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Keogh J, Inrirai P, Artioli N, Manyar H. Nanostructured Solid/Liquid Acid Catalysts for Glycerol Esterification: The Key to Convert Liability into Assets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:615. [PMID: 38607149 PMCID: PMC11013476 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the growing concerns about the dwindling fossil fuel reserves, increasing energy demand, and climate emergency, it is imperative to develop and deploy sustainable energy technologies to ensure future energy supply and to transition to the net-zero world. In this context, there is great potential in the biorefinery concept for supplying drop in biofuels in the form of biodiesel. Biodiesel as a fuel can certainly bridge the gap where electrification or the use of hydrogen is not feasible, for instance, in heavy vehicles and in the farm and marine transportation sectors. However, the biodiesel industry also generates a large amount of crude glycerol as the by-product. Due to the presence of several impurities, crude glycerol may not be a suitable feedstock for all high-value products derived from glycerol, but it fits well with glycerol esterification for producing glycerol acetins, which have numerous applications. This review critically looks at the processes using nanostructured solid/liquid acid catalysts for glycerol esterification, including the economic viability of the scale-up. The homogeneous catalysts reviewed herein include mineral acids and Brønsted acidic ionic liquids, such as SO3H-functionalized and heteropoly acid based ionic liquids. The heterogeneous catalysts reviewed herein include solid acid catalysts such as metal oxides, ion-exchange resins, zeolites, and supported heteropoly acid-based catalysts. Furthermore, the techno-economic analysis studies have shown the process to be highly profitable, confirming the viability of glycerol esterification as a potential tool for economic value addition to the biorefinery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Keogh
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Patcharaporn Inrirai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Nancy Artioli
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Haresh Manyar
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
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2
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Keogh J, Jeffrey C, Tiwari MS, Manyar H. Kinetic Analysis of Glycerol Esterification Using Tin Exchanged Tungstophosphoric Acid on K-10. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:19095-19103. [PMID: 38020789 PMCID: PMC10655101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol acetins (mono-, di-, and tri) are produced via esterification with acetic acid. The acetins are commercially important industrial chemicals including their application as fuel additives, thus significant to environmental sustainability and economic viability of the biorefinery industry. Glycerol esterification with acetic acid was studied using partial tin exchanged tungstophosphoric acid supported on montmorillonite K-10 as catalysts. Partially exchanging the H+ ion of DTP with Sn (x = 1) increased the acidity of the catalyst and showed an increase in the catalytic activity as compared to the DTP/K-10 catalyst. A series of tin exchanged tungstophosphoric acid (20% w/w) supported on montmorillonite K-10 clay (Snx-DTP/K-10, where x = 0.5-1.5) were synthesized and thoroughly characterized by using BET, XRD, FT-IR, UV-vis, and titration techniques. Among various catalysts, Sn1-DTP/K-10 was found to be the most active catalyst for glycerol esterification. Effects of different reaction parameters were studied and optimized to get high yields of glycerol triacetin. A suitable kinetic model of the reaction was fitted, and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) dual-site model was able to describe the experimental data with high agreement between the experimental and calculated results. The prepared catalyst could be recycled at least four times without significant loss of activity. The overall process is green and environment friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Keogh
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Callum Jeffrey
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Manishkumar S. Tiwari
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Mukesh Patel School
of Technology Management and Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS University, Mumbai, 400056Maharashtra, India
| | - Haresh Manyar
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
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3
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Pandit K, Jeffrey C, Keogh J, Tiwari MS, Artioli N, Manyar HG. Techno-Economic Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis of Glycerol Valorization to Biofuel Additives via Esterification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:9201-9210. [PMID: 37333489 PMCID: PMC10273226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycerol is a valuable feedstock, produced in biorefineries as a byproduct of biodiesel production. Esterification of glycerol with acetic acid yields a mixture of mono-, di-, and triacetins. The acetins are commercially important value-added products with a wide range of industrial applications as fuel additives and fine chemicals. Esterification of glycerol to acetins substantially increases the environmental sustainability and economic viability of the biorefinery concept. Among the acetins, diacetin (DA) and triacetin (TA) are considered high-energy-density fuel additives. Herein, we have studied the economic feasibility of a facility producing DA and TA by a two-stage process using 100,000 tons of glycerol per year using Aspen Plus. The capital costs were estimated by Aspen Process Economic Analyzer software. The analysis indicates that the capital costs are 71 M$, while the operating costs are 303 M$/year. The gross profit is 60.5 M$/year, while the NPV of the project is 235 M$ with a payback period of 1.7 years. Sensitivity analysis has indicated that the product price has the most impact on the NPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutarth Pandit
