1
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Gao X, Zhang S, Wang P, Jaroniec M, Zheng Y, Qiao SZ. Urea catalytic oxidation for energy and environmental applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1552-1591. [PMID: 38168798 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00963g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Urea is one of the most essential reactive nitrogen species in the nitrogen cycle and plays an indispensable role in the water-energy-food nexus. However, untreated urea or urine wastewater causes severe environmental pollution and threatens human health. Electrocatalytic and photo(electro)catalytic urea oxidation technologies under mild conditions have become promising methods for energy recovery and environmental remediation. An in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanisms of the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is important to design efficient electrocatalysts/photo(electro)catalysts for these technologies. This review provides a critical appraisal of the recent advances in the UOR by means of both electrocatalysis and photo(electro)catalysis, aiming to comprehensively assess this emerging field from fundamentals and materials, to practical applications. The emphasis of this review is on the design and development strategies for electrocatalysts/photo(electro)catalysts based on reaction pathways. Meanwhile, the UOR in natural urine is discussed, focusing on the influence of impurity ions. A particular emphasis is placed on the application of the UOR in energy and environmental fields, such as hydrogen production by urea electrolysis, urea fuel cells, and urea/urine wastewater remediation. Finally, future directions, prospects, and remaining challenges are discussed for this emerging research field. This critical review significantly increases the understanding of current progress in urea conversion and the development of a sustainable nitrogen economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Pengtang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Yao Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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2
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Amer MS, Arunachalam P, Al-Mayouf AM, AlSaleh AA, Almutairi ZA. Bifunctional vanadium doped mesoporous Co 3O 4 on nickel foam towards highly efficient overall urea and water splitting in the alkaline electrolyte. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116818. [PMID: 37541414 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing more active and stable electrode materials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is necessary for electrocatalytic water and urea oxidation which can be used to generate hydrogen. Here, a low-cost vanadium-doped mesoporous cobalt oxide on Ni foam (V/meso-Co/NF) electrodes are obtained via the grouping of an in-situ citric acid (CA)-assisted evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method and electrophoretic deposition process, and work as highly efficient and long-lasting electrocatalytic materials for OER/UOR. In particular, V/meso-Co/NF electrodes require 329 mV overpotential to maintain a 50 mA/cm2, with exceptional long-term durability of 30 h. Interestingly, V/meso-Co/NF also exhibits excellent electrocatalytic UOR performance, reaching 50 and 100 mA/cm2 versus RHE at low potentials of 1.34 and 1.35 V, respectively. By employing the V/meso-Co/NF materials as both the anode and cathode, this urea electrolysis assembly V/meso-Co/NF-5 (+,-) reaches current densities of 100 mA cm-2 at 1.62 V in KOH/urea, which is nearly 340 mV lesser than classical water electrolysis. The V/meso-Co/NF-5 electrocatalysts also exhibit remarkable durability for electrocatalytic OERs and UORs. The obtained findings revealed that the synthesized V/meso-Co/NF might be a promising electrode materials for overall urea-rich wastewater management and H2 generation from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabrook S Amer
- Electrochemical Sciences Research Chair (ESRC), Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; K.A.CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center at Riyadh, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Prabhakarn Arunachalam
- Electrochemical Sciences Research Chair (ESRC), Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M Al-Mayouf
- Electrochemical Sciences Research Chair (ESRC), Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; K.A.CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center at Riyadh, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A AlSaleh
- Electrochemical Sciences Research Chair (ESRC), Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeyad A Almutairi
