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Lao W, Dial S, Salmon M, Wong CS. Development and validation of an acid/alkaline digestion method for efficient microplastic extraction from wastewater treatment plant effluents: Sulfuric acid concentration and contact time do matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170528. [PMID: 38296103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Accurate analysis of microplastic particles (MPs) in environmental samples requires removal of interferences during sample preparation. Wastewater samples are interference-rich and thus particularly challenging, with concentrated sulfuric acid currently deemed impractical as a reagent. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a straightforward, effective, and safe method employing concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide to eliminate interferents from effluent samples obtained from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). We found that 80 % sulfuric acid at room temperature with a brief contact time of 5 min was viable through a qualitative spot test involving 37 plastics categorized into three types (I, II, and III) based on their polymer structure's oxygen position. A quantitative assessment revealed that treatments involving H2SO4 and KOH (20 %, 24 h, 48 °C), either separately or in combination, had no discernible physical impact on the overall plastics, except for a subtle one for Type III plastics (e.g., nylon and PMMA) known to be labile under harsh pH conditions. This acid/alkaline digestion (AAD) method, incorporating such conditions for H2SO4 and KOH treatments, yielded a high mass removal efficacy (97.8 ± 2.4 %, n = 13) for eliminating natural particle interferents for primary, secondary, and tertiary effluent samples. Furthermore, the AAD method allowed for the determination of MPs in effluents with high surrogate particle recoveries (e.g., 95.1 % for larger than 500 μm size fraction). This method is readily adaptable to create appropriate protocols for different types of environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Sydney Dial
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Marina Salmon
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Charles S Wong
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
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Xiong J, Li H, Ma X, Tan B, Gong Y, Xie D, Wang L, Yi H, You J. Tracing the attenuation of fipronil and its transformation products from a rice paddy field to receiving rivers using polar organic chemical integrative samplers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166824. [PMID: 37673241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Irrational use of fipronil for rice pest control often occurred, resulting in high concentrations of fipronil and its transformation products (TPs) (collectively termed fiproles) in aquatic sediment, calling for a better understanding of the migration and transformation of fipronil in surface water as well as efficient methods for source identification. Herein, the fate and transport of fiproles from a paddy field to receiving rivers were assessed in Poyang Lake basin, Jiangxi, China using polar organic chemical integrative samplers with mixed-mode adsorbents (POCIS-MMA). Average concentrations of fiproles in water were 6.16 ± 6.32 ng/L, with median, minimum, and maximum values being 2.99 ± 0.67, 0.40 ± 0.08, and 18.6 ± 3.1 ng/L, respectively. In all samples, over half of fiproles (55.9 %-90.8 %) presented in the form of TPs and fipronil desulfinyl was the dominant TP. Two approaches were applied for source identification, including the change of molar concentration ratios of fipronil to its TPs and the relative attenuation values of fiproles normalized to a reference compound (acetamiprid) that was stable in aquatic environment. While the paddy field upstream was the main source of waterborne fiproles, additional input sources in the downstream region were identified. The present study indicated that the combination of attenuation of molar concentration ratios of micro-pollutants to their respective TPs and relative attenuation values of micro-pollutants' concentrations normalized to a reference compound measured by POCIS is an effective means to study the migration and transformation of micro-pollutants in field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Baoxiang Tan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yongting Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Danping Xie
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hao Yi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Li W, Hu H, Liu F, Li H, You J. Influence of dissolved organic carbon on multimedia distribution and toxicity of fipronil and its transformation products in lotic waterways. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:52-64. [PMID: 37032042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fate and ecological impacts of fipronil and its transformation products (FIPs) in aquatic environment have caused worldwide attention, however, the influence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on multimedia distribution, bioavailability, and toxicity of FIPs in field waterways was largely unknown. Here, we collected 11 companion water and sediment samples along a lotic stream in Guangzhou, South China. FIPs were ubiquitous with total water concentrations ranging from 1.22 to 43.2 ng/L (14.8 ± 12.9 ng/L) and fipronil sulfone was predominant in both water and sediment. More than 70% of FIPs in aqueous phase were bound to DOC and the KDOC values of FIPs were approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than Kd-s/KOC, emphasizing the significance of DOC in phase partitioning and transport of FIPs in aquatic environment. Water and sediment samples were more toxic to Chironomus dilutus than Hyallela azteca, and FIPs (especially fipronil sulfone) pronouncedly contributed toxicity to C. dilutus. Toxic units (TU) based on freely dissolved concentrations in water determined by solid phase microextraction significantly improved toxicity estimation of FIPs to the invertebrates compared to TUs based on aqueous concentrations. The present study highlights the significance of DOC association on fate and ecological risk of hydrophobic insecticides in lotic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizong Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Hu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Fen Liu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Moon JK, Kim PG, Lee KY, Kwon JH, Hong Y. Development of an in situ equilibrium polydimethylsiloxane passive sampler for measuring volatile organic compounds in soil vapor. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138419. [PMID: 36925016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An equilibrium passive sampler made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber was developed to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soil vapor. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) was used to protect PDMS from pollution and direct contact with soil components. For all tested VOCs, equilibrium was reached after 7 days at 5 °C. The equilibrium partition coefficients of VOCs between PDMS, gas, and water were measured at three different temperatures. The analyte concentrations in PDMS exposed to gas and water separately were almost the same, which suggests that Cgas and Cwater in soil pores can be accurately deduced from CPDMS after equilibrium at various temperatures. To evaluate the passive sampler, active sampling measurements were performed simultaneously. Concentrations of VOCs deduced from the passive sampler were consistent with the concentrations measured by active sampling near the 1:1 line. Tests with artificial soils were conducted to observe the effects of soil components on passive sampling. The results suggest that the effect of water saturation can be ignored; in other words, the developed passive sampler can be applied in the vadose zone, which has fluctuating water saturation. With a holder for the sampler made of stainless steel, the developed in situ passive sampler can measure VOCs in contaminated soil vapor. The developed passive sampler was proven to be an alternative for measuring VOCs in soil vapor, which can be helpful for soil risk assessment and for observing the diffusion of VOCs in contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kyoung Moon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Young Lee
- R&D Center, H-Plus Eco Ltd., 130-70, Jinsangmi-ro 813beon-gil, Seolseong-myeon, Icheon-si, 17412, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Rojo-Nieto E, Jahnke A. Chemometers: an integrative tool for chemical assessment in multimedia environments. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3193-3205. [PMID: 36826793 PMCID: PMC10013656 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06882f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
We propose novel chemometers - passive equilibrium samplers of, e.g., silicone - as an integrative tool for the assessment of hydrophobic organic compounds in multimedia environments. The traditional way of assessing levels of organic pollutants across different environmental compartments is to compare the chemical concentration normalized to the major sorptive phase in two or more media. These sorptive phases for hydrophobic organic compounds differ between compartments, e.g., lipids in biota and organic carbon in sediments. Hence, comparability across media can suffer due to differences in sorptive capacities, but also extraction protocols and bioavailability. Chemometers overcome these drawbacks; they are a common, universal and well-defined polymer reference phase for sampling of a large range of nonpolar organic pollutants in different matrices like biota, sediment and water. When bringing the chemometer into direct contact with the sample, the chemicals partition between the sample and the polymer until thermodynamic equilibrium partitioning is established. At equilibrium, the chemical concentrations in the chemometers can be determined and directly compared between media, e.g., between organisms of different trophic levels or inhabiting different areas, between organs within an organism or between biotic and abiotic compartments, amongst others. Chemometers hence allow expressing the data on a common basis, as the equilibrium partitioning concentrations in the polymer, circumventing normalizations. The approach is based on chemical activity rather than total concentrations, and as such, gives a measure of the "effective concentration" of a compound or a mixture. Furthermore, chemical activity is the main driver for partitioning, biouptake and toxicity. As an additional benefit, the extracts of the chemometers only require limited cleanup efforts, avoiding introduction of a bias between chemicals of different persistence, and can be submitted to both chemical analysis and/or bioanalytical profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Wang