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Hu Y, Wu Y, Song J, Ma M, Xiao Y, Zeng B. Advancing Cordyceps militaris Industry: Gene Manipulation and Sustainable Biotechnological Strategies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:783. [PMID: 39199741 PMCID: PMC11351413 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is considered to be of great medicinal potential due to its remarkable pharmacological effects, safety, and edible characteristics. With the completion of the genome sequence and the advancement of efficient gene-editing technologies, coupled with the identification of gene functions in Cordyceps militaris, this fungus is poised to emerge as an outstanding strain for medicinal engineering applications. This review focuses on the development and application of genomic editing techniques, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT), PEG-mediated protoplast transformation (PMT), and CRISPR/Cas9. Through the application of these techniques, researchers can engineer the biosynthetic pathways of valuable secondary metabolites to boost yields; such metabolites include cordycepin, polysaccharides, and ergothioneine. Furthermore, by identifying and modifying genes that influence the growth, disease resistance, and tolerance to environmental stress in Cordyceps militaris, it is possible to stimulate growth, enhance desirable traits, and increase resilience to unfavorable conditions. Finally, the green sustainable industrial development of C. militaris using agricultural waste to produce high-value-added products and the future research directions of C. militaris were discussed. This review will provide future directions for the large-scale production of bioactive ingredients, molecular breeding, and sustainable development of C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.H.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (M.M.); (Y.X.)
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Xiong K, Xue S, Guo H, Dai Y, Ji C, Dong L, Zhang S. Ergothioneine: new functional factor in fermented foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:7505-7516. [PMID: 36891762 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2185766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a high-value natural sulfur-containing amino acid and has been shown to possess extremely potent antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. At present, EGT has been widely used in food, functional food, cosmetics, medicine, and other industries, but its low yield is still an urgent problem to overcome. This review briefly introduced the biological activities and functions of EGT, and expounded its specific applications in food, functional food, cosmetic, and medical industries, introduced and compared the main production methods of EGT and respective biosynthetic pathways in different microorganisms. Furthermore, the use of genetic and metabolic engineering methods to improve EGT production was discussed. In addition, the incorporation of some food-derived EGT-producing strains into fermentation process will allow the EGT to act as a new functional factor in the fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Xiong
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Siyu Xue
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiwei Dai
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Chaofan Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Zabed HM, Qi X. Fermentative Production of Ergothioneine by Exploring Novel Biosynthetic Pathway and Remodulating Precursor Synthesis Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14264-14273. [PMID: 38860833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a naturally occurring derivative of histidine with diverse applications in the medicine, cosmetic, and food industries. Nevertheless, its sustainable biosynthesis faces hurdles due to the limited biosynthetic pathways, complex metabolic network of precursors, and high cost associated with fermentation. Herein, efforts were made to address these limitations first by reconstructing a novel EGT biosynthetic pathway from Methylobacterium aquaticum in Escherichia coli and optimizing it through plasmid copy number. Subsequently, the supply of precursor amino acids was promoted by engineering the global regulator, recruiting mutant resistant to feedback inhibition, and blocking competitive pathways. These metabolic modifications resulted in a significant improvement in EGT production, increasing from 35 to 130 mg/L, representing a remarkable increase of 271.4%. Furthermore, an economical medium was developed by replacing yeast extract with corn steep liquor, a byproduct of wet milling of corn. Finally, the production of EGT reached 595 mg/L with a productivity of 8.2 mg/L/h by exploiting fed-batch fermentation in a 10 L bioreactor. This study paves the way for exploring and modulating a de novo biosynthetic pathway for efficient and low-cost fermentative production of EGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hossain M Zabed
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Xiong K, Guo H, Xue S, Liu M, Dai Y, Lin X, Zhang S. Production optimization of food functional factor ergothioneine in wild-type red yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DL-X01. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4050-4057. [PMID: 38353320 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ergothioneine (EGT) is a high-value food functional factor that cannot be synthesized by humans and other vertebrates, and the low yield limits its application. RESULTS In this study, the optimal fermentation temperature, fermentation time, initial pH, inoculum age, and inoculation ratio on EGT biosynthesis of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DL-X01 were optimized. In addition, the effects of three key precursor substances - histidine, methionine, and cysteine - on fungal EGT synthesis were verified. The optimal conditions were further obtained by response surface optimization. The EGT yield of R. mucilaginosa DL-X01 under optimal fermentation conditions reached 64.48 ± 2.30 mg L-1 at shake flask fermentation level. Finally, the yield was increased to 339.08 ± 3.31 mg L-1 (intracellular) by fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest EGT yield ever reported in non-recombinant strains. The fermentation strategy described in this study will promote the efficient biosynthesis of EGT in red yeast and its sustainable production in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Xiong