- K.A.CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center at Riyadh, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Wei J, Wang J, Sun X. H 2O 2 treatment boosts activity of NiFe layered double hydroxide for electro-catalytic oxidation of urea. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 129:152-160. [PMID: 36804231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urea oxidation reaction (UOR) provides a method for hydrogen production besides wastewater treatment, but the current limited catalytic activity has prevented the application. Herein, we develop a novel H2O2 treatment strategy for tailoring the surface oxygen ligand of NiFe-layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDH). The sample after H2O2 treatment (NiFeO-LDH) shows significant enhancement on UOR efficiency, with the potential of 1.37 V (RHE) to reach a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The boost is attributed to the richness adsorption O ligand on NiFeO-LDH as revealed by XPS and Raman analysis. DFT calculation indicates formation of two possible types of oxygen ligands: adsorbed oxygen on the surface and exposed from hydroxyl group, lowered the desorption energy of CO2 product, which lead to the lowered onset potential. This strategy is further extended to NiFe-LDH nano sheet on Ni foam to reach a higher current density of 440 mA/cm2 of UOR at 1.8 V (RHE). The facile surface O ligand manipulation is also expected to give chance to many other electro-catalytic oxidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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4
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Zhang S, Xue Y, Wu Y, Zhang YX, Tan T, Niu Z. PET recycling under mild conditions via substituent-modulated intramolecular hydrolysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6558-6563. [PMID: 37350822 PMCID: PMC10283487 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic depolymerization represents a promising approach for the closed-loop recycling of plastic wastes. Here, we report a knowledge-driven catalyst development for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) recycling, which not only achieves more than 23-fold enhancement in specific activity but also reduces the alkali concentration by an order of magnitude compared with the conventional hydrolysis. Substituted binuclear zinc catalysts are developed to regulate biomimetic intramolecular PET hydrolysis. Hammett studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the substituents modify the charge densities of the active centers, and an optimal substituent should slightly increase the electron richness of the zinc sites to facilitate the formation of a six-membered ring intermediate. The understanding of the structure-activity relationship leads to an advanced catalyst with a specific activity of 778 ± 40 gPET h-1 gcatal-1 in 0.1 M NaOH, far outcompeting the conventional hydrolysis using caustic bases (<33.3 gPET h-1 gcatal-1 in 1-5 M NaOH). This work opens new avenues for environmentally benign PET recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Zhang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yingying Xue
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yanfen Wu
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yu-Xiao Zhang
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Ting Tan
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Department State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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5
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Zhao H, Zhang Y, Xie C, Wang J, Zhou T, Zhou C, Li J, Bai J, Zhu X, Zhou B. Facile, Controllable, and Ultrathin NiFe-LDH In Situ Grown on a Ni Foam by Ultrasonic Self-Etching for Highly Efficient Urine Conversion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2939-2948. [PMID: 36763939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As the primary source of nitrogen pollutants in domestic sewage, urine is also an alternative for H2 production via electrochemical processes. However, it suffers from sluggish kinetics and noble-metal catalyst requirement. Here, we report a non-precious ultrathin NiFe-layered double hydroxide catalyst for the remarkable conversion of urea into N2 and H2, which is in situ grown on a Ni foam via ultrasonic self-etching in Fe3+/ethylene glycol (EG). EG regulates the etching rate of Fe3+, resulting in an ultrathin nanosheet structure with the aid of ultrasonication. This structure dramatically promotes the dehydrogenation process via decreasing the nanolayer thickness from 120 to 3.4 nm and leads to a 4.8-fold increase in the generation of active sites. It exhibits record urea oxidation kinetics (390.8 mA·cm-2 at 1.5 V vs RHE) with excellent stability (120 h), which is 11.8 times better than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst (33.1 mA·cm-2). Tests with real urine at 20 mA cm-2 achieve 74% total nitrogen removal and 2853 μmol·h-1 of H2 production. This study provides an attractive landscape for producing H2 by consuming urine biowastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chaoyue Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tingsheng Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Changhui Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Baoxue Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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6
