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Song Y, Yang X, Li S, Luo Y, Chang JS, Hu Z. Thraustochytrids as a promising source of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols: bioactive compound biosynthesis, and modern biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:618-640. [PMID: 37158096 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2196373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are eukaryotes and obligate marine protists. They are increasingly considered to be a promising feed additive because of their superior and sustainable application in the production of health-benefiting bioactive compounds, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols. Moreover, the increasing demand makes it critical to rationally design the targeted products by engineering industrial strains. In this review, bioactive compounds accumulated in thraustochytrids were comprehensively evaluated according to their chemical structure, properties, and physiological function. Metabolic networks and biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols were methodically summarized. Further, stress-based strategies used in thraustochytrids were reviewed to explore the potential methodologies for enhancing specific product yields. There are internal relationships between the biosynthesis of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols in thraustochytrids since they share some branches of the synthetic routes with some intermediate substrates in common. Although there are classic synthesis pathways presented in the previous research, the metabolic flow of how these compounds are being synthesized in thraustochytrids still remains uncovered. Further, combined with omics technologies to deeply understand the mechanism and effects of different stresses is necessary, which could provide guidance for genetic engineering. While gene-editing technology has allowed targeted gene knock-in and knock-outs in thraustochytrids, efficient gene editing is still required. This critical review will provide comprehensive information to benefit boosting the commercial productivity of specific bioactive substances by thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Song
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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2
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Li J, Zheng Y, Yang WQ, Wei ZY, Xu YS, Zhang ZX, Ma W, Sun XM. Enhancing the accumulation of lipid and docosahexaenoic acid in Schizochytrium sp. by co-overexpression of phosphopantetheinyl transferase and ω-3 fatty acid desaturase. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300314. [PMID: 37596914 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as one of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), plays a key role in brain development, and is widely used in food additives and the pharmaceutical industry. Schizochytrium sp. is often considered as a satisfactory strain for DHA industrialization. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) and ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD) for regulating DHA content in Schizochytrium sp. PPTase is essential to activate the polyketide-like synthase (PKS) pathway, which can transfer apo-acyl-carrier protein (apo-ACP) into holo-ACP, and plays a key role in DHA synthesis. Moreover, DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are synthesized by the PKS pathway simultaneously, so high DPA synthesis limits the increase of DHA content. In addition, the detailed mechanisms of PKS pathway have not been fully elucidated, so it is difficult to improve DHA content by modifying PKS. However, ω-3 FAD can convert DPA into DHA, and it is the most direct and effective way to increase DHA content and reduce DPA content. Based on this, PPTase was overexpressed to enhance the synthesis of DHA by the PKS pathway, overexpressed ω-3 FAD to convert the co-product of the PKS pathway into DHA, and co-overexpressed PPTase and ω-3 FAD. With these strategies, compared with wild type, the final lipid, and DHA titer were 92.5 and 51.5 g L-1 , which increased by 46.4% and 78.1%, respectively. This study established an efficient DHA production strain, and provided some feasible strategies for industrial DHA production in Schizochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Wei
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Xu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Bi Y, Guo P, Liu L, Chen L, Zhang W. Elucidation of sterol biosynthesis pathway and its co-regulation with fatty acid biosynthesis in the oleaginous marine protist Schizochytrium sp. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1188461. [PMID: 37180050 PMCID: PMC10174431 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1188461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterols constitute vital structural and regulatory components of eukaryotic cells. In the oleaginous microorganism Schizochytrium sp. S31, the sterol biosynthetic pathway primarily produces cholesterol, stigmasterol, lanosterol, and cycloartenol. However, the sterol biosynthesis pathway and its functional roles in Schizochytrium remain unidentified. Through Schizochytrium genomic data mining and a chemical biology approach, we first in silico elucidated the mevalonate and sterol biosynthesis pathways of Schizochytrium. The results showed that owing to the lack of plastids in Schizochytrium, it is likely to use the mevalonate pathway as the terpenoid backbone pathway to supply isopentenyl diphosphate for the synthesis of sterols, similar to that in fungi and animals. In addition, our analysis revealed a chimeric organization of the Schizochytrium sterol biosynthesis pathway, which possesses features of both algae and animal pathways. Temporal tracking of sterol profiles reveals that sterols play important roles in Schizochytrium growth, carotenoid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis. Furthermore, the dynamics of fatty acid and transcription levels of genes involved in fatty acid upon chemical inhibitor-induced sterol inhibition reveal possible co-regulation of sterol synthesis and fatty acid synthesis, as the inhibition of sterol synthesis could promote the accumulation of fatty acid in Schizochytrium. Sterol and carotenoid metabolisms are also found possibly co-regulated, as the inhibition of sterols led to decreased carotenoid synthesis through down-regulating the gene HMGR and crtIBY in Schizochytrium. Together, elucidation of the Schizochytrium sterol biosynthesis pathway and its co-regulation with fatty acid synthesis lay the essential foundation for engineering Schizochytrium for the sustainable production of lipids and high-value chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Bi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Liangsen Liu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwen Zhang,
