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King MD, Su G, Crump D, Farhat A, Marlatt V, Lee SL, Williams TD, Elliott JE. Contaminant biomonitoring augmented with a qPCR array indicates hepatic mRNA gene expression effects in wild-collected seabird embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166784. [PMID: 37666345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Birds can bioaccumulate persistent contaminants, and maternal transfer to eggs may expose embryos to concentrations sufficient to cause adverse effects during sensitive early-life stages. However, using tissue residue concentrations alone to infer whether contaminant effects are occurring suffers from uncertainty, and efficient, sensitive biomarkers remain limited in wildlife. We studied relationships between whole embryo contaminant concentrations (total mercury, organochlorine pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances, polychlorinated biphenyls, and halogenated flame retardants) together with mRNA expression in embryonic liver tissue from a Pacific Ocean seabird, the rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata). Fresh eggs were collected, incubated under controlled conditions, and from the pre-hatch embryo, hepatic RNA was extracted for qPCR array analysis to measure gene expression (2-∆Cq), while the remaining embryo was analyzed for contaminant residues. Contaminant and gene expression data were assessed with a combination of multivariate approaches and linear models. Results indicated correlations between embryonic total mercury and several genes such as sepp1, which encodes selenoprotein P. Correlation between the biotransformation gene cyp1a4 and the C7 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid PFHpA was also evident. This study demonstrates that egg collection from free-living populations for contaminant biomonitoring programs can relate chemical residues to in ovo mRNA gene expression effects in embryo hepatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason D King
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Geoffrey Su
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Amani Farhat
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Vicki Marlatt
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Sandi L Lee
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Division, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - Tony D Williams
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Division, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada
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Kreitsberg R, Nääb L, Meitern R, Carbillet J, Fort J, Giraudeau M, Sepp T. The effect of environmental pollution on gene expression of seabirds: A review. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 189:106067. [PMID: 37393763 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges for ecotoxicologists is to detect harmful effects of contaminants on individual organisms before they have caused significant harm to natural populations. One possible approach for discovering sub-lethal, negative health effects of pollutants is to study gene expression, to identify metabolic pathways and physiological processes affected by contaminants. Seabirds are essential components of ecosystems but highly threatened by environmental changes. Being at the top of the food chain and exhibiting a slow pace of life, they are highly exposed to contaminants and to their ultimate impacts on populations. Here we provide an overview of the currently available seabird-related gene expression studies in the context of environmental pollution. We show that studies conducted, so far, mainly focus on a small selection of xenobiotic metabolism genes, often using lethal sampling protocols, while the greater promise of gene expression studies for wild species may lie in non-invasive procedures focusing on a wider range of physiological processes. However, as whole genome approaches might still be too expensive for large-scale assessments, we also bring out the most promising candidate biomarker genes for future studies. Based on the biased geographical representativeness of the current literature, we suggest expanding studies to temperate and tropical latitudes and urban environments. Also, as links with fitness traits are very rare in the current literature, but would be highly relevant for regulatory purposes, we point to an urgent need for establishing long-term monitoring programs in seabirds that would link pollutant exposure and gene expression to fitness traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randel Kreitsberg
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Lisanne Nääb
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Meitern
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jeffrey Carbillet
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS - La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS - La Rochelle Université, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - Tuul Sepp
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003, Tartu, Estonia
