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Zou X, Zhang J, Cheng T, Guo Y, Zhang L, Han X, Liu C, Wan Y, Ye X, Cao X, Song C, Zhao G, Xiang D. New strategies to address world food security and elimination of malnutrition: future role of coarse cereals in human health. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1301445. [PMID: 38107010 PMCID: PMC10722300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1301445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
As we face increasing challenges of world food security and malnutrition, coarse cereals are coming into favor as an important supplement to human staple foods due to their high nutritional value. In addition, their functional components, such as flavonoids and polyphenols, make them an important food source for healthy diets. However, we lack a systematic understanding of the importance of coarse cereals for world food security and nutritional goals. This review summarizes the worldwide cultivation and distribution of coarse cereals, indicating that the global area for coarse cereal cultivation is steadily increasing. This paper also focuses on the special adaptive mechanisms of coarse cereals to drought and discusses the strategies to improve coarse cereal crop yields from the perspective of agricultural production systems. The future possibilities, challenges, and opportunities for coarse cereal production are summarized in the face of food security challenges, and new ideas for world coarse cereal production are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoning Cao
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chao Song
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dabing Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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Lu XQ, Qin S, Li J. Radical Scavenging Capability and Mechanism of Three Isoflavonoids Extracted from Radix Astragali: A Theoretical Study. Molecules 2023; 28:5039. [PMID: 37446701 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a valuable traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix Astragali has attracted much attention due to its extensive pharmacological activities. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) was used thermodynamically and kinetically in detail to predict the antioxidant activity and reaction mechanisms involved in the free radical scavenging reactions of three representative isoflavonoids (formononetin, calycosin, and calycosin-7-glucoside) extracted from Radix Astragali. Three main mechanisms, including hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), proton transfer after electron transfer (SET-PT), and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) were examined by calculating the thermodynamic parameters. It was found that HAT is the predominant mechanism in the gas phase, while SPLET is supported in the solvent environment. The isoflavonoids' order of antioxidant activity was estimated as: calycosin > calycosin-7-glucoside > formononetin. For the calycosin compound, the result revealed the feasibility of double HAT mechanisms, which involve the formation of stable benzodioxazole with significantly reduced energy in the second H+/e- reaction. In addition, the potential energy profiles and kinetic calculations show that the reaction of •OH into the 3'-OH site of calycosin has a lower energy barrier (7.2 kcal/mol) and higher rate constant (4.55 × 109 M-1 s-1) compared with other reactions in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Lu
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Shu Qin
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Jindong Li
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Prasetyo WE, Triadmojo B, Kusumaningsih T, Marliyana SD, Wibowo FR, Firdaus M. Mechanistic insight into the free radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor potent of monoacetylphloroglucinols (MAPGs). Free Radic Res 2023:1-33. [PMID: 37315300 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2225731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Three novel antioxidant candidates based on phenolic polyketide, monoacetylphloroglucinol (MAPG), a natural antibiotic compound produced by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 have been proposed. Initially, a green and highly efficient route to the synthesis of MAPG and its two analogues from phloroglucinol (PG) has been developed. Afterward, their rational mechanism of antioxidant activity has been investigated based on thermodynamic descriptors involved in the double ( 2H+/2e-) radical trapping processes. These calculations have been performed using the systematic density functional theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP/Def2-SVP level of theory in the gas phase and aqueous solution. Our findings reveal that the double formal hydrogen atom transfer (df-HAT) mechanism is preferred in the gas phase, while the double sequential proton loss electron transfer (dSPLET) mechanism is preferred in aqueous solution for all MAPGs. The 6-OH group represents the most favourable site for trapping radical species for all MAPGs, which is supported by the pKa values obtained from DFT calculations. The role of acyl substituents on the PG ring has been comprehensively discussed. The presence of acyl substituents has a strong influence on