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Metabolism balance regulation for squalene production by disturbing triglyceride (TAG) synthesis in Schizochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Liu PY, Li G, Lin CB, Wu JJ, Jiang S, Huang FH, Wan X. Modulating DHA-Producing Schizochytrium sp. toward Astaxanthin Biosynthesis via a Seamless Genome Editing System. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:4171-4183. [PMID: 36454215 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is commercially used for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Some strains of Schizochytrium sp. are also known to produce low amounts of carotenoids, including astaxanthin and β-carotene. In order to enhance the production of astaxanthin in Schizochytrium sp., we established a seamless genome editing system with a dual selection marker for rapid screening of positive transformants. By using this system, we strengthened the endogenous mevalonate pathway, enhanced the supply of geranylgeranyl diphosphate and β-carotene, upregulated endogenous β-carotene hydroxylase, and introduced the algal astaxanthin pathway. The highest astaxanthin production in the engineered Schizochytrium sp. was achieved at 8.1 mg/L (307.1 μg/g dry cell weight) under shake-flask conditions, which was 2.6-fold higher than that in the start strain. Meanwhile, the percentage of DHA to total fatty acids was not obviously affected. We then eliminated the dual selection marker by using the Cre-loxP recombination system, and the engineered strain was ready for iterative editing. The developed system could be applied to seamlessly engineer DHA-producing Schizochytrium sp. toward astaxanthin and other value-added terpenoids, which broadens the application of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yang Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Gang Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Chu-Bin Lin
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Feng-Hong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.,Key Laboratory of Oilseeds processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xia Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China.,Key Laboratory of Oilseeds processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
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6
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Vyas S, Matsakas L, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Patel A. Insights into hydrophobic waste valorization for the production of value-added oleochemicals. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 16:177-183. [PMID: 35932161 PMCID: PMC9871509 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Vyas
- Biochemical Process EngineeringDivision of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of CivilEnvironmental, and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process EngineeringDivision of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of CivilEnvironmental, and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process EngineeringDivision of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of CivilEnvironmental, and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process EngineeringDivision of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of CivilEnvironmental, and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
| | - Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process EngineeringDivision of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of CivilEnvironmental, and Natural Resources EngineeringLuleå University of TechnologyLuleåSweden
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7
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Zhuang XY, Zhang YH, Xiao AF, Zhang AH, Fang BS. Key Enzymes in Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway for Bioactive Lipids Biosynthesis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:851402. [PMID: 35284441 PMCID: PMC8905437 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.851402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary bioactive lipids, one of the three primary nutrients, is not only essential for growth and provides nutrients and energy for life's activities but can also help to guard against disease, such as Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases, which further strengthen the immune system and maintain many body functions. Many microorganisms, such as yeast, algae, and marine fungi, have been widely developed for dietary bioactive lipids production. These biosynthetic processes were not limited by the climate and ground, which are also responsible for superiority of shorter periods and high conversion rate. However, the production process was also exposed to the challenges of low stability, concentration, and productivity, which was derived from the limited knowledge about the critical enzyme in the metabolic pathway. Fortunately, the development of enzymatic research methods provides powerful tools to understand the catalytic process, including site-specific mutagenesis, protein dynamic simulation, and metabolic engineering technology. Thus, we review the characteristics of critical desaturase and elongase involved in the fatty acids' synthesis metabolic pathway, which aims to not only provide extensive data for enzyme rational design and modification but also provides a more profound and comprehensive understanding of the dietary bioactive lipids' synthetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhuang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - An-Feng Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ai-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Ai-Hui Zhang
| | - Bai-Shan Fang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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8
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Kang NK, Baek K, Koh HG, Atkinson CA, Ort DR, Jin YS. Microalgal metabolic engineering strategies for the production of fuels and chemicals. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126529. [PMID: 34896527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are promising sustainable resources because of their ability to convert CO2 into biofuels and chemicals directly. However, the industrial production and economic feasibility of microalgal bioproducts are still limited. As such, metabolic engineering approaches have been undertaken to enhance the productivities of microalgal bioproducts. In the last decade, impressive advances in microalgae metabolic engineering have been made by developing genetic engineering tools and multi-omics analysis. This review presents comprehensive microalgal metabolic pathways and metabolic engineering strategies for producing lipids, long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids, terpenoids, and carotenoids. Additionally, promising metabolic engineering approaches specific to target products are summarized. Finally, this review discusses current challenges and provides future perspectives for the effective production of chemicals and fuels via microalgal metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Kyu Kang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kwangryul Baek
