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Serson WR, Gishini MFS, Stupar RM, Stec AO, Armstrong PR, Hildebrand D. Identification and Candidate Gene Evaluation of a Large Fast Neutron-Induced Deletion Associated with a High-Oil Phenotype in Soybean Seeds. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:892. [PMID: 39062671 PMCID: PMC11276498 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the dawn of agriculture, crops have been genetically altered for desirable characteristics. This has included the selection of natural and induced mutants. Increasing the production of plant oils such as soybean (Glycine max) oil as a renewable resource for food and fuel is valuable. Successful breeding for higher oil levels in soybeans, however, usually results in reduced seed protein. A soybean fast neutron population was screened for oil content, and three high oil mutants with minimal reductions in protein levels were found. Three backcross F2 populations derived from these mutants exhibited segregation for seed oil content. DNA was pooled from the high-oil and normal-oil plants within each population and assessed by comparative genomic hybridization. A deletion encompassing 20 gene models on chromosome 14 was found to co-segregate with the high-oil trait in two of the three populations. Eighteen genes in the deleted region have known functions that appear unrelated to oil biosynthesis and accumulation pathways, while one of the unknown genes (Glyma.14G101900) may contribute to the regulation of lipid droplet formation. This high-oil trait can facilitate the breeding of high-oil soybeans without protein reduction, resulting in higher meal protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Serson
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, Lehigh Valley, Center Valley, PA 18034, USA
| | | | - Robert M. Stupar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.M.S.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Adrian O. Stec
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.M.S.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Paul R. Armstrong
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - David Hildebrand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
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2
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Flyckt KS, Roesler K, Haug Collet K, Jaureguy L, Booth R, Thatcher SR, Everard JD, Ripp KG, Liu ZB, Shen B, Wayne LL. A Novel Soybean Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1b Variant with Three Amino Acid Substitutions Increases Seed Oil Content. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:872-884. [PMID: 37982755 PMCID: PMC11209548 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Improving soybean (Glycine max) seed composition by increasing the protein and oil components will add significant value to the crop and enhance environmental sustainability. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the final rate-limiting step in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and has a major impact on seed oil accumulation. We previously identified a soybean DGAT1b variant modified with 14 amino acid substitutions (GmDGAT1b-MOD) that increases total oil content by 3 percentage points when overexpressed in soybean seeds. In the present study, additional GmDGAT1b variants were generated to further increase oil with a reduced number of substitutions. Variants with one to four amino acid substitutions were screened in the model systems Saccharomyces cerevisiae and transient Nicotiana benthamiana leaf. Promising GmDGAT1b variants resulting in high oil accumulation in the model systems were selected for overexpression in soybeans. One GmDGAT1b variant with three novel amino acid substitutions (GmDGAT1b-3aa) increased total soybean oil to levels near the previously discovered GmDGAT1b-MOD variant. In a multiple location field trial, GmDGAT1b-3aa transgenic events had significantly increased oil and protein by up to 2.3 and 0.6 percentage points, respectively. The modeling of the GmDGAT1b-3aa protein structure provided insights into the potential function of the three substitutions. These findings will guide efforts to improve soybean oil content and overall seed composition by CRISPR editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla S Flyckt
- Corteva Agriscience, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston 50131, USA
| | - Keith Roesler
- Corteva Agriscience, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston 50131, USA
| | | | | | - Russ Booth
- Corteva Agriscience, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston 50131, USA
| | | | - John D Everard
- Corteva Agriscience, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston 50131, USA
| | - Kevin G Ripp
- Corteva Agriscience, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston 50131, USA
| | - Zhan-Bin Liu
- Corteva Agriscience, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston 50131, USA
| | - Bo Shen
- Corteva Agriscience, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston 50131, USA
| | - Laura L Wayne
- Corteva Agriscience, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston 50131, USA
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3
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Bioengineering of Soybean Oil and Its Impact on Agronomic Traits. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032256. [PMID: 36768578 PMCID: PMC9916542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a major oil crop and is also a dominant source of nutritional protein. The 20% seed oil content (SOC) of soybean is much lower than that in most oil crops and the fatty acid composition of its native oil cannot meet the specifications for some applications in the food and industrial sectors. Considerable effort has been expended on soybean bioengineering to tailor fatty acid profiles and improve SOC. Although significant advancements have been made, such as the creation of high-oleic acid soybean oil and high-SOC soybean, those genetic modifications have some negative impacts on soybean production, for instance, impaired germination or low protein content. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the bioengineering of soybean oil and its effects on agronomic traits.