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Guo
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Siyu Xue
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiwei Dai
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinping Lin
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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Ding YX, Chen JW, Ke J, Hu FY, Wen JC, Dong YG, Wang FQ, Xiong LB. Co-augmentation of a transport gene mfsT1 in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum with genome engineering to enhance ergothioneine production. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300705. [PMID: 38253966 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a rare thiohistidine derivative with exceptional antioxidant properties. The blood level of EGT is considered highly reliable predictors for cardiovascular diseases and mortality, yet animals lack the ability to synthesize this compound. Free plasmids have been previously used to overexpress genes involved in the EGT biosynthetic pathway of Mycolicibacterium neoaurum. Here, we tentatively introduced a putative transporter gene mfsT1 into high-copy plasmids and sharply increased the ratio of extracellular EGT concentration from 18.7% to 44.9%. Subsequently, an additional copy of egtABCDE, hisG, and mfsT1 was inserted into the genome with a site-specific genomic integration tool of M. neoaurum, leading a 2.7 times increase in EGT production. Co-enhancing the S-adenosyl-L-methionine regeneration pathway, or alternatively, the integration of three copies of egtABCDE, hisG and mfsT1 into the genome further increased the total EGT yield by 16.1% (64.6 mg/L) and 21.7% (67.7 mg/L), respectively. After 168-h cultivation, the highest titer reached 85.9 mg/L in the latter strain with three inserted copies. This study provided a solid foundation for genome engineering to increase the production of EGT in M. neoaurum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xue Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Wei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Yang Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Chen Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Guo Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang-Bin Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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6
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Xiong K, Guo H, Xue S, Dai Y, Dong L, Ji C, Zhang S. Cost-effective production of ergothioneine using Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DL-X01 from molasses and fish bone meal enzymatic hydrolysate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130101. [PMID: 38013036 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a high-value natural antioxidant that cannot be synthesized by the human body. This study showed that Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DL-X01 can use untreated molasses and fish bone meal enzymatic hydrolysate as the substrates to synthesize EGT. By optimizing the growth conditions, the EGT yield reached 29.39 mg/L when molasses and fish bone meal (FBM) were added at 60 g/L and 400 g/L respectively. Finally, the EGT yield was increased to 216.25 mg/L by fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. Compared with the fermentation by yeast extract peptone dextrose medium, the feedstock cost of EGT production was reduced by 330.91 % by using molasses and FBM as substrates. These results showed that R. mucilaginosa DL-X01 can produce high-value EGT using two cheap processing by-products, molasses and FBM, which is of great significance for environmental protection and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Xiong
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Hui Guo
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Siyu Xue
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yiwei Dai
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Liang Dong
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Chaofan Ji
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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Xie J, Yu Y, You J, Ye Z, Zhou F, Wang N, Zhong J, Guo L, Lin J. Ganoderma Fusions with High Yield of Ergothioneine and Comparative Analysis of Its Genomics. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1072. [PMID: 37998877 PMCID: PMC10672712 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT), an exceptional antioxidant found ubiquitously across diverse living organisms, plays a pivotal role in various vital physiological regulatory functions. Its principal natural sources are mushrooms and animal liver tissues. Ganoderma spp., a traditional Chinese food and medicinal mushroom, boasts high concentrations of EGT. To advance the development of novel Ganoderma spp. strains with enhanced EGT yields, we employed an efficient Ganoderma spp. protoplasmic fusion system. Through molecular and biological characterization, we successfully generated seven novel fusion strains. Notably, fusion strain RS7 demonstrated a remarkable increase in mycelial EGT production (12.70 ± 1.85 mg/L), surpassing the parental strains FQ16 and FQ23 by 34.23% and 39.10%, respectively. Furthermore, in the context of the fruiting body, fusion strain RS11 displayed a notable 53.58% enhancement in EGT production (11.24 ± 1.96 mg/L) compared to its parental strains. Genomic analysis of the RS7, the strain with the highest levels of mycelial EGT production, revealed mutations in the gene EVM0005141 associated with EGT metabolism. These mutations led to a reduction in non-productive shunts, subsequently redirecting more substrate towards the EGT synthesis pathway. This redirection significantly boosted EGT production in the RS7 strain. The insights gained from this study provide valuable guidance for the commercial-scale production of EGT and the selective breeding of Ganoderma spp. strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xie
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (F.Z.); (L.G.)