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Zhang K, Duan Y, Graham N, Yu W. Efficient electrochemical generation of active chlorine to mediate urea and ammonia oxidation in a hierarchically porous-Ru/RuO 2-based flow reactor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 444:130327. [PMID: 36434919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical chlorination of urea to CO2 and N2 end-products, via active-chlorine-mediated oxidation under nearly neutral conditions, is an effective treatment for medium-concentrated urea-containing wastewater. Herein, we design a novel flow reactor integrated with three-dimensional hierarchically porous Ru/RuO2 architectures anchored on a Ti mesh. The hierarchically macroporous electrode can create sufficient exposure of catalytically active sites and facilitate the microscopic mass transport and diffusion inside the active layer, thereby contributing to the increased removal efficiency of urea-N and ammonia-N. The combined results of electrochemical measurements, UV-visible spectrometry and in situ Raman spectrometry, show that the OCl- species produced by chlorine evolution reaction (CER) are the main active constituents for removing urea-N. Theoretical calculations reveal thLTWAat the Ru/RuO2 possesses a moderate Cl binding strength, lower theoretical overpotentials of CER and a higher conductivity, compared with pure RuO2. On this basis, we assemble a circular flow reactor with the hierarchically porous electrodes in a two-electrode system to obtain an enhanced microfluidic process, which during 9 days of uninterrupted operation, at a high electrolysis current of 500 mA, achieve a total nitrogen removal of 92.6% and an energy consumption of 7.94 kWh kg-1 N, demonstrating the promising application of the novel process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yuanxiao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Nigel Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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7
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Liu H, Wen D, Zhu B. In-situ growth of hierarchical nickel sulfide composites on nickel foam for enhanced urea oxidation reaction and urine electrolysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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UV-Visible-Near-Infrared-Driven Photoelectrocatalytic Urea Oxidation and Photocatalytic Urea Fuel Cells Based on Ruddlensden–Popper-Type Perovskite Oxide La2NiO4. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, as green and low-cost pollutant treatment technologies, have been widely used to simultaneously degrade pollutants and produce clean energy to solve the problems of environmental pollution and energy crisis. However, the disadvantages of photocatalysts in a narrow absorption range and low utilization rate of solar energy still hinder the practical application. Here we fabricate two-dimensional porous Ruddlensden–Popper type nickel-based perovskite oxide La2NiO4 as a noble metal-free photoanode for photoelectrocatalytic urea oxidation under full spectrum sunlight irradiation. The transient photocurrent density under near infrared (NIR) light (λ > 800 nm) can reach 50 μA cm−2. Urea wastewater was used as the fuel to obtain low-energy hydrogen production, and round-the-clock hydrogen production was achieved with the optimal yield of 22.76 μmol cm−2 h−1. Moreover, a photocatalytic urea fuel cell (PUFC) was constructed with La2NiO4 as the photoanode. The power density under UV-vis-NIR was 0.575 μW cm−2. Surprisingly, the filling factor (FF) under NIR light was 0.477, which was much higher than those under UV-vis-NIR and visible light. The results demonstrated that PUFCs constructed from low-cost nickel-based perovskite oxides have potential applications for low-energy hydrogen production and efficient utilization of sunlight.
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9
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Sun W, Zhang M, Li J, Peng C. Solar-Driven Catalytic Urea Oxidation for Environmental Remediation and Energy Recovery. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201263. [PMID: 35972075 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The water-energy nexus is highly related to sustainable societal development. As one of the most abundant biowastes discharged into the environment, mild abatements and green conversions of urea wastewater have been widely investigated. Due to abundant sources, global distribution, and easy control, light-based catalytic strategies have become alternative on-site treatment approaches. After comprehensively surveying the recent progress, recent achievements of urea oxidation under light irradiation are reviewed herein. Several typical light-promoted systems employed in urea conversion, including photocatalysis, photo-electrocatalysis, photo-biocatalysis, and photocatalytic fuel cells, are meticulously introduced and discussed, from catalyst designs and medium conditions to established mechanisms. To realize the goal of sustainability, the chemical energy in urea-rich water could be utilized for the value-added production of hydrogen fuel and electricity. Finally, based on current developments, existing challenges are enumerated and developmental prospects in the future of light-driven urea conversion technologies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Sun
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Li
