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Tang J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Lin Y, Liang L, Li X, Casals G, Zhou X, Casals E, Zeng M. Versatile Antibacterial and Antioxidant Bacterial Cellulose@Nanoceria Biotextile: Application in Reusable Antimicrobial Face Masks. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304156. [PMID: 38271691 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite considerable interest in medical and pharmaceutical fields, there remains a notable absence of functional textiles that concurrently exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Herein, a new composite fabric constructed using nanostructured bacterial cellulose (BC) covalently-linked with cerium oxide nanoparticles (BC@CeO2NPs) is introduced. The synthesis of CeO2NPs on the BC is performed via a microwave-assisted, in situ chemical deposition technique, resulting in the formation of mixed valence Ce3+/Ce4+ CeO2NPs. This approach ensures the durability of the composite fabric subjected to multiple washing cycles. The Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity of CeO2NPs and their rapid and efficient eradication of >99% model microbes, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus remain unaltered in the composite. To demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating the fabric in marketable products, antimicrobial face masks are fabricated with filter layers made of BC@CeO2NPs cross-linked with propylene or cotton fibers. These masks exhibit complete inhibition of bacterial growth in the three bacterial strains, improved breathability compared to respirator masks and enhanced filtration efficiency compared to single-use surgical face masks. This study provides valuable insights into the development of functional BC@CeO2NPs biotextiles in which design can be extended to the fabrication of medical dressings and cosmetic products with combined antibiotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Xingfei Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Yichao Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Lihua Liang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Gregori Casals
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari and The August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEREHD), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Fundamental Care and Medical-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08007, Spain
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Eudald Casals
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Muling Zeng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen, 529020, China
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Pakdel E, Daoud WA, Wang X. Effect of the Photoreduction Process on the Self-Cleaning and Antibacterial Activity of Au-Doped TiO 2 Colloids on Cotton Fabric. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38688012 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aims at understanding the effect of the photoreduction process during the synthesis of gold (Au)-doped TiO2 colloids on the conferred functionalities on cotton fabrics. TiO2/Au and TiO2/Au/SiO2 colloids were synthesized through the sol-gel method with and without undergoing the photoreduction step based on different molar ratios of Au:Ti (0.001 and 0.01) and TiO2/SiO2 (1:1 and 1:2.3). The colloids were applied to cotton fabrics, and the obtained photocatalytic self-cleaning, wet photocatalytic activity, UV protection, and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria were investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that the photoreduction of Au weakened the self-cleaning effect and reduced the photocatalytic activity of coated fabrics. Also, an excess amount of Au deteriorated the photocatalytic activity under both UV and visible light. The most efficient self-cleaning effect was obtained on fabrics coated with a ternary TiO2/Au/SiO2 colloid containing ionic Au, where it decomposed coffee and red-wine stains after 3 h of illumination. Adding silica (SiO2) made the fabrics superhydrophilic and led to greater methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption, a faster dye degradation pace, and more efficient stain removal. Moreover, the photoreduction process affected the size of Au nanoparticles (NPs), weakened the antibacterial activity of fabrics against both types of tested bacteria, and modestly increased the UV protection. In general, the photoactivity of Au-doped colloids was influenced by the synthesis method, the ionic and metallic states of the Au dopant, the concentration of the Au dopant, and the presence and concentration of silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esfandiar Pakdel
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, School of Fashion and Textiles, Research Centre of Textiles for Future Fashion, JC STEM Lab of Sustainable Fibers and Textiles, Hung Hom 999077, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Walid A Daoud
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hung Hom 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xungai Wang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, School of Fashion and Textiles, Research Centre of Textiles for Future Fashion, JC STEM Lab of Sustainable Fibers and Textiles, Hung Hom 999077, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Hajiali S, Daneshjou S, Daneshjoo S, Khajeh K. Biosynthesis Optimization of Antibacterial-Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles from Bacillus megaterium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04168-7. [PMID: 38607527 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of antibiotic resistance on common bacterial agents and the need to use new generations of antibiotics have led to the use of various strategies for production. Taking inspiration from nature, using bio-imitation patterns, in addition to the low cost of production, is advantageous and highly accurate. In this research, we were able to control the temperature, shake, and synthesis time of the synthesis conditions of Bacillus megaterium bacteria as a model for the synthesis of magnetic iron nanoparticles and optimize the ratio of reducing salt to bacterial regenerating agents as well as the concentration of salt to create iron oxide nanoparticles with more favorable properties and produced with more antibacterial properties. Bacterial growth was investigated by changing the incubation times of pre-culture and overnight culture in the range of the logarithmic phase. The synthesis time, salt ratio, and concentration were optimized to achieve the size, charge, colloidal stability, and magnetic and antibacterial properties of nanoparticles. The amount of the effective substance produced by the bacteria was selected by measuring the amount of the active substance synthesized using the free radical reduction (DPPH) method. With the help of DPPH, the duration of the synthesis was determined to be one week. Characterizations such as UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, FESEM, X-ray, and scattering optical dynamics were performed and showed that the nanoparticles synthesized with a salt concentration of 80 mM and a bacterial suspension to salt ratio of 2:1 are smaller in size and have a light scattering index, a PDI index close to 0.1, and a greater amount of reducing salt used in the reaction during one week compared to other samples. Moreover, they had more antibacterial properties than the concentration of 100 mM. As a result, better characteristics and more antibacterial properties than common antibiotics were created on E. coli and Bacillus cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Hajiali