the thermodynamic parameters of the phenolic O-H bond in PG. These results are supported by frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) analysis, where the addition of acyl substituents increases the chemical reactivity of MAPGs significantly. Based on molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MDs), MAPGs are also predicted to be promising candidates for xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition.HighlightsThe antioxidant activity of the three synthesised MAPGs has been investigated using the DFT method.Acyl substituents increase the chemical reactivity and antioxidant activity of MAPGs.df-HAT is the preferred mechanism in the gas phase.dSPLET seems to be more favoured in aqueous solution.MAPGs are expected to be promising xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu Eko Prasetyo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No.36A, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia
| | - Bram Triadmojo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No.36A, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia
| | - Triana Kusumaningsih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No.36A, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia
| | - Soerya Dewi Marliyana
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No.36A, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia
| | - Fajar Rakhman Wibowo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No.36A, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia
| | - Maulidan Firdaus
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No.36A, Surakarta, 57126, Indonesia
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Pretorius CJ, Dubery IA. Avenanthramides, Distinctive Hydroxycinnamoyl Conjugates of Oat, Avena sativa L.: An Update on the Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Bioactivities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1388. [PMID: 36987077 PMCID: PMC10055937 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Avenanthramides are a group of N-cinnamoylanthranilic acids (phenolic alkaloid compounds) that are produced in oat plants as phytoalexins, in response to pathogen attack and elicitation. The enzyme catalysing the cinnamamide-generating reaction is hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: hydroxyanthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HHT, a member of the super family of BAHD acyltransferases). HHT from oat appears to have a narrow range of substrate usage, with preferred use of 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid (and to a lesser extent, other hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives) as acceptor molecules, but is able to use both substituted cinnamoyl-CoA and avenalumoyl-CoA thioesters as donor molecules. Avenanthramides thus combine carbon skeletons from both the stress-inducible shikimic acid and phenylpropanoid pathways. These features contribute to the chemical characteristics of avenanthramides as multifunctional plant defence compounds, as antimicrobial agents and anti-oxidants. Although avenanthramides are naturally and uniquely synthesised in oat plants, these molecules also exhibit medicinal and pharmaceutical uses important for human health, prompting research into utilisation of biotechnology to enhance agriculture and value-added production.
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Chen M, Li Z, Sun G, Jin S, Hao X, Zhang C, Liu L, Zhang L, Liu H. Theoretical study on the free radical scavenging potency and mechanism of natural coumestans: Roles of substituent, noncovalent interaction and solvent. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 207:113580. [PMID: 36587886 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The free radical scavenging potency and mechanisms of seven representative natural coumestans were systematically evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) approach. Thermodynamic feasibility of different mechanisms was assessed by various physio-chemical descriptors involved in the double (2H+/2e‒) radical-trapping processes. Energy diagram and related transition state structures of the reaction between wedelolactone (WEL) and hydroperoxyl radical were constructed to further uncover the radical-trapping details. Results showed that the studied coumestans prefer to scavenge radicals via formal hydrogen atom transfer (fHAT) mechanism in the gas phase and non-polar environment, whereas sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) is favored in polar media. Moreover, the feasibility of second fHAT and SPLET processes was also revealed. Sequential double proton loss double electron transfer (SdPLdET) mechanism represents the preferred pathway in aqueous solution at physiological pH. Our findings highlight the essential role of ortho-dihydroxyl group, noncovalent interaction and solvents on radical-trapping potency. 4'-OH in D-ring was found to be the most favorable site to trap radical for most of the studied coumestans, whereas 3-OH in A-ring for lucernol (LUN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Gang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Shuang Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Xiyue Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, No.209, Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China.