S, Lao W, Li H, Guo L, You J. Assessing bioaccumulation potential of sediment associated fipronil degradates in oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus based on passive sampler measured bioavailable concentration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160514. [PMID: 36442630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The degradates of fipronil have equivalent or even more toxicity to non-target aquatic invertebrates. To assess their environmental risks, information of bioaccumulation is required. Currently, little is known about the bioaccumulative property of fipronil degradates in sediment, while it is well known that passive sampler may measure bioavailable concentration (Cfree) which links with the environmental effect more tightly than the total environment concentration. The goal of the present study was to characterize bioaccumulation potential in oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus for a fipronil degradate sulfide. The sediment organic carbon-water partition coefficient (KOC) was measured with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film passive sampler, and KOC was used to bridge the gap between biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and bioconcentration factor (BCF). The bioavailable concentration (Cfree)-based KOC values were 5371 ± 152 and 5013 ± 152 (mL/g OC) for fipronil sulfide (FSI) and sulfone (FSO), respectively. Since the two fipronil degradates were produced continuously in sediment by the parent compound, the time-weighted-average (TWA) concentration of FSI in the sediment was estimated from a bioassay with L. variegatus to calculate BSAF value (0.581 ± 0.211 g OC/g lipid) and BCF (3046 ± 1103 or log 3.48 ± 0.16 mL/g). This approach is able to estimate the Cfree-based KOC and BCF values of fipronil degradate in sediment with ongoing degradation of the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhui Wang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, 511443; State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China, 610500.
| | - Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coast Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, California, United States, 92626
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, 511443.
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, China, 610500
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, 511443
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Lee HJ, Jang YL, Jeong H, Jeong DY, Kim GB. Techniques for monitoring bioavailable organic pollutants in sediment: Application of poly(methyl methacrylate) as a passive sampler. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114271. [PMID: 36330937 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) passive sampler was applied to harbor sediment to examine whether the substrate could be used as a tool to measure freely dissolved concentrations of contaminants. An ex situ method required at least 1 g of PMMA to detect freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment with <100 ng/g dry weight. Two weeks were sufficient to reach equilibrium under 180 rpm for PAHs with a molar volume of <250 cm3/mol. For the in situ method, a deployment time of four months was sufficient to measure PAHs with a molar volume up to 250 cm3/mol in the sediment bed. The PMMA passive sampler could be used to measure the bioavailable fraction of PAHs in porewater, reflecting the complex properties of sediment with strong sorption such as black carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Lee
- Marine Environmental Impact Assessment Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Lee Jang
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Jeong
- Korean Seas Geosystem Research Unit, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yeong Jeong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beum Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; College of Marine Science, The Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea.
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Qiu XW, Pei J, Wu CC, Song L, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Determination of low-density polyethylene-water partition coefficients for novel halogenated flame retardants with the large volume model and co-solvent model. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130235. [PMID: 33794435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The partition coefficient (Kpew) of an analyte between low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film and water is a critical parameter for measuring freely dissolved concentrations of the analyte with PE passive sampling devices. Measuring log Kpew for super hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) have been proven extremely difficult. The present study developed a large volume model for measuring log Kpew of super HOCs, i.e., novel halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs). Results showed that the measured log Kpew values of selected PAHs and PCBs obtained by the large volume model were in line with those from the co-solvent model and the literature data within less 0.3 log units of difference, while those of NHFRs (6.27-7.34) except for hexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were significantly lower than those (6.51-8.89) from the co-solvent model. A curvilinear relationship was observed between log Kpew and log Kow of all target compounds, with the turning point at log Kow = ∼8.0 in the large volume model, but that was not found for the co-solvent model. These can be attributed to the large molecular volumes (> 450 Å3) for NHFRs, which require high Gibbs free energy to penetrate into the inside structures of LDPE in the large volume model. However, the solvent swelling effects in the co-solvent model needs to be investigated. Therefore, the large volume model is robust to determine the Kpew values of super HOCs for facilitating the application of aquatic passive sampling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Wen Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Lin Song