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King MD, Elliott JE, Marlatt V, Crump D, Idowu I, Wallace SJ, Tomy GT, Williams TD. Effects of Avian Eggshell Oiling With Diluted Bitumen Show Sublethal Embryonic Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:159-174. [PMID: 34918379 PMCID: PMC9299908 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Breeding birds that become oiled may contaminate the shells of their eggs, and studies of conventional crude oil suggest that even small quantities can be absorbed through the eggshell and cause embryotoxicity. Unconventional crude oils remain untested, so we evaluated whether a major Canadian oil sands product, diluted bitumen (dilbit), would be absorbed and cause toxicity when applied to eggshells of two species, domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and double-crested cormorant (Nannopterum auritum). We artificially incubated eggs and applied lightly weathered dilbit (Cold Lake blend) to the eggshells (0.015-0.15 mg g-1 egg in chicken; 0.1-0.4 mg g-1 egg in cormorant) at various points during incubation before sampling prehatch embryos. Polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) residue in cormorant embryos was elevated only at the highest dilbit application (0.4 mg g-1 egg) closest (day 16) to sampling on day 22. In contrast, cormorant liver cytochrome P450 1a4 (Cyp1a4) mRNA expression (quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay) was elevated only in embryos treated with the earliest and lowest dilbit application (0.1 mg g-1 egg on day 4). These results confirm that dilbit can cross through the eggshell and be absorbed by embryos, and they imply rapid biotransformation of PACs and a nonmonotonic Cyp1a4 response. Despite evidence of exposure in cormorant, we found no detectable effects on the frequency of survival, deformity, and gross lesions, nor did we find effects on physiological endpoints indicative of growth and cardiovascular function in either chicken or cormorant. In ovo dilbit exposure may be less toxic than well-studied conventional crude oils. The effects of an oil spill scenario involving dilbit to bird embryos might be subtle, and PACs may be rapidly metabolized. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:159-174. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason D. King
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - John E. Elliott
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Science and Technology DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaDeltaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Vicki Marlatt
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Ifeoluwa Idowu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Sarah J. Wallace
- Institut National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCentre Eau Terre EnvironnementQuebecQuebecCanada
| | - Gregg T. Tomy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Tony D. Williams
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
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4
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Ha K, Xia P, Crump D, Saini A, Harner T, O’Brien J. Cytotoxic and Transcriptomic Effects in Avian Hepatocytes Exposed to a Complex Mixture from Air Samples, and Their Relation to the Organic Flame Retardant Signature. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9120324. [PMID: 34941758 PMCID: PMC8704741 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Assessing complex environmental mixtures and their effects is challenging. In this study, we evaluate the utility of an avian in vitro screening approach to determine the effects of passive air sampler extracts collected from different global megacities on cytotoxicity and gene expression. Concentrations of a suite of organic flame retardants (OFRs) were quantified in extracts from a total of 19 megacities/major cities in an earlier study, and levels were highly variable across sites. Chicken embryonic hepatocytes were exposed to serial dilutions of extracts from the 19 cities for 24 h. Cell viability results indicate a high level of variability in cytotoxicity, with extracts from Toronto, Canada, having the lowest LC50 value. Partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis was used to estimate LC50 values from OFR concentrations. PLS modeling of OFRs was moderately predictive of LC50 (p-value = 0.0003, r2 = 0.66, slope = 0.76, when comparing predicted LC50 to actual values), although only after one outlier city was removed from the analysis. A chicken ToxChip PCR array, comprising 43 target genes, was used to determine effects on gene expression, and similar to results for cell viability, gene expression profiles were highly variable among the megacities. PLS modeling was used to determine if gene expression was related to the OFR profiles of the extracts. Weak relationships to the ToxChip expression profiles could be detected for only three of the 35 OFRs (indicated by regression slopes between 0.6 and 0.5 when comparing predicted to actual OFR concentrations). While this in vitro approach shows promise in terms of evaluating effects of complex mixtures, we also identified several limitations that, if addressed in future studies, might improve its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Ha
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada; (P.X.); (J.O.)
| | - Pu Xia
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada; (P.X.); (J.O.)
| | - Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada; (P.X.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(613)-998-7383
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada; (A.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada; (A.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Jason O’Brien
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada; (P.X.); (J.O.)