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hyun Gi Koh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christine Anne Atkinson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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9
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Wang S, Wan W, Wang Z, Zhang H, Liu H, Arunakumara KKIU, Cui Q, Song X. A Two-Stage Adaptive Laboratory Evolution Strategy to Enhance Docosahexaenoic Acid Synthesis in Oleaginous Thraustochytrid. Front Nutr 2021; 8:795491. [PMID: 35036411 PMCID: PMC8759201 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.795491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrid is a promising algal oil resource with the potential to meet the demand for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, oils with high DHA content produced by genetic modified thraustochytrids are not accepted by the food and pharmaceutical industries in many countries. Therefore, in order to obtain non-transgenic strains with high DHA content, a two-stage adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) strategy was applied to the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. Heavy-ion irradiation technique was first used before the ALE to increase the genetic diversity of strains, and then two-step ALE: low temperature based ALE and ACCase inhibitor quizalofop-p-ethyl based ALE were employed in enhancing the DHA production. Using this strategy, the end-point strain E-81 with a DHA content 51% higher than that of the parental strain was obtained. The performance of E-81 strain was further analyzed by component analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the enhanced in lipid content was due to the up-regulated expression of key enzymes in lipid accumulation, while the increase in DHA content was due to the increased transcriptional levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase. This study demonstrated a non-genetic approach to enhance lipid and DHA content in non-model industrial oleaginous strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Weijian Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhuojun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Huidan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - K. K. I. U. Arunakumara
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - Qiu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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10
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Chi G, Xu Y, Cao X, Li Z, Cao M, Chisti Y, He N. Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Schizochytrium (Aurantiochytrium) spp. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 55:107897. [PMID: 34974158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse health benefits are associated with dietary consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Traditionally, these fatty acids have been obtained from fish oil, but limited supply, variably quality, and an inability to sustainably increase production for a rapidly growing market, are driving the quest for alternative sources. DHA derived from certain marine protists (heterotrophic thraustochytrids) already has an established history of commercial production for high-value dietary use, but is too expensive for use in aquaculture feeds, a much larger potential market for ω-3 LC-PUFA. Sustainable expansion of aquaculture is prevented by its current dependence on wild-caught fish oil as the source of ω-3 LC-PUFA nutrients required in the diet of aquacultured animals. Although several thraustochytrids have been shown to produce DHA and EPA, there is a particular interest in Schizochytrium spp. (now Aurantiochytrium spp.), as some of the better producers. The need for larger scale production has resulted in development of many strategies for improving productivity and production economics of ω-3 PUFA in Schizochytrium spp. Developments in fermentation technology and metabolic engineering for enhancing LC-PUFA production in Schizochytrium spp. are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Chi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xingyu Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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11
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Santin A, Russo MT, Ferrante MI, Balzano S, Orefice I, Sardo A. Highly Valuable Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Microalgae: Strategies to Improve Their Yields and Their Potential Exploitation in Aquaculture. Molecules 2021; 26:7697. [PMID: 34946780 PMCID: PMC8707597 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have a great potential for the production of healthy food and feed supplements. Their ability to convert carbon into high-value compounds and to be cultured in large scale without interfering with crop cultivation makes these photosynthetic microorganisms promising for the sustainable production of lipids. In particular, microalgae represent an alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), whose consumption is related to various health benefits for humans and animals. In recent years, several strategies to improve PUFAs' production in microalgae have been investigated. Such strategies include selecting the best performing species and strains and the optimization of culturing conditions, with special emphasis on the different cultivation systems and the effect of different abiotic factors on PUFAs' accumulation in microalgae. Moreover, developments and results obtained through the most modern genetic and metabolic engineering techniques are described, focusing on the strategies that lead to an increased lipid production or an altered PUFAs' profile. Additionally, we provide an overview of biotechnological applications of PUFAs derived from microalgae as safe and sustainable organisms, such as aquafeed and food ingredients, and of the main techniques (and their related issues) for PUFAs' extraction and purification from microalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santin
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Monia Teresa Russo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Maria Immacolata Ferrante
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Sergio Balzano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Netherland Institute for Sea Research, Landsdiep 4, 1793 AB Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Ida Orefice
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
| | - Angela Sardo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.T.R.); (S.B.); (I.O.)