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yinghao Yu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (F.Z.); (L.G.)
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junjiang You
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (F.Z.); (L.G.)
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiwei Ye
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (F.Z.); (L.G.)
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fenglong Zhou
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (F.Z.); (L.G.)
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Na Wang
- Guangzhou Alchemy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 139 Hongming Road Guangzhou Economic Technology Zone, Guangzhou 510760, China; (N.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingru Zhong
- Guangzhou Alchemy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 139 Hongming Road Guangzhou Economic Technology Zone, Guangzhou 510760, China; (N.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Liqiong Guo
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (F.Z.); (L.G.)
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junfang Lin
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.X.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.); (F.Z.); (L.G.)
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhang L, Tang J, Feng M, Chen S. Engineering Methyltransferase and Sulfoxide Synthase for High-Yield Production of Ergothioneine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:671-679. [PMID: 36571834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual sulfur-containing amino acid with antioxidant activity that can be synthesized by certain bacteria and fungi. Microbial fermentation is a promising method for ERG production. In this study, the bifunctional enzyme methyltransferase-sulfoxide synthase NcEgt1 from Neurospora crassa was truncated to obtain sulfoxide synthase TNcEgt1, which showed a higher expression level in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Then, the genes egtD encoding methyltransferase EgtD and egtE encoding C-S lyase EgtE from Mycobacterium smegmatis were cloned with TncEgt1 into E. coli BL21(DE3) to produce 70 mg/L ERG. To improve ERG production, TNcEgt1 and EgtD were modified, and the resulting mutants were screened with an established high-throughput method which could directly analyze the ERG content in culture broths. After several rounds of mutation and screening, the optimal mutant MD4 was obtained and produced 290 mg/L ERG. Furthermore, a fed-batch culture was conducted in a 5 L bioreactor. After optimizing the fermentation process, the ERG yield reached 5.4 g/L after 94 h of cultivation supplemented with amino acids and glycerol, which is the highest ERG yield reported to date. The results showed that ERG production was significantly improved by modifying the key enzymes, and the engineered strains constructed in this study have potential industrial application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwen Zhang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Shaoxin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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Hirasawa T, Shimoyamada Y, Tachikawa Y, Satoh Y, Kawano Y, Dairi T, Ohtsu I. Ergothioneine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum harboring heterologous biosynthesis pathways. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:25-33. [PMID: 36334975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum was engineered to produce ergothioneine, an amino acid derivative with high antioxidant activity. The ergothioneine biosynthesis genes, egtABCDE, from Mycolicibacterium smegmatis were introduced into wild-type and l-cysteine-producing strains of C. glutamicum to evaluate their ergothioneine production. In the l-cysteine-producing strain, ergothioneine production reached approximately 40 mg L-1 after 2 weeks, and the amount was higher than that in the wild-type strain. As C. glutamicum possesses an ortholog of M. smegmatis egtA, which encodes an enzyme responsible for γ-glutamyl-l-cysteine synthesis, the effect of introducing egtBCDE genes on ergothioneine production in the l-cysteine-producing strain was evaluated, revealing that a further increase to more than 70 mg L-1 was achieved. As EgtBs from Methylobacterium bacteria are reported to use l-cysteine as a sulfur donor in ergothioneine biosynthesis, egtB from Methylobacterium was expressed with M. smegmatis egtDE in the l-cysteine-producing strain. As a result, ergothioneine production was further improved to approximately 100 mg L-1. These results indicate that utilization of the l-cysteine-producing strain and introduction of heterologous biosynthesis pathways from M. smegmatis and Methylobacterium bacteria are effective for improved ergothioneine production by C. glutamicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirasawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuki Shimoyamada