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Daneshjou
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Daneshjoo
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Haripriya P, Revathy MP, Kumar MS, Navaneeth P, Suneesh PV, T G SB, Darbha VRK. Biosurfactant-capped CuO nanoparticles coated cotton/polypropylene fabrics toward antimicrobial textile applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:165601. [PMID: 38198713 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad1d15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the importance of implementing effective measures to prevent the spread of microorganisms. Consequently, there is a growing demand for antimicrobial materials, specifically antimicrobial textiles and face masks, because of the surge in diseases caused by bacteria and viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Face masks that possess built-in antibacterial properties can rapidly deactivate microorganisms, enabling reuse and reducing the incidence of illnesses. Among the numerous types of inorganic nanomaterials, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have been identified as cost-effective and highly efficient antimicrobial agents for inactivating microbes. Furthermore, biosurfactants have recently been recognized for their potential antimicrobial effects, in addition to inorganic nanoparticles. Therefore, this research's primary focus is synthesizing biosurfactant-mediated CuO NPs, integrating them into natural and synthetic fabrics such as cotton and polypropylene and evaluating the resulting fabrics' antimicrobial activity. Using rhamnolipid (RL) as a biosurfactant and employing a hydrothermal method with a pH range of 9-11, RL-capped CuO NPs are synthesized (RL-CuO NPs). To assess their effectiveness against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) microorganisms, the RL-CuO NPs are subjected to antibacterial testing. The RL-capped CuO NPs exhibited antimicrobial activity at much lower concentrations than the individual RL, CuO. RL-CuO NPs have shown a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.2 mg ml-1and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1.6 mg ml-1forE. coliand a MIC of 0.8 mg ml-1and a MBC of 1.2 mg ml-1forS. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, the developed RL-CuO NPs are incorporated into cotton and polypropylene fabrics using a screen-printing technique. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activity of the coated fabrics is evaluated, revealing that RL-CuO NPs coated fabrics exhibited remarkable antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Haripriya
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
| | - M P Revathy
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
| | - Megha S Kumar
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
- Biosensor Research Laboratory, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
| | - P Navaneeth
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
- Biosensor Research Laboratory, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
| | - P V Suneesh
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
- Biosensor Research Laboratory, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
| | - Satheesh Babu T G
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
- Biosensor Research Laboratory, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
| | - Venkata Ravi Kumar Darbha
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
- Biosensor Research Laboratory, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
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Montalvo D, Mercier GM, Mast J, Cheyns K. Release of silver and titanium from face masks traded for the general population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165616. [PMID: 37474069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous assessments of a selection of face masks intended for the general population in Belgium found that silver (Ag)-based biocides were present in masks advertised for antimicrobial properties; whereas titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were detected in all the face masks in at least one layer corroborating its widespread use in the textile industry. The presence of Ag-based biocides and TiO2 particles in face masks raised questions on the possibility of release under normal wearing conditions, which could potentially cause a health risk to the consumers. Direct measurement of release of Ag and TiO2 particles during normal wearing is problematic by the lack of methodology to test release and to quantify inhaled particles. Therefore in this study, we investigated leaching experiments using artificial acid sweat as a method to evaluate the release of Ag-based biocides and TiO2 particles present in face masks. Leaching experiments were proposed as an alternative method to evaluate the quality of face masks, and as a higher tier method to assess face masks that are not safe-by-design. Results from leaching experiments showed that Ag was released in amounts varying from 0.03 up to 36 % of total Ag content, in four out of the eight face masks that claimed antimicrobial properties and that contained Ag. The leaching data of titanium (Ti) showed that despite TiO2 being detected in all face masks, only in one mask Ti was measured in detectable concentrations in artificial sweat (0.35 % of total Ti content). Comparison of leachable Ag and Ti with respective acceptable exposure limit values derived from inhalation exposure limits indicate that three face masks would need further risk assessment and could not be considered as intrinsically safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Montalvo
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium.