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Callum Jeffrey
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - John Keogh
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Manishkumar S. Tiwari
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management
and Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS University, Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nancy Artioli
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Haresh G. Manyar
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
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4
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Arif R, Nadeem M, Rizvi MMA, Shaheen A. Synthesis, Self‐Aggregation, Interfacial Behavior and Interaction Studies of Non‐ Cytotoxic Caffeinium‐Based Surface Active Ionic Liquids with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Arif
- Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India
| | - Masood Nadeem
- Department of Biosciences, Genome Biology Lab Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi 110025 India
| | - M. Moshahid Alam Rizvi
- Department of Biosciences, Genome Biology Lab Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Arifa Shaheen
- Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India
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5
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Tiwari M, Wagh D, Dicks JS, Keogh J, Ansaldi M, Ranade VV, Manyar HG. Solvent Free Upgrading of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with Levulinic Acid to HMF Levulinate Using Tin Exchanged Tungstophosphoric Acid Supported on K-10 Catalyst. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 3:27-34. [PMID: 36748078 PMCID: PMC9896477 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The manufacture of high-value products from biomass derived platform chemicals is becoming an integral part of the biorefinery industry. In this study, we demonstrate a green catalytic process using solvent free conditions for the synthesis of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levulinate from HMF and levulinic acid (LA) over tin exchanged tungstophosphoric acid (DTP) supported on K-10 (montmorillonite K-10 clay) as the catalyst. The structural properties of solid acid catalysts were characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, UV-vis, titration, and SEM techniques. Partial exchange of the H+ of DTP with Sn (x = 1) resulted in enhanced acidity of the catalyst and showed an increase in the catalytic activity as compared to the unsubstituted DTP/K-10 as the catalyst. The effects of different reaction parameters were studied and optimized to get high yields of HMF levulinate. The kinetic model was developed by considering the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) mechanism, and the activation energy was calculated to be 41.2 kJ mol-1. The prepared catalysts were easily recycled up to four times without any noticeable loss of activity, and hot filtration test indicated the heterogeneous nature of the catalytic activity. The overall process is environmentally benign and suitable for easy scale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishkumar
S. Tiwari
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.,Department
of chemical Engineering, Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management
and Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS University, Mumbai, India400065
| | - Dipti Wagh
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Jennifer Sarah Dicks
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - John Keogh
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Michela Ansaldi
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Vivek V. Ranade
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Haresh G. Manyar
- Theoretical
and Applied Catalysis Research Cluster, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, David-Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, BelfastBT9 5AG, U.K.,. Phone: +442890976608.
Fax: + 44 28 90 974687
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6
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Guang B, Zhang W, Wu Y, Xiao Y, Su M, Liu Y. Dual Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Heteropolyacid-Based Ionic Liquids for Esterification of Glycerol Toward Triacetylglycerol. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Current Trends in Acetins Production: Green versus Non-Green Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072255. [PMID: 35408654 PMCID: PMC9000466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To utilize excess glycerol produced from the biodiesel industry, researchers are developing innovative methods of transforming glycerol into value-added chemicals. One strategy adopted is the conversion of glycerol into acetins, which are esters of glycerol that have wide applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food and fuel additives, and plasticizers and serve as precursors for other chemical compounds. Acetins are synthesized either by traditional chemical methods or by biological processes. Although the chemical methods are efficient, productive, and commercialized, they are "non-green", meaning that they are unsafe for the environment and consumers. On the other hand, the biological process is "green" in the sense that it protects both the environment and consumers. It is, however, less productive and requires further effort to achieve commercialization. Thus, both methodologies have benefits and drawbacks, and this study aims to present and discuss these. In addition, we briefly discuss general strategies for optimizing biological processes that could apply to acetins production on an industrial scale.
