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Wang RP, Huang MJ, Hariki A, Okamoto J, Huang HY, Singh A, Huang DJ, Nagel P, Schuppler S, Haarman T, Liu B, de Groot FMF. Analyzing the Local Electronic Structure of Co 3O 4 Using 2p3d Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:8752-8759. [PMID: 35655938 PMCID: PMC9150098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present the cobalt 2p3d resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) spectra of Co3O4. Guided by multiplet simulation, the excited states at 0.5 and 1.3 eV can be identified as the 4 T 2 excited state of the tetrahedral Co2+ and the 3 T 2g excited state of the octahedral Co3+, respectively. The ground states of Co2+ and Co3+ sites are determined to be high-spin 4 A 2(T d ) and low-spin 1 A 1g (Oh ), respectively. It indicates that the high-spin Co2+ is the magnetically active site in Co3O4. Additionally, the ligand-to-metal charge transfer analysis shows strong orbital hybridization between the cobalt and oxygen ions at the Co3+ site, while the hybridization is weak at the Co2+ site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Pan Wang
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, G610, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meng-Jie Huang
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Atsushi Hariki
- Department
of Physics and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Jun Okamoto
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, No. 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yu Huang
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, No. 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Amol Singh
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, No. 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Di-Jing Huang
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, No. 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Peter Nagel
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuppler
- Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ties Haarman
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Boyang Liu
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Debye
Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht
University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Zhao Y, Yang M, Rong S, Wang X, Ma H, Pang H, Tan L, Gao K. Polyoxotungstates-supported NiII/CoII-containing 3D inorganic-organic hybrids as supercapacitor electrodes toward boosting capacitor performance. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Fondell M, Miedema PS, Norell J, Pietzsch A, Quevedo W, Niskanen J, Kunnus K, Föhlisch A. The nature of frontier orbitals under systematic ligand exchange in (pseudo-)octahedral Fe(ii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27745-27751. [PMID: 30211412 PMCID: PMC6240897 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of ligand substitution on metal-ligand covalency and the valence excited state landscape is investigated using resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering.
Understanding and controlling properties of transition metal complexes is a crucial step towards tailoring materials for sustainable energy applications. In a systematic approach, we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to study the influence of ligand substitution on the valence electronic structure around an aqueous iron(ii) center. Exchanging cyanide with 2-2′-bipyridine ligands reshapes frontier orbitals in a way that reduces metal 3d charge delocalization onto the ligands. This net decrease of metal–ligand covalency results in lower metal-centered excited state energies in agreement with previously reported excited state dynamics. Furthermore, traces of solvent-effects were found indicating a varying interaction strength of the solvent with ligands of different character. Our results demonstrate how ligand exchange can be exploited to shape frontier orbitals of transition metal complexes in solution-phase chemistry; insights upon which future efforts can built when tailoring the functionality of photoactive systems for light-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Jay RM, Norell J, Eckert S, Hantschmann M, Beye M, Kennedy B, Quevedo W, Schlotter WF, Dakovski GL, Minitti MP, Hoffmann MC, Mitra A, Moeller SP, Nordlund D, Zhang W, Liang HW, Kunnus K, Kubiček K, Techert SA, Lundberg M, Wernet P, Gaffney K, Odelius M, Föhlisch A. Disentangling Transient Charge Density and Metal-Ligand Covalency in Photoexcited Ferricyanide with Femtosecond Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3538-3543. [PMID: 29888918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soft X-ray spectroscopies are ideal probes of the local valence electronic structure of photocatalytically active metal sites. Here, we apply the selectivity of time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the iron L-edge to the transient charge distribution of an optically excited charge-transfer state in aqueous ferricyanide. Through comparison to steady-state spectra and quantum chemical calculations, the coupled effects of valence-shell closing and ligand-hole creation are experimentally and theoretically disentangled and described in terms of orbital occupancy, metal-ligand covalency, and ligand field splitting, thereby extending established steady-state concepts to the excited-state domain. π-Back-donation is found to be mainly determined by the metal site occupation, whereas the ligand hole instead influences σ-donation. Our results demonstrate how ultrafast resonant inelastic X-ray scattering can help characterize local charge distributions around catalytic metal centers in short-lived charge-transfer excited states, as a step toward future rationalization and tailoring of photocatalytic capabilities of transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Jesper Norell
- Department of Physics , Stockholm University , Albanova University Center , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Markus Hantschmann
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- DESY Photon Science , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ankush Mitra
- LCLS, SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | | | - Dennis Nordlund
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Huiyang W Liang
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Kristjan Kunnus
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | | | - Simone A Techert
- DESY Photon Science , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
- Institute for X-ray Physics , Göttingen University , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ȧngström Laboratory , Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala , Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy , Università di Siena , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Kelly Gaffney
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics , Stockholm University , Albanova University Center , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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Liu B, Glass EN, Wang RP, Cui YT, Harada Y, Huang DJ, Schuppler S, Hill CL, de Groot FMF. Cobalt-to-vanadium charge transfer in polyoxometalate water oxidation catalysts revealed by 2p3d resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:4554-4562. [PMID: 29376165 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06786k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
2p3d RIXS spectra reveal electronic structures ofCo4V2WOC, which offers insights into its enhanced catalytic activity thanCo4P2WOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Ru-Pan Wang
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- The Netherlands
| | - Yi-Tao Cui
- Institute for Solid State Physics
- The University of Tokyo
- Chiba 277-8581
- Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Institute for Solid State Physics
- The University of Tokyo
- Chiba 277-8581
- Japan
| | - Di-Jing Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center
- Hsinchu 30076
- Taiwan
| | - Stefan Schuppler
- Institut fuer Festkorperphysik
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- Karlsruhe 76021
- Germany
| | | | - Frank M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry & Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- The Netherlands
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6
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Hahn AW, Van Kuiken BE, al Samarai M, Atanasov M, Weyhermüller T, Cui YT, Miyawaki J, Harada Y, Nicolaou A, DeBeer S. Measurement of the Ligand Field Spectra of Ferrous and Ferric Iron Chlorides Using 2p3d RIXS. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8203-8211. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anselm W. Hahn
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin E. Van Kuiken
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mustafa al Samarai
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mihail Atanasov
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Akad. Georgi Bontchev Street 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Yi-Tao Cui
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Jun Miyawaki
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Alessandro Nicolaou
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Boîte Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34−36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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7
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Cui Z, Xie C, Feng X, Becknell N, Yang P, Lu Y, Zhai X, Liu X, Yang W, Chuang YD, Guo J. Revealing the Size-Dependent d-d Excitations of Cobalt Nanoparticles Using Soft X-ray Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:319-325. [PMID: 28001072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-based catalysts are widely used to produce liquid fuels through the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reaction. However, the cobalt nanocatalysts can exhibit intriguing size-dependent activity whose origin remains heavily debated. To shed light on this issue, the electronic structures of cobalt nanoparticles with size ranging from 4 to 10 nm are studied using soft X-ray absorption (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) spectroscopies. The RIXS measurements reveal the significant size-dependent d-d excitations, from which we determine that the crystal-field splitting energy 10Dq changes from 0.6 to 0.9 eV when the particle size is reduced from 10 to 4 nm. The finding that larger Co nanoparticles have smaller 10Dq value is further confirmed by the Co L-edge RIXS simulations with atomic multiplet code. Our RIXS results demonstrate a stronger Co-O bond in smaller Co nanoparticles, which brings in further insight into their size-dependent catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangzhang Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Chenlu Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xuefei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Nigel Becknell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yalin Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yi-De Chuang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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