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Wu Y, Fernie KJ, Letcher RJ, Clark KE, Park JS, Watts BD, Barber PM, Chen D. Exposure of Peregrine Falcons to Halogenated Flame Retardants: A 30 Year Retrospective Biomonitoring Study across North America. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7154-7164. [PMID: 38590004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Compared to aquatic ecosystem, terrestrial systems have been subjected to fewer investigations on the exposure to halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). Our study utilized peregrine falcon eggs collected from multiple habitats across North America to retrospectively explore both spatial distribution and temporal changes in legacy (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers) and alternative HFRs over a 30 year period (1984-2016). The results reveal intensive HFR exposure in terrestrial ecosystems and chemical-specific spatiotemporal distribution patterns. The correlations between egg levels of the selected HFRs and human population density clearly illustrated a significant urban influence on the exposure of this wildlife species to these HFRs and subsequent maternal transfer to their eggs. Temporal analyses suggest that, unlike aquatic systems, terrestrial ecosystems may undergo continual exposure to consistently high levels of legacy HFRs for a long period of time. Our findings collectively highlight the effectiveness of using peregrine eggs to monitor terrestrial exposure to HFRs and other bioaccumulative chemicals and the need for continuous monitoring of HFRs in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Kathleen E Clark
- New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, Endangered and Nongame Species Program, Woodbine, New Jersey 08270, United States
| | - June-Soo Park
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Toxic Substances Control, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Bryan D Watts
- Center for Conservation Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, United States
| | - Patricia M Barber
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110, United States
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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2
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van der Schyff V, Kalina J, Abballe A, Iamiceli AL, Govarts E, Melymuk L. Has Regulatory Action Reduced Human Exposure to Flame Retardants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19106-19124. [PMID: 37992205 PMCID: PMC10702444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardant (FR) exposure has been linked to several environmental and human health effects. Because of this, the production and use of several FRs are regulated globally. We reviewed the available records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in human breast milk from literature to evaluate the efficacy of regulation to reduce the exposure of FRs to humans. Two-hundred and seven studies were used for analyses to determine the spatial and temporal trends of FR exposure. North America consistently had the highest concentrations of PBDEs, while Asia and Oceania dominated HBCDD exposure. BDE-49 and -99 indicated decreasing temporal trends in most regions. BDE-153, with a longer half-life than the aforementioned isomers, typically exhibited a plateau in breast milk levels. No conclusive trend could be established for HBCDD, and insufficient information was available to determine a temporal trend for BDE-209. Breakpoint analyses indicated a significant decrease in BDE-47 and -99 in Europe around the time that regulation has been implemented, suggesting a positive effect of regulation on FR exposure. However, very few studies have been conducted globally (specifically in North America) after 2013, during the time when the most recent regulations have been implemented. This meta-analysis provides insight into global trends in human exposure to PBDEs and HBCDD, but the remaining uncertainty highlights the need for ongoing evaluation and monitoring, even after a compound group is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Department
of Environment and Health, Italian National
Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Iamiceli
- Department
of Environment and Health, Italian National
Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO
Health, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
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3
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Berger ML, Shaw SD, Rolsky CB, Chen D, Sun J, Rosing-Asvid A, Granquist SM, Simon M, Bäcklin BM, Roos AM. Alternative and legacy flame retardants in marine mammals from three northern ocean regions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122255. [PMID: 37517638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants are globally distributed contaminants that have been linked to negative health effects in humans and wildlife. As top predators, marine mammals bioaccumulate flame retardants and other contaminants in their tissues which is one of many human-imposed factors threatening population health. While some flame retardants, such as the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), have been banned because of known toxicity and environmental persistence, limited data exist on the presence and distribution of current-use alternative flame retardants in marine mammals from many industrialized and remote regions of the world. Therefore, this study measured 44 legacy and alternative flame retardants in nine marine mammal species from three ocean regions: the Northwest Atlantic, the Arctic, and the Baltic allowing for regional, species, age, body condition, temporal, and tissue comparisons to help understand global patterns. PBDE concentrations were 100-1000 times higher than the alternative brominated flame retardants (altBFRs) and Dechloranes. 2,2',4,5,5'-pentabromobiphenyl (BB-101) and hexabromobenzene (HBBZ) were the predominant altBFRs, while Dechlorane-602 was the predominant Dechlorane. This manuscript also reports only the second detection of hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in marine mammals. The NW Atlantic had the highest PBDE concentrations followed by the Baltic and Arctic which reflects greater historical use of PBDEs in North America compared to Europe and greater industrialization of North America and Baltic countries compared to the Arctic. Regional patterns for other compounds were more complicated, and there were significant interactions among species, regions, body condition and age class. Lipid-normalized PBDE concentrations in harbor seal liver and blubber were similar, but HBBZ and many Dechloranes had higher concentrations in liver, indicating factors other than lipid dynamics affect the distribution of these compounds. The health implications of contamination by this mixture of compounds are of concern and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Berger
- Shaw Institute, PO Box 1652, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA.