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5
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Salat APJ, Williams KL, Chiu S, Eickmeyer DC, Kimpe LE, Blais JM, Crump D. Extracts from Dated Lake Sediment Cores in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region Alter Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase Activity and Gene Expression in Avian Hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1883-1893. [PMID: 33751657 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increases in oil sands mining operations in the Athabasca oil sands region have resulted in increased concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and heavy metals in aquatic systems located near surface mining operations. In the present study, sediment cores were collected from 3 lakes with varying proximity to surface mining operations to determine the differences in PAC concentrations. Sediment cores were separated into 2 sections-current mining (top; 2000-2017) and premining (bottom; pre-1945)-and extracts were prepared for in vitro screening using a well-established chicken embryonic hepatocyte (CEH) assay. Concentrations and composition of PACs varied between sites, with the highest ∑PACs in Saline Lake, 5 km from an active oil sands mine site. The proportion of alkylated PACs was greater than that of parent PACs in the top sediment sections compared with the bottom. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in CEH permitted the ranking of lake sites/core sections based on an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated end point; mean median effect concentration values were lowest for the top cores from Saline Lake and another near-mining operations lake, referred to as WF1. A ToxChip polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array was used to evaluate gene expression changes across 43 target genes associated with numerous toxicological pathways following exposure to top and bottom sediment core extracts. The 2 study sites with the greatest ∑PAC concentrations (Saline Lake and WF1) had the highest gene expression alterations on the ToxChip PCR array (19 [top] and 17 [bottom]/43), compared with a reference site (13 [top] and 7 [bottom]/43). The avian in vitro bioassay was useful for identifying the toxicity of complex PAC extracts associated with variably contaminated sediment cores, supporting its potential use for hotspot identification and complex mixture screening. EnvironToxicol Chem 2021;40:1883-1893. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim L Williams
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne Chiu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Eickmeyer
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda E Kimpe
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jules M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Bianchini K, Crump D, Farhat A, Morrissey CA. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Alter the Hepatic Expression of Genes Involved in Sanderling (Calidris alba) Pre-migratory Fueling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1983-1991. [PMID: 33818817 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) impaired pre-migratory fueling in 49 orally dosed Sanderling (Calidris alba). In the present study, 8 genes related to fat deposition and PAH exposure were measured in liver subsamples from these same shorebirds. At the highest dose (1260 µg total PAH [tPAH]/kg body wt/day), PAH exposure decreased liver basic fatty acid binding protein 1 (Lbfabp) and hepatic lipase (Lipc) expression. The present study reveals candidate molecular-level pathways for observed avian pre-migratory refueling impairment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1983-1991. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Bianchini
- Long Point Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Program, Birds Canada, Port Rowan, Ontario, Canada
- Biology Department, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amani Farhat
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christy A Morrissey
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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7
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Zahaby Y, Xia P, Crump D, Provencher JF, Thomas PJ, Pauli B, Braune BM, Franckowiak RP, Gendron M, Savard G, Sarma SN, Mallory ML, O'Brien J. ToxChip PCR Arrays for Two Arctic-Breeding Seabirds: Applications for Regional Environmental Assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7521-7530. [PMID: 33983718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing pollution in the Arctic poses challenges in terms of geographical and ecological monitoring. The Baffin Bay-Davis Strait (BBDS) region in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago is of particular concern due to the potential for increased shipping traffic and oil exploration. However, data on background contaminants associated with oil exploration/spills/natural seeps (e.g., polycyclic aromatic compounds [PAC]) and measures of potential effects for Arctic birds are limited. We developed a toxicogenomics approach to investigate the background gene expression profiles for two Arctic-breeding seabirds, the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and the black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), which will aid effects-based monitoring efforts. Chemical burdens (53 PACs and 5 trace elements) and transcriptomic profiles (31 genes using a ToxChip PCR array) were examined in liver tissues (n = 30) of each species collected from the Qaqulluit and Akpait National Wildlife Areas in the BBDS region. While chemical and transcriptomic profiles demonstrated low variability across individuals for each species, gene expression signatures were able to distinguish guillemots collected from two distinct colonies. This toxicogenomics approach provides benchmark data for two Arctic seabirds and is promising for future monitoring efforts and strategic environmental assessments in this sensitive ecosystem and areas elsewhere in the circumpolar Arctic that are undergoing change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Zahaby
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Pu Xia
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Jennifer F Provencher
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Bruce Pauli
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Birgit M Braune
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | | | - Michel Gendron
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Guy Savard
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Sailendra Nath Sarma
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Mark L Mallory
