values strongly depend on experimental hydrodynamic conditions. This paper provides an overview of the current situation of the POCIS for environmental monitoring of organic pollutants in an aquatic system. The principle and theory of the POCIS are outlined. In particular, the effect factors such as the ambient conditions, pollutant properties, and device features on the Rs are analyzed in detail from aspects of impact dependence and mechanisms. The calibration methods of the Rs under laboratory and in situ conditions are summarized. This review offers supplementary information on comprehensive understanding of mechanism and application of the POCIS. Nevertheless, the Rs were impacted by a combined effect of solute–sorbent–membrane–solution, and the influence extent of each variable was still unclear. On this basis, the ongoing challenges are proposed for the future application of the POCIS in the actual environment, for instance, the need for this device to be improved in terms of quantitative methods for more accurate measurement of the Rs.
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19
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Gravell A, Fones GR, Greenwood R, Mills GA. Detection of pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluents-a comparison of the performance of Chemcatcher® and polar organic compound integrative sampler. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27995-28005. [PMID: 32405945 PMCID: PMC7334249 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemcatcher® and POCIS passive sampling devices are widely used for monitoring polar organic pollutants in water. Chemcatcher® uses a bound Horizon Atlantic™ HLB-L sorbent disk as receiving phase, whilst the POCIS uses the same material in the form of loose powder. Both devices (n = 3) were deployed for 21 days in the final effluent at three wastewater treatment plants in South Wales, UK. Following deployment, sampler extracts were analysed using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Compounds were identified using an in-house database of pharmaceuticals using a metabolomics workflow. Sixty-eight compounds were identified in all samplers. For the POCIS, substantial losses of sorbent (11-51%) were found during deployment and subsequent laboratory analysis, necessitating the use of a recovery factor. Percentage relative standard deviations varied (with 10 compounds exceeding 30% in both samplers) between individual compounds and between samplers deployed at the three sites. The relative performance of the two devices was evaluated using the mass of analyte sequestered, measured as an integrated peak area. The ratio of the uptake of the pharmaceuticals for the POCIS versus Chemcatcher® was lower (1.84x) than would be expected on the basis of the ratio of active sampling areas (3.01x) of the two devices. The lower than predicted uptake may be attributable to the loose sorbent material moving inside the POCIS when deployed in the field in the vertical plane. In order to overcome this, it is recommended to deploy the POCIS horizontally inside the deployment cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wales, Faraday Building, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
| | - Richard Greenwood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
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Pinasseau L, Wiest L, Volatier L, Fones GR, Mills GA, Mermillod-Blondin F, Vulliet E. Calibration and field application of an innovative passive sampler for monitoring groundwater quality. Talanta 2020; 208:120307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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21
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Mutzner L, Vermeirssen ELM, Mangold S, Maurer M, Scheidegger A, Singer H, Booij K, Ort C. Passive samplers to quantify micropollutants in sewer overflows: accumulation behaviour and field validation for short pollution events. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:350-360. [PMID: 31158617 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants in sewer overflows can contribute to exceedances of environmental quality standards, thus the quantification of contaminants during rainfall events is of relevance. However, monitoring is challenged by i) high spatiotemporal variability of contaminants in events of hard-to-predict durations, and ii) a large number of remote sites, which would imply enormous efforts with traditional sampling equipment. Therefore, we evaluate the applicability of passive samplers (Empore styrene-divinylbenzene reverse phase sulfonated (SDB-RPS)) to monitor a set of 13 polar organic contaminants. We present calibration experiments at high temporal resolution to assess the rate limiting accumulation mechanisms for short events (<36 h), report parameters for typical sewer conditions and compare passive samplers with composite water samples in a field study (three locations, total 10 events). With sampling rates of 0.35-3.5 L/d for 1 h reference time, our calibration results indicate a high sensitivity of passive samplers to sample short, highly variable sewer overflows. The contaminant uptake kinetic shows a fast initial accumulation, which is not well represented with the typical first-order model. Our results indicate that mass transfer to passive samplers is either controlled by the water boundary layer and the sorbent, or by the sorbent alone. Overall, passive sampler concentration estimates are within a factor 0.4 to 3.1 in comparison to composite water samples in the field study. We conclude that passive samplers are a promising approach to monitor a large number of discharge sites although it cannot replace traditional stormwater quality sampling in some cases (e.g. exact load estimates, high temporal resolution). Passive samplers facilitate identifying and prioritizing locations that may require more detailed investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Mutzner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Simon Mangold
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Max Maurer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Scheidegger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kees Booij
- Passive Sampling of Organic Compounds (PaSOC), 8821LV, Kimswerd, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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22