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “Eduardo Caianiello”, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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12
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Zeng L, Bi Y, Guo P, Bi Y, Wang T, Dong L, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Metabolic Analysis of Schizochytrium Mutants With High DHA Content Achieved With ARTP Mutagenesis Combined With Iodoacetic Acid and Dehydroepiandrosterone Screening. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:738052. [PMID: 34869256 PMCID: PMC8637758 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.738052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High DHA production cost caused by low DHA titer and productivity of the current Schizochytrium strains is a bottleneck for its application in competition with traditional fish-oil based approach. In this study, atmospheric and room-temperature plasma with iodoacetic acid and dehydroepiandrosterone screening led to three mutants, 6–8, 6–16 and 6–23 all with increased growth and DHA accumulations. A LC/MS metabolomic analysis revealed the increased metabolism in PPP and EMP as well as the decreased TCA cycle might be relevant to the increased growth and DHA biosynthesis in the mutants. Finally, the mutant 6–23, which achieved the highest growth and DHA accumulation among all mutants, was evaluated in a 5 L fermentor. The results showed that the DHA concentration and productivity in mutant 6–23 were 41.4 g/L and 430.7 mg/L/h in fermentation for 96 h, respectively, which is the highest reported so far in literature. The study provides a novel strain improvement strategy for DHA-producing Schizochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zeng
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqi Bi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Yali Bi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
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13
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Rau EM, Ertesvåg H. Method Development Progress in Genetic Engineering of Thraustochytrids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:515. [PMID: 34564177 PMCID: PMC8467673 DOI: 10.3390/md19090515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular, heterotrophic marine eukaryotes. Some species are known to store surplus carbon as intracellular lipids, and these also contain the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Most vertebrates are unable to synthesize sufficient amounts of DHA, and this fatty acid is essential for, e.g., marine fish, domesticated animals, and humans. Thraustochytrids may also produce other commercially valuable fatty acids and isoprenoids. Due to the great potential of thraustochytrids as producers of DHA and other lipid-related molecules, a need for more knowledge on this group of organisms is needed. This necessitates the ability to do genetic manipulation of the different strains. Thus far, this has been obtained for a few strains, while it has failed for other strains. Here, we systematically review the genetic transformation methods used for different thraustochytrid strains, with the aim of aiding studies on strains not yet successfully transformed. The designs of transformation cassettes are also described and compared. Moreover, the potential problems when trying to establish transformation protocols in new thraustochytrid species/strains are discussed, along with suggestions utilized in other organisms to overcome similar challenges. The approaches discussed in this review could be a starting point when designing protocols for other non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helga Ertesvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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14
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Wang Z, Wang S, Feng Y, Wan W, Zhang H, Bai X, Cui Q, Song X. Obtaining High-Purity Docosahexaenoic Acid Oil in Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium through a Combined Metabolic Engineering Strategy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10215-10222. [PMID: 34415758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-purity docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) resources are insufficient in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Although many efforts have attempted to obtain the high-purity DHA production, few reports have been successful. Here, a combined metabolic engineering strategy was employed to increase the DHA purity in the oleaginous thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium. The strategy includes both partial deactivation of the competing pathway of DHA biosynthesis, by disrupting one copy of the fatty acid synthase gene, and strengthening of substrate supply and triacylglycerol synthesis, by the overexpression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase. With this strategy, a final mutant was obtained with a DHA purity of 61% in total fatty acids and a content of 331 mg/g dry cell weight. This study provides an advanced strategy for sustainable high-purity DHA production and highlights the strategy for producing designer oils in industrial oleaginous microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Yingang Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijian Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Huidan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Xinfeng Bai
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Qiu Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Bioprospecting of thraustochytrids for omega-3 fatty acids: A sustainable approach to reduce dependency on animal sources. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Yang Q, Lu T, Yan J, Li J, Zhou H, Pan X, Lu Y, He N, Ling X. Regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis by enhancing carotenoid-mediated endogenous antioxidant capacity in Schizochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Wang Q, Han W, Jin W, Gao S, Zhou X. Docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium sp.: review and prospect. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2021.1908900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Han
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shuhong Gao
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgae Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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18
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Hu X, Tang X, Bi Z, Zhao Q, Ren L. Adaptive evolution of microalgae Schizochytrium sp. under high temperature for efficient production of docosahexaeonic acid. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Han X, Li Z, Wen Y, Chen Z. Overproduction of docosahexaenoic acid in Schizochytrium sp. through genetic engineering of oxidative stress defense pathways. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:70. [PMID: 33726826 PMCID: PMC7968238 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01918-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidation and peroxidation of lipids in microorganisms result in increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive aldehydes, and consequent reduction of cell growth and lipid accumulation. RESULTS To reduce oxygen-mediated cell damage and increase lipid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production in Schizochytrium sp., we strengthened the oxidative stress defense pathways. Overexpression of the enzymes thioredoxin reductase (TRXR), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), glutathione peroxidase (GPO), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (ZWF) strongly promoted cell growth, lipid yield, and DHA production. Coexpression of ZWF, ALDH, GPO, and TRXR enhanced ROS-scavenging ability. Highest values of dry cell weight, lipid yield, and DHA production (50.5 g/L, 33.1 g/L, and 13.3 g/L, respectively) were attained in engineered strain OaldH-gpo-trxR by shake flask fed-batch culture; these were increases of 18.5%, 80.9%, and 114.5% relative to WT values. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that engineering of oxidative stress defense pathways is an effective strategy for promoting cell robustness, lipid yield, and DHA production in Schizochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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20