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Jason O'Brien
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON ON K1S, Canada
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8
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Ahad JME, Pakdel H, Labarre T, Cooke CA, Gammon PR, Savard MM. Isotopic Analyses Fingerprint Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Compound-Bearing Dust in Athabasca Oil Sands Region Snowpack. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5887-5897. [PMID: 33856192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fugitive dust associated with surface mining activities is one of the principal vectors for transport of airborne contaminants in Canada's Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR). Effective environmental management requires quantitative identification of the sources of this dust. Using natural abundance radiocarbon (Δ14C) and dual (δ13C, δ2H) compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), this study investigated the sources of dust and particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) deposited in AOSR lake snowpack. Lower Δ14C values, higher particulate and PAC loadings, and lower δ13C values for phenanthrene and C1-alkylated phenanthrenes/anthracenes (C1-Phen) at sites closer to the mining operations indicated unprocessed oil sand and/or petroleum coke (petcoke-a byproduct of bitumen upgrading) as major sources of anthropogenic fugitive dust. However, a Bayesian isotopic mixing model that incorporated both δ13C and δ2H could discriminate petcoke from oil sand, and determined that petcoke comprised between 44 and 95% (95% credibility intervals) of a C1-Phen isomer at lakes <25 km from the heart of the mining operations, making it by far the most abundant source. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential of CSIA to provide accurate PAC source apportionment in snowpack and reveals that petcoke rather than oil sand is the main source of mining-related particulate PACs deposited directly to AOSR lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Hooshang Pakdel
- INRS Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Thibault Labarre
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Colin A Cooke
- Environment and Parks, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 5C6, Canada
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Paul R Gammon
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - Martine M Savard
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
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King MD, Elliott JE, Williams TD. Effects of petroleum exposure on birds: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142834. [PMID: 33109373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Birds are vulnerable to petroleum pollution, and exposure has a range of negative effects resulting from plumage fouling, systemic toxicity, and embryotoxicity. Recent research has not been synthesized since Leighton's 1993 review despite the continued discharge of conventional petroleum, including high-volume oil spills and chronic oil pollution, as well as the emergence of understudied unconventional crude oil types. To address this, we reviewed the individual-level effects of crude oil and refined fuel exposure in avifauna with peer-reviewed articles published 1993-2020 to provide a critical synthesis of the state of the science. We also sought to answer how unconventional crude petroleum effects compare with conventional crude oil. Relevant knowledge gaps and research challenges were identified. The resulting review examines avian exposure to petroleum and synthesizes advances regarding the physical effects of oil hydrocarbons on feather structure and function, as well the toxic effects of inhaled or ingested oil, embryotoxicity, and how exposure affects broader scale endpoints related to behavior, reproduction, and survival. Another outcome of the review was the knowledge gaps and challenges identified. The first finding was a paucity of oil ingestion rate estimates in birds. Characterizing environmentally realistic exposure and ingestion rates is a higher research priority than additional conventional oral dosing experiments. Second, there is an absence of toxicity data for unconventional crude petroleum. Although the effects of air and water contamination in the Canadian oil sands region have received attention, toxicity data for direct exposure to unrefined bitumen produced there in high volumes and other such unconventional oil types are needed. Third, we encountered barriers to the interpretation, replication, broad relevance, and comparability of studies. We therefore propose best practices and promising technological advancements for researchers. This review consolidates our understanding of petroleum's effects on birds and points a way forward for researchers and resource managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason D King
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - John E Elliott
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Division, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada.
| | - Tony D Williams
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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10
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Wallace SJ, de Solla SR, Head JA, Hodson PV, Parrott JL, Thomas PJ, Berthiaume A, Langlois VS. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: Exposure and effects on wildlife. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114863. [PMID: 32599329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Wildlife (including fish) are chronically exposed to PACs through air, water, sediment, soil, and/or dietary routes. Exposures are highest near industrial or urban sites, such as aluminum smelters and oil sands mines, or near natural sources such as forest fires. This review assesses the exposure and toxicity of PACs to wildlife, with a focus on the Canadian environment. Most published field studies measured PAC concentrations in tissues of invertebrates, fish, and birds, with fewer studies of amphibians and mammals. In general, PAC concentrations measured in Canadian wildlife tissues were under the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) guideline for human consumption. Health effects of PAC exposure include embryotoxicity, deformities, cardiotoxicity, DNA damage, changes to DNA methylation, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and impaired reproduction. Much of the toxicity of PACs can be attributed to their bioavailability, and the extent to which certain PACs are transformed into more toxic metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes. As most mechanistic studies are limited to individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly BaP, research on other PACs and PAC-containing complex mixtures is required to understand the environmental significance of PAC exposure and toxicity. Additional work on responses to PACs in amphibians, reptiles, and semi-aquatic mammals, and development of molecular markers for early detection of biological responses to PACs would provide a stronger biological and ecological justification for regulating PAC emissions to protect Canadian wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wallace