- National Engineering Research Centre of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chong Peng
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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10
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Vera-Estrada IL, Olivares-Ramírez JM, Rodríguez-Reséndiz J, Dector A, Mendiola-Santibañez JD, Amaya-Cruz DM, Sosa-Domínguez A, Ortega-Díaz D, Dector D, Ovando-Medina VM, Antonio-Carmona ID. Digital Pregnancy Test Powered by an Air-Breathing Paper-Based Microfluidic Fuel Cell Stack Using Human Urine as Fuel. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6641. [PMID: 36081100 PMCID: PMC9460395 DOI: 10.3390/s22176641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The direct integration of paper-based microfluidic fuel cells (μFC's) toward creating autonomous lateral flow assays has attracted attention. Here, we show that an air-breathing paper-based μFC could be used as a power supply in pregnancy tests by oxidizing the human urine used for the diagnosis. We present an air-breathing paper-based μFC connected to a pregnancy test, and for the first time, as far as we know, it is powered by human urine without needing any external electrolyte. It uses TiO2-Ni as anode and Pt/C as cathode; the performance shows a maximum value of voltage and current and power densities of ∼0.96 V, 1.00 mA cm-2, and 0.23 mW cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, we present a simple design of a paper-based μFC's stack powered with urine that shows a maximum voltage and maximum current and power densities of ∼1.89 V, 2.77 mA cm-2 and 1.38 mW cm-2, respectively, which powers the display of a pregnancy test allowing to see the analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Lucia Vera-Estrada
- Departamento de Energías Renovables, Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río, Av. La Palma No 125 Vista Hermosa, San Juan del Río 76800, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Olivares-Ramírez
- Departamento de Energías Renovables, Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río, Av. La Palma No 125 Vista Hermosa, San Juan del Río 76800, Mexico
| | | | - Andrés Dector
- Departamento de Energías Renovables, Conacyt-Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río, Av. La Palma No 125 Vista Hermosa, San Juan del Río 76800, Mexico
| | | | - Diana María Amaya-Cruz
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus Amealco, Camacho Guzmán, Amealco 76894, Mexico
| | - Adrían Sosa-Domínguez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas S/N-Edificio 5, Centro Universitario, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - David Ortega-Díaz
- Departamento de Energías Renovables, Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río, Av. La Palma No 125 Vista Hermosa, San Juan del Río 76800, Mexico
| | - Diana Dector
- Departamento de Energías Renovables, Universidad Tecnológica de San Juan del Río, Av. La Palma No 125 Vista Hermosa, San Juan del Río 76800, Mexico
| | - Victor Manuel Ovando-Medina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano (COARA), Matehuala 78700, Mexico
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11
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Ge J, Liu Z, Guan M, Kuang J, Xiao Y, Yang Y, Tsang CH, Lu X, Yang C. Investigation of the electrocatalytic mechanisms of urea oxidation reaction on the surface of transition metal oxides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 620:442-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Xie J, Zhang C, Waite TD. Hydroxyl radicals in anodic oxidation systems: generation, identification and quantification. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118425. [PMID: 35429884 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anodic oxidation has emerged as a promising treatment technology for the removal of a broad range of organic pollutants from wastewaters. Hydroxyl radicals are the primary species generated in anodic oxidation systems to oxidize organics. In this review, the methods of identifying hydroxyl radicals and the existing debates and misunderstandings regarding the validity of experimental results are discussed. Consideration is given to the methods of quantification of hydroxyl radicals in anodic oxidation systems with particular attention to approaches used to compare the electrochemical performance of different anodes. In addition, we describe recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of hydroxyl radical generation at the surface of most commonly used anodes and the utilization of hydroxyl radical in typical electrochemical reactors. This review shows that the key challenges facing anodic oxidation technology are related to i) the elimination of mistakes in identifying hydroxyl radicals, ii) the establishment of an effective hydroxyl radical quantification method, iii) the development of cost effective anode materials with high corrosion resistance and high electrochemical activity and iv) the optimization of electrochemical reactor design to maximise the utilization efficiency of hydroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhou Xie
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214206, P.R. China.