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8
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Production of valuable chemicals from glycerol using carbon fiber catalysts derived from ethylene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20251. [PMID: 34642367 PMCID: PMC8511005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene was thermocatalytically transformed into carbon products via a CCVD process. The filamentous carbon obtained was further modified with concentrated sulfuric acid or 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate (BDS) to produce acid-type catalysts. The as-prepared samples were characterized by SEM and TEM techniques to confirm their morphological features. TG, XRD, elemental, and porosity analyses were also performed to assess the quality of these materials. The fabricated carbons were tested in eco-friendly green synthesis of value-added fuel bio-additives, namely in glycerol esterification. The reaction of glycerol transformation was performed with acetic acid at 80 °C using different glycerol to acetic acid (Gly/AA) molar ratios. The samples functionalized with diazonium salt showed better performance in the above process than those modified with H2SO4, and this was found to be directly related to the degree of surface functionalization with acidic sites. BDS-modified carbon fibers allowed obtaining acceptable results within 6 h when the reaction was performed with a Gly/AA molar ratio of 1:6, however, the dominant products in this case were mono- and diacetins. Extended reaction time altered the distribution of products. Finally, the combined selectivity to the targeted acetins (i.e., DA and TA) was about 75.5%. A direct correlation between the content of -SO3H groups of CNFs and the yield of higher acetins was found.
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He R, Zou Y, Muhammad Y, Tong Z. Study on the Intensification of Reaction Kinetics and Reactive Distillation for the Esterification of N-Butyl Acetate Using [HSO 3-BMIM][HSO 4] as a High-Efficiency Ionic Liquid Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruining He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yaseen Muhammad
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120 Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zhangfa Tong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Dhawan MS, Barton SC, Yadav GD. Interesterification of triglycerides with methyl acetate for the co-production biodiesel and triacetin using hydrotalcite as a heterogenous base catalyst. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Biodiesel is a substitute fuel that is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable. The need for biodiesel continues to increase. Biodiesel is made through the process of transesterification of triglycerides and alcohol. Glycerol is a side-effect of biodiesel products with a capacity of 10% of the total weight of its production. Glycerol is the simplest glyceride compound and has several functions as a primary ingredient in chemical production. Through acetylation, glycerol is converted to a material that has a higher sale value. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are the acetylation approach to achieve the desired product, namely acetyl glycerol esters (mono-, di- and triacetin). However, in the process, the catalyst’s type and characteristics significantly affect the yield and conversion of the product and the deactivation or reusability of the catalyst, which can inhibit the catalyst’s utilization and effectiveness; therefore, it must be studied further. Besides, the parameters that affect the reaction will also be assessed.
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Shahnavaz Z, Zaharani L, Khaligh NG, Mihankhah T, Johan MR. Synthesis, Characterisation, and Determination of Physical Properties of New Two-Protonic Acid Ionic Liquid and its Catalytic Application in the Esterification. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new ionic liquid was synthesised, and its chemical structure was elucidated by FT-IR, 1D NMR, 2D NMR, and mass analyses. Some physical properties, thermal behaviour, and thermal stability of this ionic liquid were investigated. The formation of a two-protonic acid salt namely 4,4′-trimethylene-N,N′-dipiperidinium sulfate instead of 4,4′-trimethylene-N,N′-dipiperidinium hydrogensulfate was evidenced by NMR analyses. The catalytic activity of this ionic liquid was demonstrated in the esterification reaction of n-butanol and glacial acetic acid under different conditions. The desired acetate was obtained in 62–88% yield without using a Dean–Stark apparatus under optimal conditions of 10 mol-% of the ionic liquid, an alcohol to glacial acetic acid mole ratio of 1.3:1.0, a temperature of 75–100°C, and a reaction time of 4h. α-Tocopherol (α-TCP), a highly efficient form of vitamin E, was also treated with glacial acetic acid in the presence of the ionic liquid, and O-acetyl-α-tocopherol (Ac-TCP) was obtained in 88.4% yield. The separation of esters was conducted during workup without the utilisation of high-cost column chromatography. The residue and ionic liquid were used in subsequent runs after the extraction of desired products. The ionic liquid exhibited high catalytic activity even after five runs with no significant change in its chemical structure and catalytic efficiency.