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Du F, Wang YZ, Xu YS, Shi TQ, Liu WZ, Sun XM, Huang H. Biotechnological production of lipid and terpenoid from thraustochytrids. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 48:107725. [PMID: 33727145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As fungus-like protists, thraustochytrids have been increasingly studied for their faster growth rates and high lipid content. In the 1990s, thraustochytrids were used as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) producers for the first time. Thraustochytrids genera, such as Thraustochytrium, Schizochytrium, and Aurantiochytrium have been developed and patented as industrial strains for DHA production. The high DHA yield is attributed to its unique and efficient polyketide-like synthase (PKS) pathway. Moreover, thraustochytrids possess a completed mevalonate (MVA) pathway, so it can be used as host for terpenoid production. In order to improve strain performance, the metabolic engineering strategies have been applied to promote or disrupt intracellular metabolic pathways, such as genetic engineering and addition of chemical activators. However, it is difficult to realize industrialization only by improving strain performance. Various operation strategies were developed to enlarge the production quantities from the laboratory-scale, including two-stage cultivation strategies, scale-up technologies and bioreactor design. Moreover, an economical and effective downstream process is also an important consideration for the industrial application of thraustochytrids. Downstream costs accounts for 20-60% of the overall process costs, which represents an attractive target for increasing the cost-competitiveness of thraustochytrids, including how to improve the efficiency of lipid extraction and the further application of biomass residues. This review aims to overview the whole lipid biotechnology of thraustochytrids to provide the background information for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhou Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zheng Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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21
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Xu X, Huang C, Xu Z, Xu H, Wang Z, Yu X. The strategies to reduce cost and improve productivity in DHA production by Aurantiochytrium sp.: from biochemical to genetic respects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9433-9447. [PMID: 32978687 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The marine oleaginous protist Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.) is a well-known docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) producer and its different DHA products are the ideal substitute for the traditional fish oil resource. However, the cost of the DHA products derived from Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.) is still high, limiting their wide applications. In order to reduce the cost or improve the productivity of DHA from the microbial resource, many researches are focusing on exploring the renewable and low-cost materials as feedbacks, and/or the stimulators for biomass and DHA production. In addition, the genetic engineering is also being used in the Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.) system for further improvement. These break the bottleneck of the DHA production by Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.) in some degree. In this review, the strategies used currently to reduce cost and improve DHA productivity, mainly from the utilizations of low-cost materials and effective stimulators to the genetic engineering perspectives, are summarized, and the availabilities from the cost perspective are also evaluated. This review provides an overview about the strategies to revolve the production cost and yield of the DHA by Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.), a theoretical basis for genetic modification of Aurantiochytrium sp. (Schizochytrium sp.), and a practical basis for the development of DHA industry. KEY POINTS : • Utilizations of various low-cost materials for DHA production • Inducing the growth and DHA biosynthesis by the effective stimulators • Reducing cost and improving DHA productivity by genetic modification • The availability from cost perspective is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhexian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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22
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The Delta 5,
7‐Sterols
and Astaxanthin in the Marine Microheterotroph
Schizochytrium
sp.
S31. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Diao J, Song X, Guo T, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Cellular engineering strategies toward sustainable omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids production: State of the art and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Liang L, Zheng X, Fan W, Chen D, Huang Z, Peng J, Zhu J, Tang W, Chen Y, Xue T. Genome and Transcriptome Analyses Provide Insight Into the Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis of Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:687. [PMID: 32373097 PMCID: PMC7179369 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is the best natural resource for omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. We report a high-quality genome sequence of Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, which has a 63 Mb genome size, with a contig N50 of 2.67 Mb and 6,838 protein-coding genes. Phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses revealed that DHA-producing Schizochytrium and Aurantiochytrium strains were highly similar and possessed similar genes. Analysis of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) for LC-PUFAs production results in the annotation of all genes in map00062 and map01212. A gene cluster and 10 ORFs related to PKS pathway were found in the genome. 1,402 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the treated groups (0.5 g/L yeast extract) were identified by comparing with the control groups (1.0 g/L yeast extract) at 36 h. A weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed that 2 of 7 modules correlated highly with the fatty acid and DHA contents. The DEGs and transcription factors were significantly correlated with fatty acid biosynthesis, including MYB, Zinc Finger and ACOX. The results showed that these hub genes are regulated by genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. The results providing an important reference for further research on promoting fatty acid and DHA accumulation in S. limacinum SR21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liang
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Center of Engineering Technology Research for Microalga Germplasm Improvement of Fujian, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuehai Zheng