| | - Gabriel M Mercier
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
| | - Karlien Cheyns
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
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Taha AS, Ibrahim IHM, Abo-Elgat WAA, Abdel-Megeed A, Salem MZM, El-Kareem MSMA. GC-MS, quantum mechanics calculation and the antifungal activity of river red gum essential oil when applied to four natural textiles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18214. [PMID: 37880275 PMCID: PMC10600096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important uses of old fabrics include clothing, mummification, and bookbinding. However, because they are predominantly constructed of natural materials, they are particularly susceptible to physical and chemical deterioration brought on by fungi. The treatments that are typically used to preserve old textiles focus on the use of synthetic fungicides, which have the potential to be dangerous for both human health and the environment. Essential oils (EOs), which are safe for the environment and have no negative effects on human health, have been widely advocated as an alternative to conventional antifungals. Four natural fabrics-linen, cotton, wool, and silk-were utilized in the current work. The extracted EO from leaves of river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) were prepared at 125, 250, and 500 µL/L. Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium culmorum and Aspergillus niger were inoculated separately into the treated four fabrics with the EO at concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 µL/L or the main compounds (spathulenol and eucalyptol) at the concentrations of 6, 12, 25, and 50 µL/L and were then compared to the un-treated samples. GC-MS was used to analyze the EO chemical composition, while visual observations and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) were used to study the fungal growth inhibition. Spathulenol (26.56%), eucalyptol (14.91%), and p-cymene (12.40%) were the principal chemical components found in E. camaldulensis EO by GC-MS. Spathulenol molecule displayed the highest electrostatic potential (ESP) compared with the other primary compound, as calculated by quantum mechanics. In the untreated textile samples, SEM analysis revealed substantial proliferation of hyphae from A. flavus, F. culmorum, and A. niger. The fungal growth was completely inhibited at a concentration of 500 µL/L from the EO. Both eucalyptol and spathulenol completely inhibited the formation of the fungal spores at a concentration of 50 µL/L, although eucalyptol was more effective than spathulenol across the board for all four textiles. The results support E. camaldulensis EO functionalized textiles as an effective active antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman S Taha
- Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H M Ibrahim
- Restoration Department, High Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Abu Qir, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Wael A A Abo-Elgat
- Restoration Department, High Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Abu Qir, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
| | - Mamoun S M Abd El-Kareem
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Unit, Experimental Nuclear Physics Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Cairo, 13759, Egypt
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Lian L, Pang C, Wei H, Hong L. Citronellol-Based Long-Lasting Antibacterial Cotton Fabrics without Bacterial Resistance. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300169. [PMID: 37306307 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial cotton helps prevent the growth and spread of harmful microorganisms, reduces the risk of infection, and has a prolonged service life by reducing bacterial degradation. However, most antibacterial agents used are toxic to humans and the environment. Citronellol-poly(N,N-dimethyl ethyl methacrylate) (CD), a highly effective antibacterial polymer, is synthesized from natural herbal essential oils (EOs). CD exhibited efficient, rapid bactericidal activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and drug-resistant bacteria. Citronellol's environmental benignity makes CDs less hemolytic. Notably, negligible drug resistance developed after 15 bacterial subcultures. The CD-treated cotton fabric displayed better antibacterial performance than AAA-grade antibacterial fabric, even after repeated washing. This study extends the practical application of EOs to antibacterial surfaces and fabrics, which is promising for use in personal care products and medical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Lian
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chuming Pang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hongxin Wei
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Liangzhi Hong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Zhou F, Peng J, Tao Y, Yang L, Yang D, Sacher E. The Enhanced Durability of AgCu Nanoparticle Coatings for Antibacterial Nonwoven Air Conditioner Filters. Molecules 2023; 28:5446. [PMID: 37513318 PMCID: PMC10384833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial nonwoven fabrics, incorporated with Ag, have been applied as masks and air conditioner filters to prevent the spread of disease from airborne respiratory pathogens. In this work, we present a comparison study of Ag ions: Ag and AgCu nanoparticles (NPs) coated onto nonwoven fabrics intended for use as air conditioner antibacterial filters. We illustrate their color changes and durability running in air conditioners using antibacterial activity testing and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic (XPS) analysis. We found that AgCu NPs showed the best antibacterial efficacy and durability. XPS analysis indicated that the Ag concentration, on both the AgCu and Ag- NP-coated fibers, changed little. On the contrary, the Ag concentration on Ag ion-coated fibers decreased by ~30%, and the coated NPs aggregated over time. The color change in AgCu NP-coated fabric, from yellow to white, is caused by oxide shell formation over the NPs, with nearly 46% oxidized silver. Our results, both from antibacterial evaluation and wind blowing tests, indicate that AgCu NP-coated fibers have higher durability, while Ag ion-coated fibers have little durability in such applications. The enhanced durability of the AgCu NP-coated antibacterial fabrics can be attributed to stronger NP-fiber interactions and greater ion release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- NanoTeX Lab, Solmont Technology Wuxi Co., Ltd., 228 Linghu Blvd., Tian'an Tech Park, A1-602, Xinwu District, Wuxi 214135, China