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
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Jang YL, Lee HJ, Jeong H, Jeong DY, Kim GB. Possibilities of poly(methyl methacrylate) as a passive sampler for determination of bioavailable concentrations in seawater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:146005. [PMID: 33647643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-treated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was recently introduced as a passive sampler for determining bioavailable concentrations, i.e., freely dissolved concentrations. However, the much knowledge required to obtain accurate bioavailable concentrations using the thus treated PMMA, applied in a marine environment, is still lacking. In this study, uptake experiments with PMMA after solvent treatment were conducted to investigate its uptake capacity and the effects of water temperature and salinity on the PMMA-water partition coefficient (KPMMA-W) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Thus, PMMA passive samplers preloaded with performance reference compounds were exposed to seawater to first estimate the deployment time and then to confirm if the PMMA could give the residual concentrations of PAH in mussel. The less hydrophobic PAHs (log octanol-water partition coefficient < 5.5) had higher uptake capacity of PMMA-uptake was increased by a factor of up to 10. Whereas for these PAHs the KPMMA-W values and seawater temperature showed a parabolic relationship, the effect of salinity on KPMMA-W was not observed. The less hydrophobic PAH concentrations in seawater can be measured using the PMMA passive sampler over a period of about three weeks. For the PAHs detected in both PMMA and mussel, the PAH concentrations in mussel predicted from PMMA were found to be within one order of magnitude of the measured concentrations. This, therefore, suggests that solvent-treated PMMA could be used as a passive sampler to provide information on bioavailable concentrations for less hydrophobic PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lee Jang
- Department of Ocean System Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Marine Environmental Impact Assessment Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Jeong
- Department of Ocean System Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yeong Jeong
- Department of Ocean System Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beum Kim
- Department of Ocean System Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea.
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Lao W. Fiproles as a proxy for ecological risk assessment of mixture of fipronil and its degradates in effluent-dominated surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116510. [PMID: 33068908 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessment of complex chemical mixtures has increasingly been prioritized as a management goal, especially in the regulatory sector. Although fipronil and its three degradates (-sulfone, -sulfide and -desulfinyl) have been frequently quantified in waterways, little information is available about the likelihood and magnitude of ecological risk posed by these chemical mixtures - collectively known as fiproles - in surface water. In the present study, a probabilistic risk assessment of mixtures of fipronil and its three degradates was conducted for three effluent-dominated southern California rivers: Los Angeles River (LAR), San Gabriel River (SGR) and Santa Clara River (SCR), California, USA. The assessments, which used fiproles as an integrated proxy, were based on three levels of toxicity endpoints: median lethal concentration (LC50), half-maximal effective concentration (EC50), and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC), to gain comprehensive assessment information. Probabilistic approaches based on species sensitivity distribution (SSD) and exposure concentration distribution (ECD) were developed with the log-logistic model by pooling the toxicity and occurrence data, respectively. The 5th percentile hazardous concentrations (HC5s) were calculated to be at low parts per billion levels, enabling these values to be used to estimate the chemical-specific benchmarks for components that lack ecotoxicity data. The single substance potentially affected fraction (ssPAF) of fiproles revealed risk levels for the three rivers in descending order: LAR ≥ SGR > SCR. The overall risk probability estimated from the joint probability curve (JPC) by Monte Carlo simulation was 1.13 ± 0.20% (LC50), 9.31 ± 1.46% (EC50), and 6.58 ± 1.43% (LOEC) for the three rivers collectively. These results derived from the fiproles indicates that fipronil and its degradates pose risks to the aquatic organisms in the surface water of the three rivers. The present study provides a methodology for the use of a proxy in the risk assessment of chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, USA, 92626.