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Center of Engineering Technology Research for Microalga Germplasm Improvement of Fujian, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenfang Fan
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Center of Engineering Technology Research for Microalga Germplasm Improvement of Fujian, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Duo Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Center of Engineering Technology Research for Microalga Germplasm Improvement of Fujian, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Center of Engineering Technology Research for Microalga Germplasm Improvement of Fujian, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiangtao Peng
- Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biotechnology Center, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinmao Zhu
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Center of Engineering Technology Research for Microalga Germplasm Improvement of Fujian, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Tang
- Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biotechnology Center, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youqiang Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Center of Engineering Technology Research for Microalga Germplasm Improvement of Fujian, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Xue
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Center of Engineering Technology Research for Microalga Germplasm Improvement of Fujian, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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25
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Ren L, Sun X, Zhang L, Huang H, Zhao Q. Exergy analysis for docosahexaenoic acid production by fermentation and strain improvement by adaptive laboratory evolution for Schizochytrium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 298:122562. [PMID: 31838241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exergy analysis is powerful tool for process optimization and mechanism analysis. In this study, exergy analysis was performed for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) fermentation process. More than 86% of input exergy was contributed by glucose. The exergy of biomass was about 64.66% of the total output exergy when the phosphate concentration was 4 g L-1. The exergy efficiencies of DHA (ηDHA) for the starting strains and the evolved strains under high oxygen concentration, low temperature, and two-factor conditions were also investigated. The ηDHA in the collected experimental data was not more than 20.9%. It was proved that there was a positive correlation between ηDHA and the biomass yield. It was indicated that adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) improved biomass yield which had the most important effect on enhancing ηDHA and DHA yield (or DHA productivity). It is necessary to improve ηDHA through process optimization and ALE in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoman Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Han X, Zhao Z, Wen Y, Chen Z. Enhancement of docosahexaenoic acid production by overexpression of ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in Schizochytrium sp. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:131. [PMID: 32699554 PMCID: PMC7372839 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that has a variety of physiological functions for infant development and human health. Although metabolic engineering was previously demonstrated to be a highly efficient way to rapidly increase lipid production, metabolic engineering has seldom been previously used to increase DHA accumulation in Schizochytrium spp. RESULTS Here, a sensitive β-galactosidase reporter system was established to screen for strong promoters in Schizochytrium sp. Four constitutive promoters (EF-1α p , TEF-1 p , ccg1 p , and ubiquitin p ) and one methanol-induced AOX1 promoter were characterized by the reporter system with the promoter activity ccg1 p > TEF-1 p > AOX1 p (induced) > EF-1α p > ubiquitin p . With the strong constitutive promoter ccg1 p , Schizochytrium ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were overexpressed in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888. The cells were cultivated at 28 °C and 250 rpm for 120 h with glucose as the carbon source. Shake-flask fermentation results showed that the overexpression strains exhibited growth curves and biomass similar to those of the wild-type strain. The lipid contents of the wild-type strain and of the OACL, OACC, and OACL-ACC strains were 53.8, 68.8, 69.8, and 73.0%, respectively, and the lipid yields of the overexpression strains were increased by 21.9, 30.5, and 38.3%, respectively. DHA yields of the wild-type strain and of the corresponding overexpression strains were 4.3, 5.3, 6.1, and 6.4 g/L, i.e., DHA yields of the overexpression strains were increased by 23.3, 41.9, and 48.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA are precursors for fatty acid synthesis. ACL catalyzes the conversion of citrate in the cytoplasm into acetyl-CoA, and ACC catalyzes the synthesis of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA. The results demonstrate that overexpression of ACL and ACC enhances lipid accumulation and DHA production in Schizochytrium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhunan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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27
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M U N, Mehar JG, Mudliar SN, Shekh AY. Recent Advances in Microalgal Bioactives for Food, Feed, and Healthcare Products: Commercial Potential, Market Space, and Sustainability. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1882-1897. [PMID: 33336956 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To combat food scarcity as well as to ensure nutritional food supply for sustainable living of increasing population, microalgae are considered as innovative sources for adequate nutrition. Currently, the dried biomass, various carotenoids, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, omega fatty acids, and enzymes are being used as food additives, food coloring agents, and food supplements. Apart from nutritional importance, microalgae are finding the place in the market as "functional foods." When compared to the total market size of food and feed products derived from all the possible sources, the market portfolio of microalgae-based products is still smaller, but increasing steadily. On the other hand, the genetic modification of microalgae for enhanced production of commercially important metabolites holds a great potential. However, the success of commercial application of genetically modified (GM) algae will be defined by their safety to human health and environment. In view of this, the present study attempts to highlight the industrially important microalgal metabolites, their production, and application in food, feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. The current and future market trends for microalgal products have been thoroughly discussed. Importantly, the safety pertaining to microalgae cultivation and consumption, and regulatory issues for GM microalgae have also been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethravathy M U
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India
| | - Jitendra G Mehar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sandeep N Mudliar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ajam Y Shekh
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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28