| | - Susan D Shaw
- Shaw Institute, PO Box 1652, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA
| | - Charles B Rolsky
- Shaw Institute, PO Box 1652, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China; Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Jiachen Sun
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China; College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, CN-266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Sandra Magdalena Granquist
- Seal Research Department, The Icelandic Seal Center, Höfðabraut 6, 530 Hvammstangi, Iceland; Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Fornubúðir 5, 220 Hafnarfjörður, Iceland
| | - Malene Simon
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Britt-Marie Bäcklin
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Maria Roos
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland; Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
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Fliedner A, Rüdel H, Göckener B, Krehenwinkel H, Paulus M, Koschorreck J. Environmental specimen banks and the European Green Deal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158430. [PMID: 36055484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study highlights the potential of Environmental Specimen Banks (ESBs) for implementing the Zero Pollution Ambition and the Biodiversity Strategy of the European Green Deal. By drawing on recent monitoring studies of European ESBs, we illustrate the role ESBs already play in assessing the state of ecosystems in Europe and how they help to make developments over time visible. The studies reveal the ubiquitous presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, halogenated flame retardants, chlorinated paraffins, plasticizers, cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes, UV-filters, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics in the European environment. Temporal trends demonstrate the effectiveness of European regulations on perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, pentabrominated diphenylethers and diethylhexyl phthalate, but also point to the rise of substitutes such as non-phthalate plasticizers and short-chain perfluoroalkyl substances. Other studies are wake-up calls indicating the emergence of currently unregulated compounds such as long-chain chlorinated paraffins. Ecological studies show temporal trends in biometric parameters and stable isotope signatures that suggest long-term changes in environmental conditions. Studies on biodiversity of ecosystems using environmental DNA are still in their beginnings, but here too there is evidence of shifts in community composition that can be linked to changing environmental conditions. This review demonstrates the value of ESBs (a) for describing the status of the environment, (b) for monitoring temporal changes in environmental pollution and the ecologic condition of ecosystems and thereby (c) for supporting regulators in prioritizing their actions towards the objectives of the Green Deal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fliedner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), 06813 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
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Hepatic Gene Expression Profiling of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) Exposed In Ovo to Three Alternative Brominated Flame Retardants. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091341. [PMID: 36138821 PMCID: PMC9495696 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Brominated flame retardants are added to many consumer products to reduce flammability. While some of these compounds have been or are being phased out due to toxicity concerns, many other substitute or alternative flame retardant chemicals are still in use and being detected in the environment. There is growing evidence that these alternatives exhibit properties and environmental fates similar to those they replaced. However, little information is available on their potential toxic effects in wildlife. Here, the effects of several flame retardants on American kestrel hatchlings at concentrations observed in wild birds, were investigated by examining gene expression changes in the liver. Effects on the immune, thyroid, and other biological pathways were observed, suggesting that birds exposed as developing embryos in the egg can still exhibit effects upon hatching. Abstract A number of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been reported to interfere with the thyroid signaling pathway and cause oxidative stress in birds, yet the underlying shifts in gene expression associated with these effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we measured hepatic transcriptional responses of 31 genes in American kestrel (Falco sparverius) hatchlings following in ovo exposure to one of three high-volume alternative BFRs: 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTPBE), bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), or 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB). Hatchling kestrels exhibited shifts in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress (CYP, GSTA, SOD, and GPX1), thyroid hormone metabolism and transport (DIO1, DIO2, and TTR), lipid and protein metabolism (PPAR, HMGCR, FAB1, and LPL), and cytokine-mediated inflammation (TLR3, IL18, IRF7, STAT3, RACK1, and CEBPB). Male and female hatchlings differed in which genes were differentially expressed, as well as the direction of the effect (up- vs. downregulation). These results build upon our previous findings of increased oxidative stress and disrupted thyroid signaling pathway in the same hatchlings. Furthermore, our results indicate that inflammatory responses appear to occur in female hatchlings exposed to BTBPE and EHTBB in ovo. Gene expression analysis revealed multiple affected pathways, adding to the growing evidence that sublethal physiological effects are complex and are a concern for birds exposed to BTBPE, EHTBB, or TBPH in ovo.