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13
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Li J, Li J, Liu T, Chen L, Li Y, Wang H, Chen X, Gong M, Liu Z, Yang X. Deciphering and Suppressing Over‐Oxidized Nitrogen in Nickel‐Catalyzed Urea Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment School of Resources and Environmental Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jili Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Yefei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Hualin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment School of Resources and Environmental Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xiurong Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment School of Resources and Environmental Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ming Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Zhi‐Pan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Xuejing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment School of Resources and Environmental Engineering State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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14
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Li J, Li J, Liu T, Chen L, Li Y, Wang H, Chen X, Gong M, Liu ZP, Yang X. Deciphering and Suppressing Over-Oxidized Nitrogen in Nickel-Catalyzed Urea Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26656-26662. [PMID: 34553818 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Urea electrolysis is a prospective technology for simultaneous H2 production and nitrogen suppression in the process of water being used for energy production. Its sustainability is currently founded on innocuous N2 products; however, we discovered that prevalent nickel-based catalysts could generally over-oxidize urea into NO2 - products with ≈80 % Faradaic efficiencies, posing potential secondary hazards to the environment. Trace amounts of over-oxidized NO3 - and N2 O were also detected. Using 15 N isotopes and urea analogues, we derived a nitrogen-fate network involving a NO2 - -formation pathway via OH- -assisted C-N cleavage and two N2 -formation pathways via intra- and intermolecular coupling. DFT calculations confirmed that C-N cleavage is energetically more favorable. Inspired by the mechanism, a polyaniline-coating strategy was developed to locally enrich urea for increasing N2 production by a factor of two. These findings provide complementary insights into the nitrogen fate in water-energy nexus systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jili Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yefei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiurong Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ming Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhi-Pan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xuejing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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15
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Introduction of surface defects in NiO with effective removal of adsorbed catalyst poisons for improved electrochemical urea oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Li J, Li J, Gong M, Peng C, Wang H, Yang X. Catalyst Design and Progresses for Urea Oxidation Electrolysis in Alkaline Media. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Govindan K, Im SJ, Muthuraj V, Jang A. Electrochemical recovery of H 2 and nutrients (N, P) from synthetic source separate urine water. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129361. [PMID: 33383251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined an electrochemical method of H2 production and nutrient recovery from synthetic source separated urine (SSU). The efficacy of H2 production was examined through hydrogen recovery experiments (HRE) using Ni foam electrodes. Similarly, nutrient (N and P) recovery was also examined in post-nutrient recovery experiments (NRE) with sacrificial Mg electrodes. To achieve higher nutrient recovery in the post-nutrient recovery process, the most important operating parameters (initial solution pH (pHi) and current density) were optimized. Optimization of NRE revealed that > 90% NH3-N and PO43--P could be recovered at 8 mA cm-2 with a pHi of 6-8. Notable NH3-N and PO43--P reduction were observed at an equimolar Mg2+ dissolution ratio (1:1) of Mg2+:NH4+ and a 1.1:1 ratio of Mg2+:PO43- respectively. However, poor total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) reduction was observed. Thus, we anticipate that direct electrochemical conversion of urea to N2 at the anode followed by H2 generation at the cathode is a more sustainable way to reduce TKN. Batch HRE showed that the initial TKN, 1094 mg L-1 (934 mg L-1 from urea-N and 160 mg L-1 from NH4Cl), was significantly reduced to 360 mg L-1 by Ni-Ni electrolysis, whereas around 53.8 g H2 gas was received from this Ni-Ni electrolysis system with a flow rate of 5-5.8 g mol-1 day-1. Overall, this work produced a 68% reduction in TKN due to electrochemical conversion of urea into H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadarkarai Govindan
- Sustainable Water Treatment Laboratory, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Science Campus, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Ju Im
- Sustainable Water Treatment Laboratory, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Science Campus, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Velluchamy Muthuraj
- Department of Chemistry, V.H.N Senthikumara Nadar College (Autonomous), Virudhunagar 626 001, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Am Jang