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Liu H, Wei L, Zhu J, Zhang B, Gan Y, Zheng Y. Identification of GmGPATs and their effect on glycerolipid biosynthesis through seed-specific expression in soybean. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9585-9592. [PMID: 36002658 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic improvement of soybean oil content depends on in-depth study of the glycerolipid biosynthesis pathway. The first acylation reaction catalysed by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) is the rate-limiting step of triacylglycerol biosynthesis. However, the genes encoding GPATs in soybean remain unknown. METHODS We used a novel yeast genetic complementation system and seed-specific heterologous expression to identify GmGPAT activity and molecular function in glycerolipid biosynthesis. RESULTS Sixteen GmGPAT genes were cloned by reverse transcription-PCR for screening in yeast genetic complementation. The results showed that GmGPAT9-2 could restore the conditional lethal double knockout mutant strain ZAFU1, and GmGPAT1-1 exhibited low acyltransferase activity in serial dilution assays. In addition, the spatiotemporal expression pattern of GmGPAT9-2 exhibited tissue specificity in leaves, flowers and seeds at different developmental stages. Furthermore, both the proportion of arachidic acid and erucic acid were significantly elevated in Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic lines containing the seed-specific GmGPAT9-2 compared wild type, but the oil content was not affected. CONCLUSION Together, our results provide reference data for future engineering of triacylglycerol biosynthesis and fatty acid composition improvement through GPATs in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Linyan Wei
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Zhu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingxin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Gan
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueping Zheng
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Xin F, Wang R, Chang Y, Gao M, Xie Z, Yang W, Chen M, Zhang H, Song Y. Homologous Overexpression of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase in Oleaginous Fungus Mucor circinelloides WJ11 Enhances Lipid Accumulation under Static Solid Cultivation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9073-9083. [PMID: 35844180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the binding of acyl-CoA to diacylglycerol to form triacylglycerol (TAG). Previous studies strongly indicate that DGAT2, rather than DGAT1, is crucial for TAG accumulation in the oleaginous fungus Mucor circinelloides. To increase the lipid content of M. circinelloides WJ11, McDGAT2 was overexpressed by homologous recombination; compared to the control strain Mc2075, transformants McDGAT2d showed a significant increase in biomass for both spores and mycelia (from 87.7 to 101.2 mg/g in spores and from 75.6 to 93.1 mg/g in mycelia). McDGAT2 overexpression under static solid fermentation gave a greater boost to lipid accumulation in mycelia than in spores. Total fatty acid content in mycelia increased by 68.0% (from 13.6 to 22.8%) and in spores by 26.3% (from 10.6 to 13.4%). However, under submerged fermentation, the lipid content of McDGAT2d was the same as the control, while biomass was slightly reduced. Transcriptomics showed that NADPH was derived mainly from the pentose phosphate pathway, acetyl-CoA was from multiple pathways, and leucine metabolism played an important role in substrate supply for fatty acid biosynthesis. Static solid fermentation may be the more suitable fermentation method for microbial oil production by filamentous fungi due to its lower fermentation costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xin
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Chang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gao
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhike Xie
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiyuan Zhang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, Shandong 255000, People's Republic of China
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6
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Chen G, Harwood JL, Lemieux MJ, Stone SJ, Weselake RJ. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: Properties, physiological roles, metabolic engineering and intentional control. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 88:101181. [PMID: 35820474 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the last reaction in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). DGAT activity resides mainly in membrane-bound DGAT1 and DGAT2 in eukaryotes and bifunctional wax ester synthase-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD) in bacteria, which are all membrane-bound proteins but exhibit no sequence homology to each other. Recent studies also identified other DGAT enzymes such as the soluble DGAT3 and diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (EaDAcT), as well as enzymes with DGAT activities including defective in cuticular ridges (DCR) and steryl and phytyl ester synthases (PESs). This review comprehensively discusses research advances on DGATs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a focus on their biochemical properties, physiological roles, and biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review begins with a discussion of DGAT assay methods, followed by a systematic discussion of TAG biosynthesis and the properties and physiological role of DGATs. Thereafter, the review discusses the three-dimensional structure and insights into mechanism of action of human DGAT1, and the modeled DGAT1 from Brassica napus. The review then examines metabolic engineering strategies involving manipulation of DGAT, followed by a discussion of its therapeutic applications. DGAT in relation to improvement of livestock traits is also discussed along with DGATs in various other eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Scot J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 2P5, Canada
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7
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Hatanaka T, Tomita Y, Matsuoka D, Sasayama D, Fukayama H, Azuma T, Soltani Gishini MF, Hildebrand D. Different acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases vary widely in function, and a targeted amino acid substitution enhances oil accumulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3030-3043. [PMID: 35560190 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major component of plant storage lipids such as oils. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the final step of the Kennedy pathway, and is mainly responsible for plant oil accumulation. We previously found that the activity of Vernonia DGAT1 was distinctively higher than that of Arabidopsis and soybean DGAT1 in a yeast microsome assay. In this study, the DGAT1 cDNAs of Arabidopsis, Vernonia, soybean, and castor bean were introduced into Arabidopsis. All Vernonia DGAT1-expressing lines showed a significantly higher oil content (49% mean increase compared with the wild-type) followed by soybean and castor bean. Most Arabidopsis DGAT1-overexpressing lines did not show a significant increase. In addition to these four DGAT1 genes, sunflower, Jatropha, and sesame DGAT1 genes were introduced into a TAG biosynthesis-defective yeast mutant. In the yeast expression culture, DGAT1s from Arabidopsis, castor bean, and soybean only slightly increased the TAG content; however, DGAT1s from Vernonia, sunflower, Jatropha, and sesame increased TAG content >10-fold more than the former three DGAT1s. Three amino acid residues were characteristically common in the latter four DGAT1s. Using soybean DGAT1, these amino acid substitutions were created by site-directed mutagenesis and substantially increased the TAG content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tomita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Azuma
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mohammad Fazel Soltani Gishini
- Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - David Hildebrand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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8
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Al-Amery M, Fowler A, Unrine JM, Armstrong P, Maghirang E, Su K, de Melo J, Yuan FJ, Shu QY, Hildebrand D. Generation and Characterization of a Soybean Line with a Vernonia galamensis Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase-1 Gene and a myo-Inositol 1-Phosphate Synthase Knockout Mutation. Lipids 2020; 55:469-477. [PMID: 32542681 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) meal is an important protein source. Soybean meal with lower phytate and oligosaccharides improves meal quality. A single recessive mutation in soybean myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (Gm-lpa-TW75-1) confers a seed phenotype with low phytate and increased inorganic phosphate. The mutant was crossed with high oil lines expressing a diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (DGAT) gene from Vernonia galamensis (VgD). Gm-lpa-TW75-1 X VgD, designated GV, has 21%, and 22% oil and 41% and 43% protein from field and greenhouse seed production, respectively. No significant differences were found in mineral concentrations except for Fe which was 229 μg/g dry mass for GV followed by 174.3 for VgD and 162 for Gm-lpa-TW75-1. Phosphate (Pi) is higher in Gm-lpa-TW75-1 as expected at 5 mg/g, followed by GV at 1.6 mg/g whereas Jack, VgD, and Taiwan75 have about 0.3 mg/g. The Gm-lpa-TW75-1 line has the lowest phytate concentration at 1.4 mg/g followed by GV with 1.8 mg/g compared to Taiwan75, VgD, and Jack with 2.5 mg/g. This work describes a high oil and protein soybean line, GV, with increased Pi and lower phytate which will increase the nutritional value for human and animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maythem Al-Amery
- Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Karrada, Al-Jadriya, 10071, Iraq
| | - Ashley Fowler
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, 808 W.P. Garrigus Building, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Paul Armstrong