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Haglund P, Rebryk A. Biomagnification and Temporal Trends of New and Emerging Dechloranes and Related Transformation Products in Baltic Sea Biota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2022; 9:406-412. [PMID: 35573270 PMCID: PMC9097483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To enhance knowledge of the environmental distribution and temporal trends of dechloranes and their transformation products (TPs) we performed suspect screening of Baltic Sea biota (eelpout, herring, harbor porpoise, guillemot and white-tailed sea eagle). Evaluation of new and "digitally frozen" gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry data revealed 31 compounds: five dechloranes (Dechlorane [Mirex], Dechlorane 602, Dechlorane 603, and syn-/anti-Dechlorane Plus [DP]), three isomers, and 23 TPs. Six new Dechlorane 603 TPs and two new DP TPs were detected, including one hydroxy-TP. Some TPs occurred at much higher concentrations than the parent compounds (e.g., Dechlorane 603 TPs were >10-fold more abundant than their parent). Concentrations of contaminants in the most contaminated species (white-tailed sea eagle) changed little over the period 1965-2017. Slow declines were detected for most compounds (median, 2% per year), although concentrations of DP and DP-TPs increased by 1% per year. Ten contaminants biomagnify, and the trophic magnification factors for TPs of Mirex, Dechlorane 602 and Dechlorane 603 (8.2 to 17.8) were similar to the parent compounds (6.6 to 12.4) and higher than that of DP (2.4, nonsignificant). The results are discussed in relation to the current review of DP for potential listing under the Stockholm Convention on POPs.
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7
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González-Rubio S, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Asimakopoulos AG, Jaspers VLB. A review on contaminants of emerging concern in European raptors (2002-2020). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143337. [PMID: 33190891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Raptors (birds of prey and owls) have been widely used as suitable bioindicators of environmental pollution. They occupy the highest trophic positions in their food chains and are documented to bioaccumulate high concentrations of persistent pollutants such as toxic metals and legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs).Whereas raptors played a critical role in developing awareness of and policy for chemical pollution, they have thus far played a much smaller role in current research on contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Given the critical knowledge obtained from monitoring 'legacy contaminants' in raptors, more information on the levels and effects of CECs on raptors is urgently needed. This study critically reviews studies on raptors from Europe reporting the occurrence of CECs with focus on the investigated species, the sampled matrices, and the bioanalytical methods applied. Based on this, we aimed to identify future needs for monitoring CECs in Europe. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), novel flame retardants (NFRs), and to a lesser extent UV-filters, neonicotinoids, chlorinated paraffins, parabens and bisphenols have been reported in European raptors. White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) were the most frequently studied raptor species. Among matrices, eggs, feathers and plasma were the most widely employed, although the potential role of the preen gland as an excretory organ for CECs has recently been proposed. This review highlights the following research priorities for pollution research on raptors in Europe: 1) studies covering all the main classes of CECs; 2) research in other European regions (mainly East Europe); 3) identification of the most suitable matrices and species for the analysis of different CECs; and 4) the application of alternative sample treatment strategies (e.g. QuEChERS or pressurized liquid extraction) is still limited and conventional solvent-extraction is the preferred choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad González-Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Veerle L B Jaspers
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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8
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Parvizian BA, Zhou C, Fernando S, Crimmins BS, Hopke PK, Holsen TM. Concentrations and Long-Term Temporal Trends of Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD) in Lake Trout and Walleye from the Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6134-6141. [PMID: 32298100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a hazardous, persistent, bioaccumlative brominated flame retardant. To investigate how its use has affected the Great Lakes, total HBCDD (∑HBCDD) concentrations and temporal trends in homogenized whole fish samples from the Great Lakes region (1978 to 2016) were determined. ∑HBCDD concentrations (ng/g ww) for each lake are Erie (0.49-2.60), Ontario (3.12-8.90), Michigan (3.91-9.01), Superior (5.69-13.1), and Huron (5.57-13.7). Early years (1978 to 1992) showed no significant trend. However, recent trends (2004 to 2016) suggest concentrations are increasing in Lakes Erie and Ontario, decreasing in Lakes Superior and Michigan, and not changing in Lake Huron. Decreasing trends for Lakes Superior and Michigan are likely the result of decreased usage of the compound globally, regionally, and locally. For the other lakes, increasing or zero trends are consistent with food web changes due to invasive species and climate change, which has caused more intense storms and less ice cover leading to increased sediment resuspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Alipour Parvizian