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Chow R, Scheidegger R, Doppler T, Dietzel A, Fenicia F, Stamm C. A review of long-term pesticide monitoring studies to assess surface water quality trends. WATER RESEARCH X 2020; 9:100064. [PMID: 32995734 PMCID: PMC7501075 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic pesticide pollution from both agricultural and urban pest control is a concern in many parts of the world. Making an accurate assessment of pesticide exposure is the starting point to protecting aquatic ecosystems. This in turn requires the design of an effective monitoring program. Monitoring is also essential to evaluate the efficacy of mitigation measures aimed to curb pesticide pollution. However, empirical evidence for their efficacy can be confounded by additional influencing factors, most prominently variable weather conditions. This review summarizes the experiences gained from long-term (>5 years) pesticide monitoring studies for detecting trends and provides recommendations for their improvement. We reviewed articles published in the scientific literature, with a few complements from selected grey literature, for a total of 20 studies which fulfill our search criteria. Overall, temporal trends of pesticide use and hydrological conditions were the two most common factors influencing aquatic pesticide pollution. Eighteen studies demonstrated observable effects to surface water concentrations from changes in pesticide application rates (e.g., use restriction) and sixteen studies from interannual variability in hydrological conditions during the application period. Accounting for seasonal- and streamflow-related variability in trend analysis is important because the two factors can obscure trends caused by changes in pesticide use or management practices. Other mitigation measures (e.g., buffer strips) were only detectable in four studies where concentrations or loads were reduced by > 45%. Collecting additional agricultural (e.g., pesticide use, mitigation measures) and environmental (e.g., precipitation, stream flow) data, as well as establishing a baseline before the implementation of mitigation measures have been consistently reported as prerequisites to interpret water quality trends from long-term monitoring studies, but have rarely been implemented in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chow
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - R Scheidegger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - T Doppler
- VSA, Swiss Water Association, 8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | - A Dietzel
- VSA, Swiss Water Association, 8152 Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| | - F Fenicia
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - C Stamm
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Wang S, Lao W, Li H, You J. Measuring bioconcentration factors of sediment-associated fipronil in Lumbriculus variegatus using passive sampling techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122420. [PMID: 32143163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil and its degradates have been detected ubiquitously in aquatic environment worldwide, yet little is known about its bioaccumulation potential. The goal of the present study was to measure bioconcentration factor (BCF) of sediment-associated fipronil in a benthic invertebrate, Lumbriculus variegatus using passive sampling techniques. Three passive samplers including polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film, poly(dimethylsiloxane) fiber and polyacrylate fiber were evaluated. PMMA film was identified as the preferred method and was applied to determine fipronil log KOC (3.77 ± 0.04). BCF of sediment-associated fipronil in L. variegatus was obtained through measuring freely dissolved concentration (Cfree). Because fipronil degraded in sediment, time weighted average (TWA) Cfree was estimated for calculating BCFTWA (1855 ± 293 mL/g lipid). Fipronil BCF was also measured in a water-only bioaccumulation test of L. variegatus under constant exposure condition. This BCF value (1892 ± 76 mL/g lipid) was comparable with the BCFTWA, validating effectiveness of the passive sampling method for the measurement of sediment Cfree. Fipronil was bioaccumulative in L. variegatus according to the USEPA's criteria. The combination of Cfree and TWA concentration measurements was demonstrated to properly determine BCF value for moderately hydrophobic and degradable chemicals in sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhui Wang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coast Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, United States.
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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13
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Qian J, Martinez A, Marek RF, Nagorzanski MR, Zhi H, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, LeFevre GH, Cwiertny DM. Polymeric Nanofiber-Carbon Nanotube Composite Mats as Fast-Equilibrium Passive Samplers for Polar Organic Contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6703-6712. [PMID: 32343558 PMCID: PMC7665838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To improve the performance of polymeric electrospun nanofiber mats (ENMs) for equilibrium passive sampling applications in water, we integrated two types of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs; with and without surface carboxyl groups) into polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polystyrene (PS) ENMs. For 11 polar and moderately hydrophobic compounds (-0.07 ≤ logKOW ≤ 3.13), 90% of equilibrium uptake was achieved in under 0.8 days (t90% values) in nonmixed ENM-CNT systems. Sorption capacity of ENM-CNTs was between 2- and 50-fold greater than pure polymer ENMs, with equilibrium partition coefficients (KENM-W values) ranging from 1.4 to 3.1 log units (L/kg) depending on polymer type (hydrophilic PAN or hydrophobic PS), CNT loading (i.e., values increased with weight percent (wt %) of CNTs), and CNT type (i.e., greater uptake with carboxylated CNTs composites). During field deployment at Muddy Creek in North Liberty, Iowa, optimal ENM-CNTs (PAN with 20 wt % carboxylated CNTs) yielded atrazine concentrations in surface water with a 40% difference relative to analysis of a same-day grab sample. We also observed a mean percent difference of 30 (±20)% when comparing ENM-CNT sampler results to grab sample data collected within 1 week of deployment. With their rapid, high capacity uptake and small material footprint, ENM-CNT equilibrium passive samplers represent a promising alternative to complement traditional integrative passive samplers while offering convenience over large volume grab sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Qian