- USDA-ARS, SPIERU-CGAHR, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | | | - Kai Su
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Julia de Melo
- UNESP Campus, Jaboticabal, State of Sao Paulo, 295, 9 de julho street, Conchal, São Paulo, 13835-000, Brazil
| | - Feng-Jie Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing-Yao Shu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - David Hildebrand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, USA
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9
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AL-Amery M, Downie B, DeBolt S, Crocker M, Urschel K, Goff B, Teets N, Gollihue J, Hildebrand D. Proximate composition of enhanced DGAT high oil, high protein soybeans. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Maraschin FDS, Kulcheski FR, Segatto ALA, Trenz TS, Barrientos-Diaz O, Margis-Pinheiro M, Margis R, Turchetto-Zolet AC. Enzymes of glycerol-3-phosphate pathway in triacylglycerol synthesis in plants: Function, biotechnological application and evolution. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 73:46-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Xu Y, Caldo KMP, Pal-Nath D, Ozga J, Lemieux MJ, Weselake RJ, Chen G. Properties and Biotechnological Applications of Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol Acyltransferase and Phospholipid:diacylglycerol Acyltransferase from Terrestrial Plants and Microalgae. Lipids 2018; 53:663-688. [PMID: 30252128 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the major storage lipid in most terrestrial plants and microalgae, and has great nutritional and industrial value. Since the demand for vegetable oil is consistently increasing, numerous studies have been focused on improving the TAG content and modifying the fatty-acid compositions of plant seed oils. In addition, there is a strong research interest in establishing plant vegetative tissues and microalgae as platforms for lipid production. In higher plants and microalgae, TAG biosynthesis occurs via acyl-CoA-dependent or acyl-CoA-independent pathways. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the last and committed step in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of TAG, which appears to represent a bottleneck in oil accumulation in some oilseed species. Membrane-bound and soluble forms of DGAT have been identified with very different amino-acid sequences and biochemical properties. Alternatively, TAG can be formed through acyl-CoA-independent pathways via the catalytic action of membrane-bound phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). As the enzymes catalyzing the terminal steps of TAG formation, DGAT and PDAT play crucial roles in determining the flux of carbon into seed TAG and thus have been considered as the key targets for engineering oil production. Here, we summarize the most recent knowledge on DGAT and PDAT in higher plants and microalgae, with the emphasis on their physiological roles, structural features, and regulation. The development of various metabolic engineering strategies to enhance the TAG content and alter the fatty-acid composition of TAG is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Kristian Mark P Caldo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Dipasmita Pal-Nath
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Jocelyn Ozga
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - M Joanne Lemieux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Studying seed oil metabolism. The seeds of higher plants represent valuable factories capable of converting photosynthetically derived sugars into a variety of storage compounds, including oils. Oils are the most energy-dense plant reserves and fatty acids composing these oils represent an excellent nutritional source. They supply humans with much of the calories and essential fatty acids required in their diet. These oils are then increasingly being utilized as renewable alternatives to petroleum for the chemical industry and for biofuels. Plant oils therefore represent a highly valuable agricultural commodity, the demand for which is increasing rapidly. Knowledge regarding seed oil production is extensively exploited in the frame of breeding programs and approaches of metabolic engineering for oilseed crop improvement. Complementary aspects of this research include (1) the study of carbon metabolism responsible for the conversion of photosynthetically derived sugars into precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis, (2) the identification and characterization of the enzymatic actors allowing the production of the wide set of fatty acid structures found in seed oils, and (3) the investigation of the complex biosynthetic pathways leading to the production of storage lipids (waxes, triacylglycerols). In this review, we outline the most recent developments in our understanding of the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms of seed oil production, focusing on fatty acids and oils that can have a significant impact on the emerging bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Baud
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
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