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | - Chuanlong Zhou
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | | | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
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Franke A, Falk K, Hawkshaw K, Ambrose S, Anderson DL, Bente PJ, Booms T, Burnham KK, Ekenstedt J, Fufachev I, Ganusevich S, Johansen K, Johnson JA, Kharitonov S, Koskimies P, Kulikova O, Lindberg P, Lindström BO, Mattox WG, McIntyre CL, Mechnikova S, Mossop D, Møller S, Nielsen ÓK, Ollila T, Østlyngen A, Pokrovsky I, Poole K, Restani M, Robinson BW, Rosenfield R, Sokolov A, Sokolov V, Swem T, Vorkamp K. Status and trends of circumpolar peregrine falcon and gyrfalcon populations. AMBIO 2020; 49:762-783. [PMID: 31858488 PMCID: PMC6989710 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and the gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) are top avian predators of Arctic ecosystems. Although existing monitoring efforts are well established for both species, collaboration of activities among Arctic scientists actively involved in research of large falcons in the Nearctic and Palearctic has been poorly coordinated. Here we provide the first overview of Arctic falcon monitoring sites, present trends for long-term occupancy and productivity, and summarize information describing abundance, distribution, phenology, and health of the two species. We summarize data for 24 falcon monitoring sites across the Arctic, and identify gaps in coverage for eastern Russia, the Arctic Archipelago of Canada, and East Greenland. Our results indicate that peregrine falcon and gyrfalcon populations are generally stable, and assuming that these patterns hold beyond the temporal and spatial extents of the monitoring sites, it is reasonable to suggest that breeding populations at broader scales are similarly stable. We have highlighted several challenges that preclude direct comparisons of Focal Ecosystem Components (FEC) attributes among monitoring sites, and we acknowledge that methodological problems cannot be corrected retrospectively, but could be accounted for in future monitoring. Despite these drawbacks, ample opportunity exists to establish a coordinated monitoring program for Arctic-nesting raptor species that supports CBMP goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Franke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
- Arctic Raptor Project, P.O. Box 626, Rankin Inlet, NT X0C 0G0 Canada
| | | | - Kevin Hawkshaw
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivan Fufachev
- Arctic Research Station of Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zelenaya Gorka Str., 21, Labytnangi, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District Russia 629400
| | - Sergey Ganusevich
- Center for Rescue of Wild Animals (Independent Non-profit Organization), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Jeff A. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #310559, Denton, TX 76203 USA
| | | | | | - Olga Kulikova
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, 18 Portovaya Street, Magadan, Russia 685000
| | - Peter Lindberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - William G. Mattox
- Conservation Research Foundation, 702 S. Spelman Ln, Meridian, ID USA
| | | | - Svetlana Mechnikova
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Trubetskaya 8, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Søren Møller
- Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Tuomo Ollila
- Metsähallitus, Parks and Wildlife Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | | | - Ivan Pokrovsky
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Institute of Biological Problems of the North FEB RAS, 18 Portovaya Str., Magadan, Russia 685000
- Arctic Research Station, Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology, UD RAS, 21 Zelyonaya Gorka, Labytnangi, Russia 629400
| | - Kim Poole
- Aurora Wildlife Research, Nelson, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Aleksandr Sokolov
- Arctic Research Station of Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zelenaya Gorka Str., 21, Labytnangi, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District Russia 629400
| | - Vasiliy Sokolov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ted Swem
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska, USA
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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10