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - S R de Solla
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J A Head
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - P V Hodson
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P J Thomas
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Berthiaume
- Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - V S Langlois
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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11
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Sharin T, Crump D, O'Brien JM. Evaluation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Response in LMH 3D Spheroids. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1693-1701. [PMID: 32452045 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether the immortalized chicken hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, leghorn male hepatoma (LMH), had a comparable aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) response to primary chicken embryonic hepatocytes (CEHs) when used in a well-established assay for chemical screening and prioritization. The LMH cells were grown as 2-dimensional (2D) confluent cells and 3D spheroids to determine the optimal cell culture states for chemical screening. Cytochrome P450 1A4 and 1A5 (CYP1A) activity and gene expression were compared between CEHs and LMH cells grown in 2 culture states following exposure to the dioxin-like compound 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126). The CYP1A activity was measured using the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay, and changes in mRNA expression associated with the AhR pathway were determined using a custom-designed polymerase chain reaction array. Among LMH cell culture states (i.e., 2D vs 3D), EROD induction was observed only in 3D LMH spheroids. Similarly, 3D spheroids had the greatest number of changes in AhR-related genes compared with confluent cells. Overall, these results suggest that LMH cells grown as 3D spheroids have a metabolic and gene expression profile that is comparable to that of CEH, and may represent a suitable animal-free alternative for in vitro screening of chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1693-1701. © 2020 SETAC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Avian Proteins/genetics
- Avian Proteins/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chickens/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls/metabolism
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls/toxicity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnia Sharin
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Altshuler SL, Ahad JME, Chow JC, Duane C, Dubé M, Legge AH, Percy KE, Stevenson ED, Watson JG. Advances in science and applications in air pollution monitoring: A case study on oil sands monitoring targeting ecosystem protection. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:1133-1141. [PMID: 31437101 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1659192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Judith C Chow
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province , People's Republic of China
- Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Calvin Duane
- Canadian Natural Resources Limited , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Monique Dubé
- Integrated Environmental Analytics & Prediction Branch, Alberta Environment and Parks , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | | | - Kevin E Percy
- Atlantic Forest Research Collaborative, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton , New Brunswick , Canada
| | - Eric D Stevenson
- Bay Area Air Quality Management District , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - John G Watson
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province , People's Republic of China
- Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
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13
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Mundy LJ, Williams KL, Chiu S, Pauli BD, Crump D. Extracts of Passive Samplers Deployed in Variably Contaminated Wetlands in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region Elicit Biochemical and Transcriptomic Effects in Avian Hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9192-9202. [PMID: 31276616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent contaminant monitoring in boreal wetlands situated in Alberta's Athabasca oil sands region revealed increased concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in passive sampling devices deployed in wetlands close to bitumen surface mining operations. In this study, graded concentrations of semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) extracts, collected from 4 wetlands with variable burdens of PACs, were administered to chicken and double-crested cormorant (DCCO) embryonic hepatocytes to determine effects on 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and mRNA expression. Concentrations and composition of PACs detected in SPMDs varied among sites, and the proportion of alkyl PACs was greater than parent compounds at all sites. ΣPACs was the highest in SPMDs deployed within 10 km of mining activity (near-site wetland [5930 ng SPMD-1]) compared to those ∼50 km south (far-site wetland [689 ng SPMD-1]). Measures of EROD activity and Cyp1a4 mRNA expression allowed the ranking of wetland sites based on aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated end points; EROD activity and Cyp1a4 mRNA induction were the highest at the near-site wetland. ToxChip PCR arrays (one chicken and one DCCO) provided a more exhaustive transcriptomic evaluation across multiple toxicological pathways following exposure to the SPMD extracts. Study sites with the greatest PAC concentrations had the most genes altered on the chicken ToxChip (12-15/43 genes). Exposure of avian hepatocytes to SPMD extracts from variably contaminated wetlands highlighted traditional PAC-related toxicity pathways as well as other novel mechanisms of action. A novel combination of passive sampling techniques and high-throughput toxicity evaluation techniques shows promise in terms of identifying hotspots of chemical concern in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Mundy