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yukio Tachikawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Satoh
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 & W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawano
- Gradutate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13 & W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Iwao Ohtsu
- Gradutate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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10
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Beliaeva M, Seebeck FP. Discovery and Characterization of the Metallopterin-Dependent Ergothioneine Synthase from Caldithrix abyssi. JACS AU 2022; 2:2098-2107. [PMID: 36186560 PMCID: PMC9516567 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a histidine derivative with a 2-mercaptoimidazole side chain and a trimethylated α-amino group. Although the physiological function of this natural product is not yet understood, the facts that many bacteria, some archaea, and most fungi produce ergothioneine and that plants and animals have specific mechanisms to absorb and distribute ergothioneine in specific tissues suggest a fundamental role in cellular life. The observation that ergothioneine biosynthesis has emerged multiple times in molecular evolution points to the same conclusion. Aerobic bacteria and fungi attach sulfur to the imidazole ring of trimethylhistidine via an O2-dependent reaction that is catalyzed by a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme. Green sulfur bacteria and archaea use a rhodanese-like sulfur transferase to attach sulfur via oxidative polar substitution. In this report, we describe a third unrelated class of enzymes that catalyze sulfur transfer in ergothioneine production. The metallopterin-dependent ergothioneine synthase from Caldithrix abyssi contains an N-terminal module that is related to the tungsten-dependent acetylene hydratase and a C-terminal domain that is a functional cysteine desulfurase. The two modules cooperate to transfer sulfur from cysteine onto trimethylhistidine. Inactivation of the C-terminal desulfurase blocks ergothioneine production but maintains the ability of the metallopterin to exchange sulfur between ergothioneine and trimethylhistidine. Homologous bifunctional enzymes are encoded exclusively in anaerobic bacterial and archaeal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia
A. Beliaeva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular
Systems Engineering, National Competence
Center in Research (NCCR), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Molecular
Systems Engineering, National Competence
Center in Research (NCCR), 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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A Single Aspergillus fumigatus Gene Enables Ergothioneine Biosynthesis and Secretion by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810832. [PMID: 36142753 PMCID: PMC9502471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring sulphur-containing histidine derivative, ergothioneine (EGT), exhibits potent antioxidant properties and has been proposed to confer human health benefits. Although it is only produced by select fungi and prokaryotes, likely to protect against environmental stress, the GRAS organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not produce EGT naturally. Herein, it is demonstrated that the recombinant expression of a single gene, Aspergillus fumigatus egtA, in S. cerevisiae results in EgtA protein presence which unexpectedly confers complete EGT biosynthetic capacity. Both High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and LC−mass spectrometry (MS) analysis were deployed to detect and confirm EGT production in S. cerevisiae. The localisation and quantification of the resultant EGT revealed a significantly (p < 0.0001) larger quantity of EGT was extracellularly present in culture supernatants than intracellularly accumulated in 96 h yeast cultures. Methionine addition to cultures improved EGT production. The additional expression of two candidate cysteine desulfurases from A. fumigatus was thought to be required to complete EGT biosynthesis, namely AFUA_2G13295 and AFUA_3G14240, termed egt2a and egt2b in this study. However, the co-expression of egtA and egt2a in S. cerevisiae resulted in a significant decrease in the observed EGT levels (p < 0.05). The AlphaFold prediction of A. fumigatus EgtA 3-Dimensional structure illuminates the bidomain structure of the enzyme and the opposing locations of both active sites. Overall, we clearly show that recombinant S. cerevisiae can biosynthesise and secrete EGT in an EgtA-dependent manner which presents a facile means of producing EGT for biotechnological and biomedical use.