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de Wit CA, Johansson AK, Sellström U, Lindberg P. Mass balance study of brominated flame retardants in female captive peregrine falcons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1115-1131. [PMID: 31237594 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00177h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about brominated flame retardant (BFR) dynamics in birds, especially large molecules such as decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). In particular, bioaccumulation from food and transfer dynamics to eggs are poorly understood. Therefore, an input-output mass balance study of tri-decaBDEs, DBDPE and HBCDD was performed in three female peregrine falcons from a captive breeding program by analyzing their naturally contaminated food (quail, chicken (cockerels)), plasma, feces and eggs. Predominant BFRs in cockerels and quail were BDE-209 and DBDPE, as well as HBCDD in quail. The predominant BFRs found in falcon plasma were BDE-209, -153 and -183, in eggs, HBCDD, BDE-209 and -153 and in feces, BDE-209. Mean absorption efficiencies (AE) for the tetra-octabrominated BDEs ranged from 84-100% and 70% for HBCDD. The AEs for BDE-206, -207, -208 and -209 varied due to the large variability seen for feces fluxes. All egg/plasma ratios for BDEs were similar and greater than one (range 1.1-2.7), including for BDE-209, indicating efficient transfer from females to the eggs. Excretion via egg-laying was approximately 6.0-29% of the initial, pre-breeding body burden of individual penta-decaBDE congeners, (15-45% for BDE-206). HBCDD was not detected in plasma but was found in eggs, also indicating efficient transfer and excretion via eggs. Input fluxes from food exceeded the output fluxes (feces, eggs) indicating considerable metabolism for tetra-octaBDEs, possibly also for the nona-decaBDEs and HBCDD. Bioaccumulation factors calculated from lipid weight concentrations in plasma and food (BAFp) were highest for BDE-208 (31), -153 (23), -209 (19) and -207 (16) and from eggs and food (BAFe), were highest for HBCDD (140), BDE-153 (41), -208 (42), BDE-207 (24) and BDE-209 (21). BAFe and BAFp values were below 10 for BDE-47, -99 and -100. For one falcon, egg results were available from three different years and estimated half-lives were 65 d (BDE-99), 624 d (BDE-153), 31 d (BDE-154), 349 d (BDE-183), 77 d (BDE-196) and 89 d (BDE-197).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna-Karin Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulla Sellström
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Lindberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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11
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Yuan B, Vorkamp K, Roos AM, Faxneld S, Sonne C, Garbus SE, Lind Y, Eulaers I, Hellström P, Dietz R, Persson S, Bossi R, de Wit CA. Accumulation of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Marine and Terrestrial Animals from Scandinavia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3526-3537. [PMID: 30848596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) have a wide range of physical-chemical properties, indicating their varying bioaccumulation tendencies in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. However, there are few empirical data to reveal such bioaccumulation tendencies. In this study, we analyzed SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in samples from 18 species at both low and high trophic levels of marine and terrestrial ecosystems from the Scandinavian region collected during the past decade. These included fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and terrestrial birds and mammals. SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs were present in all the species, with concentrations ranging from 26-1500, 30-1600, 6.0-1200 ng/g lipid, respectively. Although MCCPs and SCCPs predominated in most species, many terrestrial species had generally higher concentrations of LCCPs than marine species. Terrestrial raptors in particular accumulated higher concentrations of LCCPs, including C24/25-which are predominant among very-long-chain components. LCCP concentrations were highest and predominated (55% of total CPs) in peregrine falcons in this study, which is the first report where concentrations of LCCPs surpass those of SCCPs and MCCPs in wildlife. The results also indicate biomagnification of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in both marine and terrestrial food chains, but in-depth studies of specific food webs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8 , SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Anna Maria Roos
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Suzanne Faxneld
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Svend Erik Garbus
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Ylva Lind
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Peter Hellström
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Sara Persson
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring , Swedish Museum of Natural History , PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre , Aarhus University , Frederiksborgvej 399 , PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry , Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8 , SE-10691 Stockholm , Sweden
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Rigét F, Bignert A, Braune B, Dam M, Dietz R, Evans M, Green N, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Hoydal KS, Kucklick J, Letcher R, Muir D, Schuur S, Sonne C, Stern G, Tomy G, Vorkamp K, Wilson S. Temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants in Arctic marine and freshwater biota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:99-110. [PMID: 30172138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