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Sprouting and Hydrolysis as Biotechnological Tools for Development of Nutraceutical Ingredients from Oat Grain and Hull. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182769. [PMID: 36140899 PMCID: PMC9497932 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oat consumption has increased during the last decade because of the health benefits associated with its soluble dietary fiber (β-glucan), functional proteins, lipids, and the presence of specific phytochemicals, such as avenanthramides. Oat is consumed mainly as whole grain, and the hull (seed coat), comprising 25–35% of the entire grain, is removed, generating a large amount of waste/by-product from the milling industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of biotechnological strategies, such as sprouting for oat grain (OG) and hydrolysis for oat hull (OH), to enhance antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and lower the glycemic index (GI). Sprouting produced significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in free (32.10 to 76.62 mg GAE (100 g)−1) and bound phenols (60.45 to 124.36 mg GAE (100 g)−1), increasing significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the avenanthramide (2c, 2p and 2f) soluble phenolic alkaloid content and anti-inflammatory properties of OG. On the other hand, the hydrolysis of OH using Viscoferm (EH2-OH) and Ultraflo XL (EH21-OH) increased by 4.5 and 5-fold the release of bound phenols, respectively; meanwhile, the use of Viscoferm increased the 4.55-fold soluble β-glucan content in OH, reaching values close to those of OG (4.04 vs. 4.46 g (100 g)−1). The study shows the potential of both strategies to enhance the nutritional and bioactive properties of OG and OH and describes these processes as feasible for the industry to obtain an ingredient with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Single or combined biotechnological tools can be used on oat grains and hulls to provide nutraceutical ingredients.
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Mittal A, Vashistha VK, Das DK. Recent advances in the antioxidant activity and mechanisms of chalcone derivatives: a computational review. Free Radic Res 2022; 56:378-397. [PMID: 36063087 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2022.2120396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have reported the antioxidant mechanisms and structure-antioxidant activity relationship of several chalcone derivatives, investigated in the recent past, based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, considering free radical scavenging and metal chelation ability. The antioxidant mechanisms include hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET), single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT), sequential proton loss hydrogen atom transfer (SPLHAT), sequential double proton loss electron transfer (SdPLET), sequential triple proton loss double electron transfer (StPLdET), sequential triple proton loss triple electron transfer (StPLtET), double HAT, double SPLET, double SET-PT, triple HAT, triple SET-PT, triple SPLET, proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), single electron transfer (SET), radical adduct formation (RAF) and radical adduct formation followed by hydrogen atom abstraction (RAF-HAA). Furthermore, solvent effects have also been considered using different solvation models. The feasibility of scavenging different reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) has been discussed considering various factors such as the number and position of hydroxyl as well as methoxy groups present in the antioxidant molecule, stability of the species formed after scavenging reactive species, nature of substituent, steric effects, etc. This review opens new perspectives for designing new compounds with better antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Vashistha
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Das
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, India
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Purushothaman A, Jishnu Gopal P, Janardanan D. Mechanistic insights on the radical scavenging activity of oat avenanthramides. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiswarya Purushothaman
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences Central University of Kerala Kasaragod Kerala India
| | - Puthiyottil Jishnu Gopal
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences Central University of Kerala Kasaragod Kerala India
| | - Deepa Janardanan
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences Central University of Kerala Kasaragod Kerala India
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Nath A, Chakrabarti P, Sen S, Barui A. Reactive Oxygen Species in Modulating Intestinal Stem Cell Dynamics and Function. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2328-2350. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xue Y, Chen M, Li Z, Zhang L, Wang G, Zheng Y, An L. Effects of hydroxyl group, glycosylation and solvents on the antioxidant activity and mechanism of maclurin and its derivatives: Theoretical insights. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yu Y, Zhou L, Li X, Liu J, Li H, Gong L, Zhang J, Wang J, Sun B. The Progress of Nomenclature, Structure, Metabolism, and Bioactivities of Oat Novel Phytochemical: Avenanthramides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:446-457. [PMID: 34994561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oats are among the most commonly consumed whole grains and are widely grown worldwide, and they contain numerous nutrients, including proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, β-glucan, and unique phytochemical polyphenol avenanthramides (Avns). Recent studies have indicated that Avns play essential roles in mediating the health benefits of oats. This review systemically summarized the nomenclature and structures of Avns, effect of germination on promoting Avns production, and in vivo metabolites produced after Avns consumption. The classical functions and novel potential bioactivities of Avns were further elucidated. The classical functions of Avns in cancer prevention, antioxidative response, anti-inflammatory reaction, and maintaining muscle health were expounded, and the internal mechanisms of these functions were analyzed. The potential novel bioactivities of Avns in modulating gut microbiota, alleviating obesity, and preventing chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and osteoporosis, were further revealed. This review may provide new prospects and directions for the development and utilization of oat Avns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Yu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Linyue Zhou
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinping Li
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lingxiao Gong
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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