- Sustainable Water Treatment Laboratory, Graduate School of Water Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Natural Science Campus, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Carpenter K, Stuve EM. Electrooxidation of urea and creatinine on nickel foam-based electrocatalysts. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-021-01545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Chen W, Xu L, Zhu X, Huang Y, Zhou W, Wang D, Zhou Y, Du S, Li Q, Xie C, Tao L, Dong C, Liu J, Wang Y, Chen R, Su H, Chen C, Zou Y, Li Y, Liu Q, Wang S. Unveiling the Electrooxidation of Urea: Intramolecular Coupling of the N−N Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Leitao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Cheng Huang
- Research Center for X-ray Science & Department of Physics Tamkang University 151 Yingzhuan Rd. New Taipei City 25137 Taiwan
| | - Wang Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Shiqian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Qiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Chao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Chung‐Li Dong
- Research Center for X-ray Science & Department of Physics Tamkang University 151 Yingzhuan Rd. New Taipei City 25137 Taiwan
| | - Jilei Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yanyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Ru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Hui Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yafei Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 P. R. China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
- The National Supercomputing Center in Changsha Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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20
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Chen W, Xu L, Zhu X, Huang Y, Zhou W, Wang D, Zhou Y, Du S, Li Q, Xie C, Tao L, Dong C, Liu J, Wang Y, Chen R, Su H, Chen C, Zou Y, Li Y, Liu Q, Wang S. Unveiling the Electrooxidation of Urea: Intramolecular Coupling of the N−N Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7297-7307. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Leitao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Cheng Huang
- Research Center for X-ray Science & Department of Physics Tamkang University 151 Yingzhuan Rd. New Taipei City 25137 Taiwan
| | - Wang Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Shiqian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Qiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Chao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Chung‐Li Dong
- Research Center for X-ray Science & Department of Physics Tamkang University 151 Yingzhuan Rd. New Taipei City 25137 Taiwan
| | - Jilei Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yanyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Ru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Hui Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yafei Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230029 P. R. China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
- The National Supercomputing Center in Changsha Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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21
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Gopi S, Ramu AG, Sakthivel S, Maia G, Jang CH, Choi D, Yun K. Cobalt-modified 2D porous organic polymer for highly efficient electrocatalytic removal of toxic urea and nitrophenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129052. [PMID: 33246703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The urea oxidation reaction (UOR) and nitrophenol reduction are safe and key limiting reactions for sustainable energy conversion and storage. Urea and nitrophenol are abundant in industrial and agricultural wastes, human wastewater, and in the environment. Catalytic oxidative and reductive removal is the most effective process to remove urea and 4-nitrophenol from the environment, necessary to protect human health. 2D carbon-supported, cobalt nanoparticle-based materials are emerging catalysts for nitrophenol reduction and as an anode material for the UOR. In this work, cobalt modified on a porous organic polymer (CoPOP) was synthesized and carbonized at 400 and 600 °C. The formation of CoPOP was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, the 2D graphitic layer and amorphous carbon with cobalt metal by TEM, SEM, and PXRD, and the elemental composition by TEM mapping, EDX, and XPS. The catalytic activity for the 4-nitrophenol reduction was studied and the related electrocatalytic UOR was scientifically evaluated. The catalytic activity toward the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP was tested with the addition of NaBH4; CoPOP-3 exhibited enhanced activity at a rate of 0.069 min-1. Furthermore, LSV investigated the catalytic activity of materials toward UOR, producing hydrogen gas, the products of which were analyzed via gas chromatography. Among the electrocatalysts studied, CoPOP-2 exhibited a lower onset potential, and the Tafel slope was 1.34 V and 80 mV dec-1. This study demonstrates that cobalt metal-doped porous organic polymers can be used as efficient catalysts to remove urea and nitrophenol from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivalingam Gopi
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam Gopal Ramu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, 2639-Sejong- ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-city, 30016, South Korea
| | | | - Gilberto Maia
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Chang-Hyun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, GyeongGi -Do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, 2639-Sejong- ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong-city, 30016, South Korea.