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Yue XH, Chen WC, Wang ZM, Liu PY, Li XY, Lin CB, Lu SH, Huang FH, Wan X. Lipid Distribution Pattern and Transcriptomic Insights Revealed the Potential Mechanism of Docosahexaenoic Acid Traffics in Schizochytrium sp. A-2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9683-9693. [PMID: 31379160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. A-2 is a heterotrophic marine fungus used for the commercial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, the pattern of the distribution of DHA and how DHA is channeled into phospholipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) are unknown. In this study, we systematically analyzed the distribution of DHA in TAG and PL during the growth of the cell. The migration of DHA from PL to TAG was presumed during the fermentation cycle. DHA and docosapentaenoic acid were accumulated in both TAG and phosphatidylcholine (PC), whereas eicosapentaenoic acid was mainly deposited in PC. RNA seq revealed that malic enzyme may provide lipogenic NADPH. In addition, long-chain acyl-CoA synthase and acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase may participate in the accumulation of DHA in PL. No phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase was identified from the genome sequence. In contrast, phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-mediated acyl-CoA-independent TAG synthesis pathway and phospholipase C may contribute to the channeling of DHA from PC to TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hong Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Chen
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
- Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Wang
- CABIO Biotech (Wuhan) Co., Ltd , Wuhan 430223 , P. R. China
| | - Peng-Yang Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- CABIO Biotech (Wuhan) Co., Ltd , Wuhan 430223 , P. R. China
| | - Chu-Bin Lin
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
| | - Shu-Huan Lu
- CABIO Biotech (Wuhan) Co., Ltd , Wuhan 430223 , P. R. China
| | - Feng-Hong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
- Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
| | - Xia Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops , Ministry of Agriculture , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
- Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition , Wuhan 430062 , P. R. China
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29
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Sun XM, Ren LJ, Zhao QY, Ji XJ, Huang H. Enhancement of lipid accumulation in microalgae by metabolic engineering. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:552-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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30
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Wang F, Bi Y, Diao J, Lv M, Cui J, Chen L, Zhang W. Metabolic engineering to enhance biosynthesis of both docosahexaenoic acid and odd-chain fatty acids in Schizochytrium sp. S31. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:141. [PMID: 31182976 PMCID: PMC6555965 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) and odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs, C15:0 and C17:0) have attracted great interest, since they have been widely used in food and therapeutic industries, as well as chemical industry, such as biodiesel production and improvement. The oil-producing heterotrophic microalgae Schizochytrium sp. 31 is one of main DHA-producing strains. Recently, it was found that Schizochytrium can also synthesize OCFAs; however, contents and titers of DHA and OCFAs in Schizochytrium are still low, which limit its practical application. RESULTS In this study, we found that acetyl-CoA carboxylase suffered from a feedback inhibition by C16-CoA in Schizochytrium, and relief of the inhibition resulted in improved both lipid content and the ratio of OCFAs in total fatty acids. Based on this finding, a novel strategy for elevating both DHA and OCFAs contents was established. First, the total lipid accumulation was increased by overexpressing a malic enzyme from Crypthecodinium cohnii to elevate NADPH supply. Second, the inhibition effect on acetyl-CoA carboxylase was relieved by overexpressing a codon-optimized ELO3 gene from Mortierella alpina, which encodes an elongase enzyme responsible for converting C16 into C18 fatty acids. After the above two-step engineering, contents of DHA and OCFAs were increased by 1.39- and 3.30-fold, reaching a level of 26.70 and 25.08% of dry cell weight, respectively, which are the highest contents reported so far for Schizochytrium. The titers of DHA and OCFAs were elevated by 1.08- and 2.57-fold, reaching a level of 3.54 and 3.32 g/L, respectively. Notably, the OCFAs titer achieved was 2.66-fold higher than the highest reported in Escherichia coli (1.25 g/L), implying potential value for industry application. To reveal the potential metabolic mechanism for the enhanced biosynthesis of both DHA and OCFAs, LC-MS metabolomic analysis was employed and the results showed that the pentose phosphate pathway and the glycolysis pathway were strengthened and intracellular propionyl-CoA concentration were also significantly increased in the engineered Schizochytrium, suggesting an increased supply of NADPH, acetyl-CoA, and propionyl-CoA for DHA and OCFAs accumulation. CONCLUSIONS The discovery provides a new source of OCFAs production, and proposes a new strategy to improve contents and titers of both DHA and OCFAs in Schizochytrium. These will be valuable for improving commercial potential of Schizochytrium and guiding the engineering strategy in other fatty acids producing heterotrophic microalga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhong Wang
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yali Bi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Diao
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingming Lv
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Cui
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 People’s Republic of China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
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31
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Li Z, Meng T, Ling X, Li J, Zheng C, Shi Y, Chen Z, Li Z, Li Q, Lu Y, He N. Overexpression of Malonyl-CoA: ACP Transacylase in Schizochytrium sp. to Improve Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5382-5391. [PMID: 29722541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been widely applied in the food and medical industry. In this study, malonyl-CoA: ACP transacylase (MAT) was overexpressed through homologous recombination to improve PUFA production in Schizochytrium. The results showed that the lipid and PUFA concentration were increased by 10.1 and 24.5% with MAT overexpression, respectively. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the intracellular tricarboxylic acid cycle was weakened and glucose absorption was accelerated in the engineered strain. In the mevalonate pathway, intracellular carotene content was decreased, and the carbon flux was then redirected toward PUFA synthesis. Furthermore, a glucose fed-batch fermentation was finally performed with the engineered Schizochytrium. The total lipid yield was further increased to 110.5 g/L, 39.6% higher than the wild strain. Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid yield were enhanced to 47.39 g/L and 1.65 g/L with an increase of 81.5 and 172.5%, respectively. This study provided an effective metabolic engineering strategy for industrial PUFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Tong Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Chuqiang Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Zhenqi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering , Jimei University , Xiamen , P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , P.R. China