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, 52242
| | - Andres Martinez
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Rachel F. Marek
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Matthew R. Nagorzanski
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Hui Zhi
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colorado 80225
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Iowa City, IA 52240
| | - Gregory H. LeFevre
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - David M. Cwiertny
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City IA, 52242
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Xiao L, Zheng Z, Irgum K, Andersson PL. Studies of Emission Processes of Polymer Additives into Water Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance-A Case Study on Organophosphate Esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4876-4885. [PMID: 32186175 PMCID: PMC7884016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastic materials contain various additives, which can be released during the entire lifespan of plastics and pose a threat to the environment and human health. Despite our knowledge on leakage of additives from products, accurate and rapid approaches to study emission kinetics are largely lacking, in particular, methodologies that can provide in-depth understanding of polymer/additive interactions. Here, we report on a novel approach using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to measure emissions of additives to water from polymer films spin-coated on quartz crystals. The methodology, being accurate and reproducible with a standard error of ±2.4%, was applied to a range of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and polymers with varying physicochemical properties. The release of most OPEs reached an apparent steady-state within 10 h. The release curves for the studied OPEs could be fitted using a Weibull model, which shows that the release is a two-phase process with an initial fast phase driven by partitioning of OPEs readily available at or close to the polymer film surface, and a slower phase dominated by diffusion in the polymer. The kinetics of the first emission phase was mainly correlated with the hydrophobicity of the OPEs, whereas the diffusion phase was weakly correlated with molecular size. The developed QCM-based method for assessing and studying release of organic chemicals from a polymeric matrix is well suited for rapid screening of additives in efforts to identify more sustainable replacement polymer additives with lower emission potential.
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Lao W, Maruya KA, Tsukada D. An exponential model based new approach for correcting aqueous concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals measured by polyethylene passive samplers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:11-18. [PMID: 30041043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although low density polyethylene (PE) passive samplers show promise for the measurement of aqueous phase hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs), the lack of a practical and unsophisticated approach to account for non-equilibrium exposure conditions has impeded widespread acceptance and thus application in situ. The goal of this study was to develop a streamlined approach based on an exponential model and a convection mass transfer principle for correcting aqueous concentrations for HOCs deduced by PE samplers under non-equilibrium conditions. First, uptake rate constants (k1), elimination rate constants (k2), and seawater-PE equilibrium partition coefficients (KPEWs) were determined in laboratory experiments for a diverse suite of HOCs with logKow range of 3.4-8.3. Linear relationships between log k2 and logKow, and between log KPEW and logKow were established. Second, PE samplers pre-loaded with 13C-labeled performance reference compounds (PRCs) were deployed in the ocean to determine their k2in situ. By applying boundary layer and convection mass transfer theories, ratio (C) of k2 values in field and laboratory exposures was estimated. This C value was demonstrated a constant that was only determined by water velocities and widths of PE strips. A generic equation with C and logKow as parameters was eventually established for extrapolation of non-equilibrium correction factors for the water boundary layer-controlled HOCs. Characterizing the hydrodynamic conditions indicated the sampler configuration and mooring mode should aim at sustaining laminar flow on the PE surface for optimal mass transfer. The PE estimates corrected using this novel approach possessed high accuracy and acceptable precision, and can be suited for a broad spectrum of HOCs. The presented method should facilitate routine utilization of the PE samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - David Tsukada
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