| | - Jiabing Peng
- NanoTeX Lab, Solmont Technology Wuxi Co., Ltd., 228 Linghu Blvd., Tian'an Tech Park, A1-602, Xinwu District, Wuxi 214135, China
| | - Yujie Tao
- NanoTeX Lab, Solmont Technology Wuxi Co., Ltd., 228 Linghu Blvd., Tian'an Tech Park, A1-602, Xinwu District, Wuxi 214135, China
| | - Longlai Yang
- NanoTeX Lab, Solmont Technology Wuxi Co., Ltd., 228 Linghu Blvd., Tian'an Tech Park, A1-602, Xinwu District, Wuxi 214135, China
| | - Dequan Yang
- NanoTeX Lab, Solmont Technology Wuxi Co., Ltd., 228 Linghu Blvd., Tian'an Tech Park, A1-602, Xinwu District, Wuxi 214135, China
- Engineering School, Dali University, 2 Hongsheng Rd., Dali 671003, China
| | - Edward Sacher
- Regroupement Québécois de Matériaux de Pointe, Département de Génie Physique, Polytechnique Montréal, Case Postale 6079, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
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Zhou H, Li Q, Zhang Z, Wang X, Niu H. Recent Advances in Superhydrophobic and Antibacterial Cellulose-Based Fibers and Fabrics: Bio-inspiration, Strategies, and Applications. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2023:1-37. [PMID: 37361104 PMCID: PMC10201051 DOI: 10.1007/s42765-023-00297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose-based fabrics are ubiquitous in our daily lives. They are the preferred choice for bedding materials, active sportswear, and next-to-skin apparels. However, the hydrophilic and polysaccharide characteristics of cellulose materials make them vulnerable to bacterial attack and pathogen infection. The design of antibacterial cellulose fabrics has been a long-term and on-going effort. Fabrication strategies based on the construction of surface micro-/nanostructure, chemical modification, and the application of antibacterial agents have been extensively investigated by many research groups worldwide. This review systematically discusses recent research on super-hydrophobic and antibacterial cellulose fabrics, focusing on morphology construction and surface modification. First, natural surfaces showing liquid-repellent and antibacterial properties are introduced and the mechanisms behind are explained. Then, the strategies for fabricating super-hydrophobic cellulose fabrics are summarized, and the contribution of the liquid-repellent function to reducing the adhesion of live bacteria and removing dead bacteria is elucidated. Representative studies on cellulose fabrics functionalized with super-hydrophobic and antibacterial properties are discussed in detail, and their potential applications are also introduced. Finally, the challenges in achieving super-hydrophobic antibacterial cellulose fabrics are discussed, and the future research direction in this area is proposed. Graphical Abstract The figure summarizes the natural surfaces and the main fabrication strategies of superhydrophobic antibacterial cellulose fabrics and their potential applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42765-023-00297-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education Collaborative, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Qingshuo Li
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education Collaborative, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education Collaborative, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Xungai Wang
- JC STEM Lab of Sustainable Fibers and Textiles, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education Collaborative, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071 China
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Rabiei H, Torshabi M, Montazer M, Khaloo SS, Dehghan SF. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of cotton-polyester fabric coated with a metal–organic framework and metal oxide nanoparticle. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-023-02823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Ghorbani S, Habibi D, Heydari S, Mohammadi M, Ariannezhad M. A novel and capable supported phenylazophenylenediamine-based nano-adsorbent for removal of the Pb, Cd, and Ni ions from aqueous solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32762-32775. [PMID: 36469269 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of chrysoidine (4-phenylazo-m-phenylenediamine) grafted on magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2@CPTMS@PhAzPhDA = FeSiPAPDA) as a novel and versatile adsorbent used for the satisfactory removal of Pb, Ni, and Cd ions from contaminated water via the formation of their complexes. The Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Redlich-Patterson isotherm models were studied to reveal the adsorption capability of the adsorbent and were found out that the Langmuir model is more compatible with the nano-adsorbent behavior. Moreover, according to the ICP tests as well as based on the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum adsorption capacity of the FeSiPAPDA-based adsorbent for the Pb ions (97.58) is more than that of Cd (78.59) and Ni ions (64.03).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Ghorbani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran.