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Enhancement of Schizochytrium DHA synthesis by plasma mutagenesis aided with malonic acid and zeocin screening. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2351-2361. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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33
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Exploring the function of acyltransferase and domain replacement in order to change the polyunsaturated fatty acid profile of Schizochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Xie Y, Sen B, Wang G. Mining terpenoids production and biosynthetic pathway in thraustochytrids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1269-1280. [PMID: 28549813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are major bioactive compounds produced by microalgae and other eukaryotic microorganisms. Mining metabolic potential of marine microalgae for commercial production of terpenoids suggest thraustochytrids as one of the promising cell factories. The identification of potential thraustochytrid strains and relevant laboratory scale bioprocesses has been pursued largely. Further investigations in the improvement of terpenoids biosynthesis expect relevant molecular mechanisms to be understood directing metabolic engineering of the pathways. In this review, fermentative and mechanistic studies to identify key enzymes and pathways that are associated to terpenoids biosynthesis in thraustochytrids are discussed. Exploration of biosynthesis mechanisms in other model organisms facilitated identification of potential molecular targets for engineering terpenoids biosynthetic pathway in thraustochytrids. In addition, the preliminary genetic manipulation and in silico analysis in this review provides a platform for system-level metabolic engineering towards thraustochytrid strains improvement. Overall, the review contributes comprehensive information to allow better terpenoids productivity in thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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35
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Zhang K, Chen L, Liu J, Gao F, He R, Chen W, Guo W, Chen S, Li D. Effects of butanol on high value product production in Schizochytrium limacinum B4D1. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 102:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Ren L, Hu X, Zhao X, Chen S, Wu Y, Li D, Yu Y, Geng L, Ji X, Huang H. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Regulation of Lipid Fraction Migration and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Schizochytrium sp. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3562. [PMID: 28620184 PMCID: PMC5472558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is the main source of docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil, which is widely used in food additive and pharmaceutical industry. In this study, using RNA-seq, comparative transcriptomic analyses were performed at four stages of DHA fermentation by Schizochytrium sp to get potential genes related to cell transition from cell growth to lipid accumulation and then to lipid turnover. 1406, 385, 1384 differently expressed genes were identified by comparisons in pairs of S2 vs S1, S3 vs S2 and S4 vs S3. Functional analysis revealed that binding and single-organism process might be involve in the cell transition from cell growth to lipid accumulation while oxidation-reduction process played an important role in the transition from lipid accumulation to lipid turnover. pfaC in the PKS pathway showed higher sensitivity to the environmental change, which might be the key regulator for enhancing PUFA biosynthesis in the future. Some other genes in signal transduction and cell transport were revealed to be related to lipid turnover, which would enrich the current knowledge regarding lipid metabolism and help to enhance the DHA production and enrich different lipid fractions by Schizochytrium in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujing Ren
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechao Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wu
- Xiamen Kingdomway Group company, No. 299 West Yangguang Road, Haicang, Xiamen, 361022, China
| | - Dan Li
- Xiamen Kingdomway Group company, No. 299 West Yangguang Road, Haicang, Xiamen, 361022, China
| | - Yadong Yu
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Geng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Ji
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Chen W, Guo W, Gao F, Chen L, Chen S, Li D. Phospholipase A1-Catalysed Synthesis of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enriched Phosphatidylcholine in Reverse Micelles System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1037-1052. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Fu J, Chen T, Lu H, Lin Y, Xie X, Tian H, Zheng C, He D. Enhancement of docosahexaenoic acid production by low-energy ion implantation coupled with screening method based on Sudan black B staining in Schizochytrium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 221:405-411. [PMID: 27660991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is a hopeful docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) producing candidate due to its rapid growth rate and high DHA proportion in total lipid content. In this study, low-energy ion implantation was applied to Schizochytrium sp. to induce high DHA-producing mutants. Screening these mutants by Sudan black B staining, a mutant strain S1 which showed a 61% improvement in DHA production than that of the parent strain was successfully selected. Subsequently, parameters of DHA production of mutant strain S1 were optimized in a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Under the optimum fermentation conditions, the production of DHA and the percentage of DHA in total lipid of mutant strain S1 were 6.52g/L and 46.2%, respectively. This study provides an effective breeding strategy for improved DHA production of Schizochytrium sp. through combination of the novel mutagenesis technology, the effective screening method and fermentation optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 68 Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, PR China
| | - Tao Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiaohongshan, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Hao Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 68 Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 68 Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, PR China
| | - Xinlei Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 68 Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, PR China
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 68 Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, PR China
| | - Cao Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 68 Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, PR China.
| | - Dongping He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 68 Xuefu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, PR China
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Regulation of the Docosapentaenoic Acid/Docosahexaenoic Acid Ratio (DPA/DHA Ratio) in Schizochytrium limacinum B4D1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:67-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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