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Xu C, Wang J, Richards J, Xu T, Liu W, Gan J. Development of film-based passive samplers for in situ monitoring of trace levels of pyrethroids in sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1684-1692. [PMID: 30072218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Residues of pyrethroid insecticides tend to accumulate in bed sediments due to their strong hydrophobicity. Rather than the total or bulk sediment concentration, it is the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) that drives toxicity to benthic invertebrates. In this study we developed thin film-based samplers for in situ ambient monitoring of pyrethroids at trace levels in sediment. Out of five common polymer materials, polyethylene (PE) and silicone rubber (SR), were identified to offer superior enrichment for pyrethroids from sediment. To circumvent the slow equilibrium process, 13C-permethrin and bifenthrin-d5 were preloaded onto the films as performance reference compounds (PRCs). The PRC-preloaded film samplers were deployed at five sites in Southern California under field conditions for 7 d and retrieved for analysis. The sediment porewater Cfree of eight pyrethroids derived from PRC-PE films ranged from 173 to 903 ng/L, accounting for 18.2-36.1% of the corresponding total porewater concentrations. The PRC-SR film samplers yielded Cfree values closely mimicking those from the PRC-PE samplers, cross-validating the two sampling devices. Additionally, a significant positive association was found between the observed mortality from toxicity tests using Hyalella azteca and the Cfree of bifenthrin (r = 0.628, p = 0.02). A significant linear correlation (R2 = 0.99) between Cfree derived from in situ monitoring and that of ex situ measurement under equilibrium conditions was also observed. Results from this study demonstrated that the film-based samplers may be used for in situ ambient monitoring to detect biologically relevant contamination of pyrethroids in bed sediments, which may contribute to improved risk assessment for this class of widely used insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Jaben Richards
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Pyrethroid Working Group, 2 TW Alexander Dr. RTP, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Li H, Zhang J, You J. Diagnosis of complex mixture toxicity in sediments: Application of toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and effect-directed analysis (EDA). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:944-954. [PMID: 29128247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Determining causality of sediment toxicity is of great importance in aquatic risk assessment, but there are tremendous challenges due to joint toxicity of trace pollutants in complex sediment matrices. Two approaches, namely toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and effect-directed analysis (EDA) have been developed. Conventional sediment TIEs take the advantage of environmental relevance by using whole organism bioassays; however, they suffer from lack of effective methods for specifically identifying major contributors as it typically only evaluates contaminant class rather than specific contaminants. Alternatively, EDA is a powerful tool in identifying causes of sediment toxicity with sophisticated fractionation and chemical analysis of targeted and non-targeted non-polar organic toxicants, but it is not always environmentally relevant due to the use of in-vitro bioassays and exhaustive solvent extraction. An integrated TIE and EDA method would provide an environmentally relevant and toxicant specific approach to effectively determine causality of sediment toxicity by combining the merits of the two methods. Bioavailability-based extraction and dosing techniques are recommended to be incorporated into the integrated method to improve the accuracy of toxicity diagnosis. Besides considering bioavailability in the integrated TIE and EDA approach, the premise of adverse outcome pathways should also be considered. Generally speaking, both TIE and EDA have focused on adverse effects at cellular and organism levels. The addition of trait-based approaches in screening multiple toxicological endpoints helps to extend effects on cellular and organism levels to population level, and provides a better understanding of potential impacts to the community and ecosystem. The outcome pathway underlies the critical role of determining causality in interpreting impacts of complex mixtures to benthic community and aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Li
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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18
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You J, Li H. Improving the accuracy of effect-directed analysis: the role of bioavailability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1484-1498. [PMID: 29114659 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems have been suffering from contamination by multiple stressors. Traditional chemical-based risk assessment usually fails to explain the toxicity contributions from contaminants that are not regularly monitored or that have an unknown identity. Diagnosing the causes of noted adverse outcomes in the environment is of great importance in ecological risk assessment and in this regard effect-directed analysis (EDA) has been designed to fulfill this purpose. The EDA approach is now increasingly used in aquatic risk assessment owing to its specialty in achieving effect-directed nontarget analysis; however, a lack of environmental relevance makes conventional EDA less favorable. In particular, ignoring the bioavailability in EDA may cause a biased and even erroneous identification of causative toxicants in a mixture. Taking bioavailability into consideration is therefore of great importance to improve the accuracy of EDA diagnosis. The present article reviews the current status and applications of EDA practices that incorporate bioavailability. The use of biological samples is the most obvious way to include