| | - Davood Habibi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, P.O. Box 69315516, Ilam, Iran
| | - Maryam Ariannezhad
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran
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Chen M, ShangGuan J, Jiang J, Jiang J, Li F, Dong Q, Diao H, Liu X. Durably antibacterial cotton fabrics coated by protamine via Schiff base linkages. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:1078-1088. [PMID: 36464182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of antibacterial cotton fabrics with an overall performance is critical but remains challenging. In this study, we propose a facile method to prepare durable antibacterial cotton fabric without significant sacrifices of wearing comfortability. Cotton fabric is firstly oxidated to obtain dialdehyde groups, then treated with PM molecules to establish a PM coating on the fiber surfaces via Schiff base linkages. The resultant cotton fabrics show durably antibacterial activity, realizing high bacterial reduction rates against both E. coli and S. aureus higher than 99.99 %, and offering remarkable durabilities tolerable 50 washing cycles and 500 rubbing times. These fabrics also show reliable safety for human skin that proofed by a series of cytotoxicity tests with positive results. This work demonstrates an example of versatile strategy to impart effective antibacterial function with durable activity to cotton textiles, showing great potential for practical applications in functional textile fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshuang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianan ShangGuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Junyi Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fengjuan Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 843100, China
| | - Qingqi Dong
- Zhe Jiang Hengyi High-Tech Materials Co. Ltd., No. 11268, Red 15th Line, Qiantang New Area, Hangzhou 311228, China.
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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13
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Novi VT, Gonzalez A, Brockgreitens J, Abbas A. Highly efficient and durable antimicrobial nanocomposite textiles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17332. [PMID: 36243757 PMCID: PMC9568944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare associated infections cause millions of hospitalizations and cost billions of dollars every year. A potential solution to address this problem is to develop antimicrobial textile for healthcare fabrics (hospital bedding, gowns, lab coats, etc.). Metal nanoparticle-coated textile has been proven to possess antimicrobial properties but have not been adopted by healthcare facilities due to risks of leaching and subsequent loss of function, toxicity, and environmental pollution. This work presents the development and testing of antimicrobial zinc nanocomposite textiles, fabricated using a novel Crescoating process. In this process, zinc nanoparticles are grown in situ within the bulk of different natural and synthetic fabrics to form safe and durable nanocomposites. The zinc nanocomposite textiles show unprecedented microbial reduction of 99.99% (4 log10) to 99.9999% (6 log10) within 24 h on the most common Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungal pathogens. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity remains intact even after 100 laundry cycles, demonstrating the high longevity and durability of the textile. Independent dermatological evaluation confirmed that the novel textile is non-irritating and hypoallergenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinni Thekkudan Novi
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 2004 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Claros Technologies Inc., 1600 Broadway St NE, Suite 100, Minneapolis, MN 55413 USA
| | - John Brockgreitens
- Claros Technologies Inc., 1600 Broadway St NE, Suite 100, Minneapolis, MN 55413 USA
| | - Abdennour Abbas
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 2004 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA ,Claros Technologies Inc., 1600 Broadway St NE, Suite 100, Minneapolis, MN 55413 USA
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14
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Bio-approach: preparation of RGO-AgNPs on cotton fabric and interface with sweat environment for antibacterial activity. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1825-1837. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Functional Finishing of Barkcloth for Antimicrobial Properties Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF BIOMIMETICS BIOMATERIALS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.4028/p-p0075p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Barkcloth a naturally occurring cellulosic non-woven fabric has recently obtained attention within the scientific community for end use applications in various industries for instance automobile, household furnishing and construction owing to its robust mechanical, thermal and sound absorption properties. In this work, barkcloth was treated with different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles which were deposited with the pad-dry-cure procedure. The Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were chosen for the evaluation of the anti-microbial efficacy of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles (ZNPs). The coated barkcloth samples with ZNPs concentration 0.6 g/L optimally performed against the two most common resistant bacteria i.e. the gram +ve and gram –ve bacteria, with the gram negative E-coli bacteria demonstrating a high susceptibility to the ZNPs than gram positive S-aureus.