| | - Kyusik Yun
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Munde AV, Mulik BB, Chavan PP, Sathe BR. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards urea oxidation on Ni nanoparticle decorated graphene oxide nanocomposite. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Tan T, Liu S, Chen K, Imhanria S, Tao P, Wang W. A multi-component system for urea electrooxidation: Ir3Sn nanoparticles loading on Iron- and Nitrogen- codoped composite carbon support. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Schranck A, Doudrick K. Effect of reactor configuration on the kinetics and nitrogen byproduct selectivity of urea electrolysis using a boron doped diamond electrode. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115130. [PMID: 31606555 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical systems have emerged as an advantageous approach for decentralized management of source-separated urine with the possibility of recovering or removing nutrients and generating energy. In this study, the kinetics and byproduct selectivity of the electrolytic removal of urea were investigated using a boron doped diamond working electrode under varied operational conditions with a primary focus on comparing undivided and divided reactors. The urea removal rate in the undivided and divided reactors was similar, but the divided reactor had an increased required cell voltage needed to maintain the equivalent current density. The current efficiency was similar for 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 A (33.3, 83.3, 167 mA/cm2), suggesting no interference from competing reactions at higher potentials. In a divided reactor, increasing the anolyte pH reduced the urea removal rate presumably from hydroxyl radical scavenging by hydroxide. Further, for all divided reactor experiments, the final pH was less than 1, suggesting that the transport of protons across the ion exchange membrane to the cathode was slower than the oxidation reactions producing protons. The nitrogen byproduct selectivity was markedly different in the undivided and divided reactors. In both reactors, nitrate (NO3-) formed as the main byproduct at the anode, but in the undivided reactor it was reduced at the stainless steel cathode to ammonia. In the presence of 1 M chloride, the urea removal kinetics improved from the generation of reactive chlorine species, and the byproduct selectivity was shifted away from NO3- to presumably chloramines and N2. Overall, these results indicate that the electrochemical reactor configuration should be carefully considered depending on the desired outcome of treating source-separated urine (e.g., nitrogen recovery, H2 generation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schranck
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kyle Doudrick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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25
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Nadeema A, Kashyap V, Gururaj R, Kurungot S. [MoS 4] 2--Intercalated NiCo-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanospikes: An Efficiently Synergized Material for Urine To Direct H 2 Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:25917-25927. [PMID: 31243949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Substituting the energy-uphill water oxidation half-cell with readily oxidizable urea-rich urine, a ground-breaking bridge is constructed, combining the energy-efficient hydrogen generation and environmental protection. Hence, designing a robust multifunctional electrocatalyst is desirable for widespread implementation of this waste to fuel technology. In this context, here, we report a simple tuning of the electrocatalytically favorable characteristics of NiCo-layered double hydroxide by introducing [MoS4]2- in its interlayer space. The [MoS4]2- insertion as well as its effect on the electronic structure tuning is thoroughly studied via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in combination with electrochemical analysis. This insertion induces overall electronic structure tuning of the hydroxide layer in such a way that the designed catalyst exhibited favorable kinetics toward all the required reactions of hydrogen generation. This is why our homemade catalyst, when utilized both as a cathode and anode to fabricate a urea electrolyzer, required a mere ∼1.37 V cell potential to generate sufficient H2 by reaching the benchmark 10 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH/0.33 M urea along with long-lasting catalytic efficiency. Other indispensable reason of selecting [MoS4]2- is its high-valent nature making the catalyst highly selective and insensitive to common catalyst-poisoning toxins of urine. This is experimentally supported by performing the real urine electrolysis, where the nanospike-covered Ni foam-based catalyst showed a performance similar to that of synthetic urea, offering its industrial value. Other intuition of selecting [MoS4]2- was to provide a ligand-based mechanism for hydrogen evolution half-cell [hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)] to preclude the HER-competing oxygen reduction. Another crucial point of our work is its potential to avoid the mixing of two explosive product gases, that is, H2 and O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayasha Nadeema
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , New Delhi 110001 , India
| | - Varchaswal Kashyap
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , New Delhi 110001 , India
| | - Rakshitha Gururaj
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008 , India
- Christ University , Bengaluru 560029 , India
| | - Sreekumar Kurungot
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , New Delhi 110001 , India
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26
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Investigations on the decomposition of AdBlue urea in the liquid phase at low temperatures by an electrochemically induced pH shift. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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