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Nda-Umar UI, Ramli I, Muhamad EN, Azri N, Taufiq-Yap YH. Optimization and Characterization of Mesoporous Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Its Application in Modeling and Optimization of Acetin Production. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225221. [PMID: 33182532 PMCID: PMC7697787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an optimized mesoporous sulfonated carbon (OMSC) catalyst derived from palm kernel shell biomass was developed using template carbonization and subsequent sulfonation under different temperatures and time conditions. The OMSC catalyst was characterized using acid-base titration, elemental analysis, XRD, Raman, FTIR, XPS, TPD-NH3, TGA-DTA, SEM, and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis to reveal its properties. Results proved that the OMSC catalyst is mesoporous and amorphous in structure with improved textural, acidic, and thermal properties. Both FTIR and XPS confirmed the presence of -SO3H, -OH, and -COOH functional groups on the surface of the catalyst. The OMSC catalyst was found to be efficient in catalyzing glycerol conversion to acetin via an acetylation reaction with acetic acid within a short period of 3 h. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a two-level, three-factor, face-centered central composite design, was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The results showed that the optimized temperature, glycerol-to-acetic acid mole ratio, and catalyst load were 126 °C, 1:10.4, and 0.45 g, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, 97% glycerol conversion (GC) and selectivities of 4.9, 27.8, and 66.5% monoacetin (MA), diacetin (DA), and triacetin (TA), respectively, were achieved and found to be close to the predicted values. Statistical analysis showed that the regression model, as well as the model terms, were significant with the predicted R2 in reasonable agreement with the adjusted R2 (<0.2). The OMSC catalyst maintained excellent performance in GC for the five reaction cycles. The selectivity to TA, the most valuable product, was not stable until the fourth cycle, attributable to the leaching of the acid sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Idris Nda-Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B. 55 Bida, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - Irmawati Ramli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ernee Noryana Muhamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norsahida Azri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre (PutraCat), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Influence of Heterogeneous Catalysts and Reaction Parameters on the Acetylation of Glycerol to Acetin: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10207155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol, a polyhydric alcohol, is currently receiving greater attention worldwide in view of its glut in the market occasioned by the recent upsurge in biodiesel production. The acetylation of glycerol to acetin (acetyl glycerol) is one of the many pathways of upgrading glycerol to fine chemicals. Acetin, which could be mono, di, and or triacetin, has versatile applications in the cosmetics, medicines, food, polymer, and fuel industries as a humectant, emulsifier, plasticizer, and fuel additive and so it is of high economic value. Given the critical role of catalysts in green chemistry, this paper reports the influence of the different heterogeneous catalysts used in glycerol acetylation. It also reviewed the influence of catalyst load, temperature, molar ratio, and the time on the reaction.
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Abstract
Crude glycerol is the main by-product of many renewable diesel production platforms. However, the process of refining glycerol from this crude by-product stream is very expensive, and thus does not currently compete with alternative processes. The acetylation of glycerol provides an intriguing strategy to recover value-added products that are employable as fuel additives. In this work, the conversion of glycerol to acetyl derivatives was facilitated by a heterogeneous catalyst generated from the thermal hydrolysis of biosolids obtained from a municipal wastewater treatment facility. The reaction was studied using several conditions including temperature, catalyst loading, acetic acid:glycerol molar ratio, and reaction time. The data demonstrate the potential for using two distinct by-product streams to generate fuel additives that can help improve the process economics of renewable diesel production.
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