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Estoppey N, Mathieu J, Gascon Diez E, Sapin E, Delémont O, Esseiva P, de Alencastro LF, Coudret S, Folly P. Monitoring of explosive residues in lake-bottom water using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) and chemcatcher: determination of transfer kinetics through Polyethersulfone (PES) membrane is crucial. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:767-776. [PMID: 31200202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Between 1920 and 1967, approximatively 8200 tons of ammunition waste were dumped into some Swiss lakes. This study is part of the extensive historical and technical investigations performed since 1995 by Swiss authorities to provide a risk assessment. It aims to assess whether explosive monitoring by passive sampling is feasible in lake-bottom waters. Polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and Chemcatcher were first calibrated in a channel system supplied with continuously refreshed lake water spiked with two nitroamines (HMX and RDX), one nitrate ester (PETN), and six nitroaromatics (including TNT). Exposure parameters were kept as close as possible to the ones expected at the bottom of two affected lakes. Sixteen POCIS and Chemcatcher were simultaneously deployed in the channel system and removed in duplicates at 8 different intervals over 21 days. Sorbents and polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were separately extracted and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. When possible, a three-compartment model was used to describe the uptake of compounds from water, over the PES membrane into the sorbent. Uptake of target compounds by sorbents was shown not to approach equilibrium during 21 days. However, nitroaromatics strongly accumulated in PES, thus delaying the transfer of these compounds to sorbents (lag-phase up to 9 days). Whereas sampling rate (RS) of nitroamines were in the range of 0.06-0.14 L day-1, RS of nitroaromatics were up to 10 times lower. As nitroaromatic accumulation in PES was integrative over 21 days, PES was used as receiving phase for these compounds. The samplers were then deployed at lake bottoms. To ensure that exposure conditions were similar between calibration and field experiments, low-density polyethylene strips spiked with performance reference compounds were co-deployed in both experiments and dissipation data were compared. Integrative concentrations of explosives measured in the lakes confirmed results obtained by previous studies based on grab sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Estoppey
- Federal office for defence procurement (armasuisse), Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland; School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jörg Mathieu
- Federal office for defence procurement (armasuisse), Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Elena Gascon Diez
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Direction générale de la santé, Secteur des produits chimiques, République et Canton de Genève, Switzerland
| | - Eric Sapin
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luiz Felippe de Alencastro
- Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Coudret
- Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Folly
- Federal office for defence procurement (armasuisse), Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
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Pinasseau L, Wiest L, Fildier A, Volatier L, Fones GR, Mills GA, Mermillod-Blondin F, Vulliet E. Use of passive sampling and high resolution mass spectrometry using a suspect screening approach to characterise emerging pollutants in contaminated groundwater and runoff. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:253-263. [PMID: 30959292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater systems are being increasingly used to provide potable and other water supplies. Due to human activities, a range of organic pollutants is often detected in groundwater. One source of groundwater contamination is via stormwater infiltration basins, however, there is little information on the types of compounds present in these collection systems and their influence on the underlying groundwater. We developed an analytical strategy based on the use of passive sampling combined with liquid chromatography/high resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for screening for the presence of pesticide and pharmaceutical compounds in groundwater and stormwater runoff. Empore™ disk-based passive samplers (SDB-RPS and SDB-XC sorbents) were exposed, using for the first time a new specially designed deployment rig, for 10 days during a rainfall event in five different stormwater infiltration systems around Lyon, France. Stormwater runoff and groundwater (via a well, upstream and downstream of each basin) was sampled. Exposed Empore™ disks were solvent extracted (acetone and methanol) and the extracts analysed using a specific suspect compound screening workflow. High resolution mass spectrometry coupled with a suspect screening approach was found to be a useful tool as it allows a more comprehensive analysis than with targeted screening whilst being less time consuming than non-targeted screening. Using this analytical approach, 101 suspect compounds were tentatively identified, with 40 of this set being subsequently confirmed. The chemicals detected included fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, indicators of human activity, antibiotics, antiepileptics, antihypertensive and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as well as their metabolites. Polar pesticides were mainly detected in groundwater and pharmaceuticals were more frequently found in runoff. In terms of detection frequency of the pollutants, groundwater impacted by infiltration was found not to be significantly more contaminated than non-impacted groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pinasseau
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aurélie Fildier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurence Volatier