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12
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. The potential role of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in chronic, relapsing diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Long COVID, and ME/CFS: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Biochem J 2022; 479:1653-1708. [PMID: 36043493 PMCID: PMC9484810 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, initiated via bursts of reactive oxygen species produced during the reoxygenation phase following hypoxia, is well known in a variety of acute circumstances. We argue here that I-R injury also underpins elements of the pathology of a variety of chronic, inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, ME/CFS and, our chief focus and most proximally, Long COVID. Ischaemia may be initiated via fibrin amyloid microclot blockage of capillaries, for instance as exercise is started; reperfusion is a necessary corollary when it finishes. We rehearse the mechanistic evidence for these occurrences here, in terms of their manifestation as oxidative stress, hyperinflammation, mast cell activation, the production of marker metabolites and related activities. Such microclot-based phenomena can explain both the breathlessness/fatigue and the post-exertional malaise that may be observed in these conditions, as well as many other observables. The recognition of these processes implies, mechanistically, that therapeutic benefit is potentially to be had from antioxidants, from anti-inflammatories, from iron chelators, and via suitable, safe fibrinolytics, and/or anti-clotting agents. We review the considerable existing evidence that is consistent with this, and with the biochemical mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602, South Africa
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13
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Chen BX, Xue LN, Wei T, Ye ZW, Li XH, Guo LQ, Lin JF. Enhancement of ergothioneine production by discovering and regulating its metabolic pathway in Cordyceps militaris. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:169. [PMID: 35999536 PMCID: PMC9396837 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cordyceps militaris is a traditional medicinal fungus contains a variety of functional ingredients and has been developed as an important mushroom food recently. Ergothioneine, one of the antioxidative compounds in C. militaris, is benefits on aging-related diseases and therefore became a novel functional food nutritive fortifier. Currently, the main diet source of ergothioneine is mushroom food. However, the mushroom farming faces the problems such as rather low ingredient yield and spontaneous degeneration associated fruiting body that restricts large scale production of ergothioneine. Results In this study, we excavated the ergothioneine synthetases in mushroom and modified the genes in C. militaris to construct a new ergothioneine synthesis pathway. By further introducing this pathway into C. militaris genome, we succeeded to increase the ingredients’ production of engineering strain, the highest amount of ergothioneine and cordycepin were up to 2.5 g/kg dry weight and 2 g/L, respectively. Additionally, the expression of ergothioneine synthetase genes in the shape-mutated degenerative C. militaris could recover the ability of degenerative strain to produce high amount of ingredients, suggesting the metabolic regulation of ergothioneine might release the symptom of mushroom degeneration. Conclusion This study reveals a new pathway to fulfill the market needs of functional mushroom food and food fortifier ergothioneine. It implied the mycelium of C. militaris could be engineered as a novel medicinal mushroom food which could produce higher amount of valuable ingredients. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01891-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Xiong Chen
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ling-Na Xue
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xue-Hai Li
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China. .,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China. .,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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14
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Engineering precursor supply for the high-level production of ergothioneine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2022; 70:129-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Qiu Y, Chen Z, Su E, Wang L, Sun L, Lei P, Xu H, Li S. Recent Strategies for the Biosynthesis of Ergothioneine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13682-13690. [PMID: 34757754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a unique naturally occurring amino acid that is usually biosynthesized by bacteria and fungi. As a food-derived antioxidant and cytoprotectant, it has several physiological benefits and has a wide range of applications in food, medicine, and cosmetics. Traditional production of EGT is mainly through biological extraction or chemical synthesis; however, these methods are inefficient, making large-scale production to meet the growing market demand difficult. Nowadays, the rapid development of synthetic biology has greatly accelerated the research on the EGT production by microbial fermentation. In this paper, the biological characteristics, applications, biosynthesis, separation, and detection methods of EGT were fully reviewed. Furthermore, the approaches and challenges for engineering microbial cells to efficiently synthesize EGT were also discussed. This work provides new ideas and future research potentials in EGT production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Qiu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Yangzhou Rixing Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225601, P. R. China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Erzheng Su
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Libin Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Liang Sun
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lei
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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16
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Han Y, Tang X, Zhang Y, Hu X, Ren LJ. The current status of biotechnological production and the application of a novel antioxidant ergothioneine. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:580-593. [PMID: 33550854 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a sulfur-containing histidine derivative, that possessesexcellent antioxidant activity and has been used in the food and cosmetics industries. It plays a significant role in anti-aging and the prevention of various diseases. This review will briefly introduce the functions and applications of ergothioneine, elaborate the biosynthetic pathways of ergothioneine and describe several strategies to increase the production of ergothioneine. Then the efficient extraction and detection methods of ergothioneine will be presented. Finally, several proposals are put forward to increase the yield of ergothioneine, and the development prospects of ergothioneine will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Han
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyang Tang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechao Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu TianKai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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17
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Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Ergothioneine, recent developments. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101868. [PMID: 33558182 PMCID: PMC8113028 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent surge of interest in the unique low molecular weight dietary thiol/thione, ergothioneine. This compound can accumulate at high levels in the body from diet and may play important physiological roles in human health and development, and possibly in prevention and treatment of disease. Blood levels of ergothioneine decline with age and onset of various diseases. Here we highlight recent advances in our knowledge of ergothioneine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore; Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore; Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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