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16
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Refaee AA, Mostafa TB, El-Naggar ME, Alfaifi MY, Shati AA, Elbehairi SEI, Elshaarawy RFM, Ismail LA. Cellulosic fabrics modified with polyphosphonium chitosan hydrazone-TiO 2-Ag nanobiocomposites for multifunctional applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:482-492. [PMID: 35987357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bionanocomposites (BNC1,2) of binary (PPCH-Ag) and ternary (PPCH-TiO2-Ag) (PPCH = polyphosphonium chitosan-hydrazone) have been synthesized and immobilized on cellulosic fabrics (CFs) using an environmentally friendly single-step in situ methodology. The results of FTIR, TGA, EDX, SEM, and TEM investigations showed that PPCH and its BNCs were successfully formed on the surface layer of fabrics. Moreover, the BNC2-coated cloth exhibited a superhydrophobic behavior as revealed from the values of water contact angle (WCA) 152.1° and slide angle (SA) 8.7°. The cytotoxicity experiments on epithelial cells confirmed the safety of treated fabrics for human cells. The antimicrobial capabilities of the BNCs-treated textiles were greatly enhanced, with a small preference for BNC1-coated fabric, as compared to the native or other treated fabrics. In contrast, the BNC2-coated fabric demonstrated the highest anti-UV protection capabilities as indicated by its great capacity to reduce the UV transmission (UV-A, 2.1 %; UV-B, 1.8 %) as well as its UPF value (49.2). The durability tests revealed the high resistance of BNC2-CF against harsh washing conditions and their acquired functions sustainability up to 20 washing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaat A Refaee
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tahia B Mostafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mehrez E El-Naggar
- Pre-Treatment and Finishing of Cellulosic Fabric Department, Textile Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, 9004 Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Shati
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, 9004 Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serag Eldin I Elbehairi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, 9004 Abha, Saudi Arabia; Cell Culture Lab, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), Giza 12311, Egypt
| | - Reda F M Elshaarawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, 43533 Suez, Egypt; Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Lamia A Ismail
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, 42526 Port Said, Egypt
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17
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Guo W, Bai X, Zhang D, Wang R, Song P, He Y. Fabrication of hollow‐carved microspheres with excellent antibacterial activity. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Guo
- Key Lab. Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Lab. Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Duoxin Zhang
- Key Lab. Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Rongmin Wang
- Key Lab. Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Pengfei Song
- Key Lab. Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Yufeng He
- Key Lab. Eco‐functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymer, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
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18
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Luna-Vázquez-Gómez R, Arellano-García ME, Toledano-Magaña Y, García-Ramos JC, Radilla-Chávez P, Salas-Vargas DS, Casillas-Figueroa F, Ruiz-Ruiz B, Pestryakov A, Bogdanchikova N. Bell Shape Curves of Hemolysis Induced by Silver Nanoparticles: Review and Experimental Assay. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1066. [PMID: 35407184 PMCID: PMC9000491 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hemolytic activity assay is a versatile tool for fast primary toxicity studies. This work presents a systematic study of the hemolytic properties of ArgovitTM silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) extensively studied for biomedical applications. The results revealed an unusual and unexpected bell-shaped hemolysis curve for human healthy and diabetic donor erythrocytes. With the decrease of pH from 7.4 and 6.8 to 5.6, the hemolysis profiles for AgNPs and AgNO3 changed dramatically. For AgNPs, the bell shape changed to a step shape with a subsequent sharp increase, and for AgNO3 it changed to a gradual increase. Explanations of these changes based on the aggregation of AgNPs due to the increase of proton concentration were suggested. Hemolysis of diabetic donor erythrocytes was slightly higher than that of healthy donor erythrocytes. The meta-analysis revealed that for only one AgNPs formulation (out of 48), a bell-shaped hemolysis profile was reported, but not discussed. This scarcity of data was explained by the dominant goal of studies consisting in achieving clinically significant hemolysis of 5-10%. Considering that hemolysis profiles may be bell-shaped, it is recommended to avoid extrapolations and to perform measurements in a wide concentration interval in hemolysis assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Luna-Vázquez-Gómez
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21100, Mexico; (R.L.-V.-G.); (Y.T.-M.); (J.C.G.-R.); (D.S.S.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (B.R.-R.)