More than 1000 time-series of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Arctic biota from marine and freshwater ecosystems some extending back to the beginning of 1980s were analyzed using a robust statistical method. The Arctic area encompassed extended from Alaska, USA in the west to northern Scandinavian in the east, with data gaps for Arctic Russia and Arctic Finland. The aim was to investigate whether temporal trends for different animal groups and matrices were consistent across a larger geographical area. In general, legacy POPs showed decreasing concentrations over the last two to three decades, which were most pronounced for α-HCH and least pronounced for HCB and β-HCH. Few time-series of legacy POPs showed increasing trends and only at sites suspected to be influenced by local source. The brominated flame retardant congener BDE-47 showed a typical trend of increasing concentration up to approximately the mid-2000s followed by a decreasing concentration. A similar trend was found for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). These trends are likely related to the relatively recent introduction of national and international controls of hexa- and hepta-BDE congeners and the voluntary phase-out of PFOS production in the USA in 2000. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) was the only compound in this study showing a consistent increasing trend. Only 12% of the long-term time-series were able to detect a 5% annual change with a statistical power of 80% at α < 0.05. The remaining 88% of time-series need additional years of data collection before fulfilling these statistical requirements. In the case of the organochlorine long-term time-series, 45% of these would require >20 years monitoring before this requirement would be fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rigét
- University of Aarhus, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, Nuuk 3900, Greenland.
| | - Anders Bignert
- Dep. of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50 007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgit Braune
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Maria Dam
- Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, P.O. Box 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands
| | - Rune Dietz
- University of Aarhus, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marlene Evans
- Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Norman Green
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Katrin S Hoydal
- Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, P.O. Box 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands
| | - John Kucklick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Robert Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacy Schuur
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Christian Sonne
- University of Aarhus, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gary Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba,586 Wallace Bld, 125 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gregg Tomy
- Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- University of Aarhus, Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Secretariat, PO Box 8100 Dep., N-0032 Oslo, Norway
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13
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Vorkamp K, Falk K, Møller S, Bossi R, Rigét FF, Sørensen PB. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) add to the chemical cocktail in peregrine falcon eggs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:894-901. [PMID: 30144757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A suite of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were determined in 41 peregrine falcon eggs collected in South Greenland between 1986 and 2014. Median concentrations of perfluorinated sulfonic acids (ΣPFSA) and perfluorinated carboxylic acids (ΣPFCA) were 303 ng/g dry weight (dw) (58 ng/g wet weight, ww) and 100 ng/g dw (19 ng/g ww), respectively, which was comparable to other studies. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) accounted for 94% on average of all PFSAs, but did not show a significant time trend. Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) and perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS) showed non-linear decreases over the study period, while some long-chain PFCAs increased significantly. The PCN profile was dominated by the penta-, hexa- and tetrachlorinated congeners CN-52/60, CN-66/67 and CN-42. CN-54, an indicator of combustion, accounted for 2.4% of ΣPCN on average. All PCN congeners showed a decreasing tendency, which was significant for lipid-normalized concentrations of CN-53, CN-54 and CN-63. The ΣPCN median concentration was 21 ng/g lipid weight, which is in the high end of concentrations reported for bird eggs. The PCN and PFAS concentrations add to an already high contaminant burden and a complex chemical cocktail in the peregrine falcon population in Greenland, mainly reflecting contaminant exposure during migration and winter stays in Central and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Knud Falk
- Ljusstöparbacken 11a, 11765 Stockholm, Sweden. https://www.vandrefalk.dk
| | - Søren Møller
- Roskilde University Library, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Arctic Research Centre, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland.
| | - Peter B Sørensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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