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0H3 , Canada
| | - Kim L Williams
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0H3 , Canada
| | - Suzanne Chiu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0H3 , Canada
| | - Bruce D Pauli
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0H3 , Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0H3 , Canada
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14
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Crump D, Williams KL, Chiu S, Periard L, Letcher RJ. A rapid method of preparing complex organohalogen extracts from avian eggs: Applications to in vitro toxicogenomics screening. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:811-819. [PMID: 30657196 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Double-crested cormorants are piscivorous birds that breed in variably contaminated colonies across the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. Collection and preparation of environmentally relevant extracts from eggs that contain variable concentrations of organohalogen contaminants represents a minimally invasive approach to characterize potential effects of exposure using in vitro bioassays. In the present study, a rapid, efficient lipid freeze-filtration extraction method was used to prepare extracts from double-crested cormorant eggs collected from 5 breeding colonies that had variable organohalogen contaminant burdens. Extracts, solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide, were administered to chicken embryonic hepatocytes (CEHs) to determine effects on cell viability, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and messenger RNA expression using a chicken ToxChip polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array. The EROD median effect concentration (EC50) values were lower for extracts with greater organohalogen contaminant burdens and thus permitted an initial ranking of colonies based on the efficacy of eliciting an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response. The ToxChip PCR array data provided a more exhaustive, pathway-based evaluation of extract effects; variability in the transcriptomic profiles was associated with organohalogen contaminant burdens. For example, extracts from Mud Island (Detroit River, MI, USA) had among the highest organohalogen contaminant burdens and elicited a greater biochemical (EROD EC50 = 0.005) and transcriptomic response (22/43 genes altered on the array) in CEHs compared with the least contaminated site, which was Mandarte Island (BC, Canada; EROD EC50 = 0.172; 8/43 genes altered). Avian eggs represent a useful biomonitoring tool for determining complex mixture effects, and the combination of a rapid extraction method, an in vitro bioassay, and targeted endpoint evaluation (biochemical and transcriptomic) shows great promise as an environmental effects monitoring approach. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:811-819. © 2019 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim L Williams
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne Chiu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luke Periard
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Basu N, Crump D, Head J, Hickey G, Hogan N, Maguire S, Xia J, Hecker M. EcoToxChip: A next-generation toxicogenomics tool for chemical prioritization and environmental management. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:279-288. [PMID: 30693572 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Center, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Head
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gordon Hickey
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natacha Hogan
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Steve Maguire
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- University of Sydney Business School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- School of the Environment & Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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16
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Pagé-Larivière F, Chiu S, Jones SP, Farhat A, Crump D, O'Brien JM. Prioritization of 10 organic flame retardants using an avian hepatocyte toxicogenomic assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:3134-3144. [PMID: 30133003 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As the number of chemicals developed and used by industry increases, the inherent limitations of traditional toxicology approaches become an unavoidable issue. To help meet the demand for toxicity evaluation, new methods, such as high-throughput toxicity screening, are currently being developed to permit rapid determination of toxic, molecular, and/or biochemical effects of a wide range of chemicals. In the present study, we demonstrate the utility of an avian in vitro toxicogenomics screening approach to determine the cytotoxic and transcriptomic effects of 10 organic flame retardants (OFRs) currently of international priority for ecological risk evaluation to prioritize and inform future toxicological studies. Hepatocytes from 2 avian species, chicken and double-crested cormorant, were prepared and exposed for 24 h to various concentrations (0-300 μM) of the following 10 OFRs: Chemical Abstracts Service registration numbers 29761-21-5, 56803-37-3 (p-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate [BPDP]), 65652-41-7, 68937-41-7 (phenol, isopropylated, phosphate [3:1] [IPPP]), 95906-11-9, 19186-97-1, 26040-51-7, 35948-25-5, 21850-44-2, and 25713-60-4. Cell viability, the 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase assay, and transcriptomic analysis using species-specific ToxChip polymerase chain reaction arrays were performed to evaluate the in vitro effect of these OFRs. Of the 10 OFRs assessed, BPDP and IPPP elicited the strongest cytotoxic and transcriptomic responses in both chicken and double-crested cormorant hepatocytes and are therefore recommended as priority candidates for further wildlife toxicological investigations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3134-3144. © 2018 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Pagé-Larivière
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne Chiu
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie P Jones
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amani Farhat
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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