| | | | - Yanis Toledano-Magaña
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21100, Mexico; (R.L.-V.-G.); (Y.T.-M.); (J.C.G.-R.); (D.S.S.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (B.R.-R.)
| | - Juan Carlos García-Ramos
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21100, Mexico; (R.L.-V.-G.); (Y.T.-M.); (J.C.G.-R.); (D.S.S.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (B.R.-R.)
| | - Patricia Radilla-Chávez
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21100, Mexico; (R.L.-V.-G.); (Y.T.-M.); (J.C.G.-R.); (D.S.S.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (B.R.-R.)
| | - David Sergio Salas-Vargas
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21100, Mexico; (R.L.-V.-G.); (Y.T.-M.); (J.C.G.-R.); (D.S.S.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (B.R.-R.)
| | - Francisco Casillas-Figueroa
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21100, Mexico; (R.L.-V.-G.); (Y.T.-M.); (J.C.G.-R.); (D.S.S.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (B.R.-R.)
| | - Balam Ruiz-Ruiz
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Mexicali 21100, Mexico; (R.L.-V.-G.); (Y.T.-M.); (J.C.G.-R.); (D.S.S.-V.); (F.C.-F.); (B.R.-R.)
| | - Alexey Pestryakov
- Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nina Bogdanchikova
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center (CNyN), Campus Ensenada, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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19
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Bains D, Singh G, Singh N. Sustainable Synthesis of Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Zinc Oxide Nanosheets (IL@ZnO): Evaluation of Antibacterial Potential Activity for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1239-1251. [PMID: 35175036 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO)-derived materials exhibit unique antibacterial, antifungal, and photochemical activities and are widely used in antibacterial formulations. In this work, ZnO nanosheets were prepared by green and cost-effective synthesis via a hydrothermal method, and the prepared ZnO nanosheets were further functionalized with an eco-friendly ionic liquid (IL). Thus, a sustainable approach was established to synthesize ZnO nanosheets. The functionalization of ZnO with the synthesized IL was fully characterized by advanced spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The prepared ionic liquid-functionalized ZnO (IL@ZnO) showed self-organized layered-sheet arrangements caused by the intercalation of the IL onto the surface of ZnO nanosheets as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The design of the IL comprised a carboxylic acid moiety for functionalization onto the surface of ZnO, whereas the hydrophobicity was tuned through the incorporation of a long alkyl chain. The developed IL@ZnO material was also tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria for potential antibacterial activity by colony-forming unit (CFU) and minimum inhibitory concentration tests. The results revealed that the IL@ZnO exhibits significant antibacterial activity against tested strains. In particular, potent activity was observed against the Gram-positive skin-specific Staphylococcus aureus bacteria strain. The mechanism of bactericidal activity against bacteria was also explored along with the cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells, which reveals that the IL@ZnO is nontoxic in nature. To utilize the developed material owing to its bactericidal activity for practical applications, the IL@ZnO was fabricated onto the surface of cotton fabric, and its surface morphology was examined by SEM; the activity of IL@ZnO-treated cotton fabric was evaluated by the zone of inhibition assay. Additionally, the IL@ZnO-treated cotton fabric exhibited remarkable stability along with significant hydrophobicity and breathability and thus can be utilized as a biomaterial for biomedical applications, especially in medical masks, for reducing the risk of transmission of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bains
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
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