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENTPE, Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENTPE, Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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Rimayi C, Chimuka L, Gravell A, Fones GR, Mills GA. Use of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for emerging pollutants in rivers in Gauteng Province of South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:388. [PMID: 31115701 PMCID: PMC6529598 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many rivers in urbanised catchments in South Africa are polluted by raw sewage and effluent to an extent that their ecological function has been severely impaired. The Hennops and Jukskei Rivers lying in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment are two of the worst impacted rivers in South Africa and are in need of rehabilitation. Passive sampling (Chemcatcher® with a HLB receiving phase) together with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry-targeted screening was used to provide high sensitivity and selectivity for the identification of a wide range of emerging pollutants in these urban waters. Over 200 compounds, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, drugs of abuse and their metabolites were identified. Many substances (~ 180) being detected for the first time in surface water in South Africa. General medicines and psychotropic drugs were the two most frequently detected groups in the catchment. These accounted for 49% of the emerging pollutants found. Of the general medicines, antihypertensive agents, beta-blocking and cardiac drugs were the most abundant (28%) classes detected. The Hennops site, downstream of a dysfunctional wastewater treatment plant, was the most polluted with 123 substances detected. From the compounds detected, peak intensity-based prioritisation was used to identify the five most abundant pollutants, being in the order caffeine > lopinavir > sulfamethoxazole > cotinine > trimethoprim. This work provides the largest available high-quality dataset of emerging pollutants detected in South African urban waters. The data generated in this study provides a solid foundation for subsequent work to further characterise (suspect screening) and quantify (target analysis) these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wale, NRW Analytical Services, Swansea University, Faraday Building, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
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Castle GD, Mills GA, Gravell A, Leggatt A, Stubbs J, Davis R, Fones GR. Comparison of different monitoring methods for the measurement of metaldehyde in surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:75. [PMID: 30648204 PMCID: PMC6333724 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metaldehyde is recognised as an emerging contaminant. It is a powerful molluscicide and is the active compound in many types of slug pellets used for the protection of crops. The application of pellets to land generally takes place between August and December when slugs thrive. Due to its high use and physico-chemical properties, metaldehyde can be present in the aquatic environment at concentrations above the EU Drinking Water Directive limit of 100 ng L-1 for a single pesticide. Such high concentrations are problematic when these waters are used in the production of drinking water. Being able to effectively monitor this pollutant of concern is important. We compared four different monitoring techniques (spot and automated bottle sampling, on-line gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and passive sampling) to estimate the concentration of metaldehyde. Trials were undertaken in the Mimmshall Brook catchment (Hertfordshire, UK) and in a feed in a drinking water treatment plant for differing periods between 17th October and 31st December 2017. This period coincided with the agricultural application of metaldehyde. Overall, there was a good agreement between the concentrations measured by the four techniques, each providing complementary information. The highest resolution data was obtained using the on-line GC/MS. During the study, there was a large exceedance (500 ng L-1) of metaldehyde that entered the treatment plant; but this was not related to rainfall in the area. Each monitoring method had its own advantages and disadvantages for monitoring investigations, particularly in terms of cost and turn-a-round time of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D Castle
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wales, NRW Analytical Services, Swansea University, Faraday Building, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alister Leggatt
- Affinity Water Ltd., Tamblin Way, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9EZ, UK
| | - Jeff Stubbs
- Anatune Ltd, Unit 4, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, UK
| | - Richard Davis
- Anatune Ltd, Unit 4, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, UK
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
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Townsend I, Jones L, Broom M, Gravell A, Schumacher M, Fones GR, Greenwood R, Mills GA. Calibration and application of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler for monitoring acidic herbicides in the River Exe, UK catchment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25130-25142. [PMID: 29943243 PMCID: PMC6133114 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Acidic herbicides are used to control broad-leaved weeds. They are stable, water-soluble, and with low binding to soil are found frequently in surface waters, often at concentrations above the EU Drinking Water Directive limit of 0.10 μg L-1. This presents a problem when such waters are abstracted for potable supplies. Understanding their sources, transport and fate in river catchments is important. We developed a new Chemcatcher® passive sampler, comprising a 3M Empore™ anion-exchange disk overlaid with a polyethersulphone membrane, for monitoring acidic herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, dichlorprop, fluroxypyr, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, tricolpyr). Sampler uptake rates (Rs = 0.044-0.113 L day-1) were measured in the laboratory. Two field trials using the Chemcatcher® were undertaken in the River Exe catchment, UK. Time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of the herbicides obtained using the Chemcatcher® were compared with concentrations measured in spot samples of water. The two techniques gave complimentary monitoring data, with the samplers being able to measure stochastic inputs of MCPA and mecoprop occurring in field trial 1. Chemcatcher® detected a large input of MCPA not found by spot sampling during field trial 2. Devices also detected other pesticides and pharmaceuticals with acidic properties. Information obtained using the Chemcatcher® can be used to develop improved risk assessments and catchment management plans and to assess the effectiveness of any mitigation and remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Townsend
- South West Water Ltd, Peninsula House, Rydon Lane, Exeter, Devon, EX2 7HR, UK
| | - Lewis Jones
- South West Water Ltd, Peninsula House, Rydon Lane, Exeter, Devon, EX2 7HR, UK
| | - Martin Broom
- South West Water Ltd, Peninsula House, Rydon Lane, Exeter, Devon, EX2 7HR, UK
| | - Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wales, NRW Analytical Services at Swansea University, Faraday Building, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Melanie Schumacher
- Natural Resources Wales, NRW Analytical Services at Swansea University, Faraday Building, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
| | - Richard Greenwood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 2DT, UK
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Castle GD, Mills GA, Bakir A, Gravell A, Schumacher M, Snow K, Fones GR. Measuring metaldehyde in surface waters in the UK using two monitoring approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1180-1190. [PMID: 30062348 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00180d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Metaldehyde is a molluscicide and the active ingredient in formulated slug pellets used for the protection of crops. Due to its mobility in the environment it is frequently found in river catchments, often at concentrations exceeding the EU Drinking Water Directive limit of 100 ng L-1 for a single pesticide. This presents a major problem for water companies in the UK where such waters are abstracted for production of potable drinking water supplies. Therefore, it is important to understand the sources, transport and fate of this emerging pollutant of concern in the aquatic environment. We monitored metaldehyde in two contrasting river catchments (River Dee (8 sites) and River Thames (6 sites)) over a twelve month period that coincided with the agricultural application period of the molluscicide. Spot samples of water were collected typically weekly or fortnightly. Chemcatcher® passive samplers were deployed consecutively every two weeks. At the River Dee, there was little variability in the concentrations of metaldehyde (<10-110 ng L-1) measured in the spot samples of water. The Chemcatcher® gave similar time-weighted average concentrations which were higher following increased rain fall events. At the River Thames, concentrations of metaldehyde varied more widely (<9-4200 ng L-1) with several samples exceeding 100 ng L-1. Generally these concentrations were reflected in the time-weighted average concentrations obtained using the Chemcatcher®. Both monitoring techniques gave complementary data for identifying input sources, and in the development of catchment management plans and environmental remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D Castle
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Guo C, Hou S, Hua Z, Lv J, Zhang Y, Xu J. Development and application of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique for simultaneous measurement of methcathinone and ephedrine in surface river water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:284-290. [PMID: 29131996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) was developed to simultaneously measure two drugs, methcathinone (MC) and ephedrine (EPH) in surface water. Four types of binding gels and four types of filter membranes were tested for the optimal configuration. XAD18 agarose binding gel and agarose diffusive gel, together with polyethersulfone filter membrane were used for measuring MC and EPH in the DGT device. 5% NH3 in acetonitrile was used as the elution solvent, with the elution efficiency for MC and EPH higher than 71%. At 25°C, the diffusion coefficients of MC and EPH in the diffusive gel were 7.60×10-6cm2s-1 and 6.62×10-6cm2s-1, respectively. The DGT was effective in a wide range of pH (4-11) and ionic strength (NaCl: 0.001-0.5M). The DGT device was deployed in Beijing urban surface water for successive 7days to measure the time-weighted concentrations of MC and EPH. Results showed that EPH was detected in all samples, while MC was below its detection limit. DGT concentrations were comparable to the concentrations determined by SPE. This study demonstrated that the developed DGT method was effective to monitor the two drugs in surface water in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Song Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhendong Hua
- Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiapei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Calibration and field evaluation of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler for monitoring metaldehyde in surface water. Talanta 2018; 179:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Endo S, Matsuura Y. Characterizing Sorption and Permeation Properties of Membrane Filters Used for Aquatic Integrative Passive Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2118-2125. [PMID: 29366322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic integrative passive sampling is a promising approach to measure the time-weighted average concentration, yet our understanding for the sampling mechanisms of polar organic contaminants should be further advanced to fully exploit the potential of the method for real-world applications. This study aimed to characterize the sorption and permeation properties of poly(ether sulfone) (PES) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane filters (MFs) used for passive samplers. Batch sorption experiments with 14 probe chemicals showed that the sorption by PES was generally strong, with the respective sorption coefficients greater than the octanol-water partition coefficients by 2-3 log units. In contrast, the PTFE filter exhibited no significant sorption for all tested chemicals, representing a promising candidate MF that avoids lag-times and slow responses to fluctuating concentrations. Permeation experiments in a glass cell system and successive modeling demonstrated that, if no sorption to the MF occurs, the MF permeation of a chemical can be fully described with a first-order model that considers the transfer through the aqueous boundary layers and the diffusion in water-filled MF pores. Significant sorption to the MF coincided with substantial delay of permeation, which was successfully modeled with the local sorption equilibrium assumption. These findings have implications for improved sampler configurations and successful models for the chemical uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Urban Research Plaza and ‡Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585 Osaka, Japan
| | - Yunosuke Matsuura
- Urban Research Plaza and ‡Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585 Osaka, Japan
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Guibal R, Buzier R, Charriau A, Lissalde S, Guibaud G. Passive sampling of anionic pesticides using the Diffusive Gradients in Thin films technique (DGT). Anal Chim Acta 2017; 966:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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