bioavailability into EDA applications, but its development is limited due to the small sample size and lack of evidence for metabolizable compounds. Bioavailability/bioaccessibility-based extraction (bioaccessibility-directed and partitioning-based extraction) and passive-dosing techniques are recommended to be used to integrate bioavailability into EDA diagnosis in abiotic samples. Lastly, the future perspectives of expanding and standardizing the use of biological samples and bioavailability-based techniques in EDA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Liao C, Richards J, Taylor AR, Gan J. Development of polyurethane-based passive samplers for ambient monitoring of urban-use insecticides in water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1412-1420. [PMID: 28939123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of insecticides for the control of urban pests such as ants, termites, and spiders has resulted in contamination and toxicity in urban aquatic ecosystems in different regions of the world. Passive samplers are a convenient and integrative tool for in situ monitoring of trace contaminants in surface water. However, the performance of a passive sampler depends closely on its affinity for the target analytes, making passive samplers highly specific to the types of contaminants being monitored. The goal of this study was to develop a passive sampler compatible with a wide range of insecticides, including the strongly hydrophobic pyrethroids and the weakly hydrophobic fipronil and organophosphates. Of six candidate polymeric thin films, polyurethane film (PU) was identified to be the best at enriching the test compounds. The inclusion of stable isotope labeled analogs as performance reference compounds (PRCs) further allowed the use of PU film for pyrethroids under non-equilibrium conditions. The PU sampler was tested in a large aquarium with circulatory water flow, and also deployed at multiple sites in surface streams in southern California. The concentrations of pesticides derived from the PU sampler ranged from 0.5 to 18.5 ng/L, which were generally lower than the total chemical concentration measured by grab samples, suggesting that suspended particles and dissolved organic matter in water rendered them less available. The influence of suspended particles and dissolved organic matter on bioavailability was more pronounced for pyrethroids than for fipronils. The results show that the developed PU film sampler, when coupled with PRCs, may be used for rapid and sensitive in-situ monitoring of a wide range of insecticides in surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Liao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jaben Richards
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Allison R Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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Qian J, Jennings B, Cwiertny DM, Martinez A. Emerging investigator series: development and application of polymeric electrospun nanofiber mats as equilibrium-passive sampler media for organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1445-1456. [PMID: 29086783 PMCID: PMC5687983 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a suite of polymeric electrospun nanofiber mats (ENMs) and investigated their performance as next-generation passive sampler media for environmental monitoring of organic compounds. Electrospinning of common polymers [e.g., polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS), among others] yielded ENMs with reproducible control of nanofiber diameters (from 50 to 340 nm). The ENM performance was investigated initially with model hydrophilic (aniline and nitrobenzene) and hydrophobic (selected PCB congeners and dioxin) compounds, generally revealing fast chemical uptake into all of these ENMs, which was well described by a one compartment, first-order kinetic model. Typical times to reach 90% equilibrium (t90%) were ≤7 days under mixing conditions for all the ENMs and <0.5 days for the best performing materials under static (i.e., no mixing) conditions. Collectively, these short equilibrium timescales suggest that ENMs may be used in the field as an equilibrium-passive sampler, at least for our model compounds. Equilibrium partitioning coefficients (KENM-W, L kg-1) averaged 2 and 4.7 log units for the hydrophilic and hydrophobic analytes, respectively. PAN, PMMA and PS were prioritized for additional studies because they exhibited not only the greatest capacity for simultaneous uptake of the entire model suite (log KENM-W ∼1.5-6.2), but also fast uptake. For these optimized ENMs, the rates of uptake into PAN and PMMA were limited by aqueous phase diffusion to the nanofiber surface, and the rate-determining step for PS was analyte specific. Sorption isotherms also revealed that the environmental application of these optimized ENMs would occur within the linear uptake regime. We examined the ENM performance for the measurement of pore water concentrations from spiked soil and freshwater sediments. Soil and sediment studies not only yielded reproducible pore water concentrations and comparable values to other passive sampler materials, but also provided practical insights into ENM stability and fouling in such systems. Furthermore, fast uptake for a suite of structurally diverse hydrophilic and moderately hydrophobic compounds was obtained for PAN and PS, with t90% ranging from 0.01 to 4 days with mixing and KENM-W values ranging from 1.3 to 3.2 log units. Our findings show promise for the development and use of ENMs as equilibrium-passive samplers for a range of organic pollutants across soil/sediment and water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Qian
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brandon Jennings
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David M. Cwiertny
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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