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Neugart S, Steininger V, Fernandes C, Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E, Schreiner M, Strid Å, Viczián A, Albert A, Badenes-Pérez FR, Castagna A, Dáder B, Fereres A, Gaberscik A, Gulyás Á, Gwynn-Jones D, Nagy F, Jones A, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Konstantinova N, Lakkala K, Llorens L, Martínez-Lüscher J, Nybakken L, Olsen J, Pascual I, Ranieri A, Regier N, Robson M, Rosenqvist E, Santin M, Turunen M, Vandenbussche F, Verdaguer D, Winkler B, Witzel K, Grifoni D, Zipoli G, Hideg É, Jansen MAK, Hauser MT. A synchronized, large-scale field experiment using Arabidopsis thaliana reveals the significance of the UV-B photoreceptor UVR8 under natural conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38881245 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
This study determines the functional role of the plant ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) photoreceptor, UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) under natural conditions using a large-scale 'synchronized-genetic-perturbation-field-experiment'. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated a role for UVR8 in UV-B responses but do not reflect the complexity of outdoor conditions where 'genotype × environment' interactions can mask laboratory-observed responses. Arabidopsis thaliana knockout mutant, uvr8-7, and the corresponding Wassilewskija wild type, were sown outdoors on the same date at 21 locations across Europe, ranging from 39°N to 67°N latitude. Growth and climatic data were monitored until bolting. At the onset of bolting, rosette size, dry weight, and phenolics and glucosinolates were quantified. The uvr8-7 mutant developed a larger rosette and contained less kaempferol glycosides, quercetin glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives than the wild type across all locations, demonstrating a role for UVR8 under field conditions. UV effects on rosette size and kaempferol glycoside content were UVR8 dependent, but independent of latitude. In contrast, differences between wild type and uvr8-7 in total quercetin glycosides, and the quercetin-to-kaempferol ratio decreased with increasing latitude, that is, a more variable UV response. Thus, the large-scale synchronized approach applied demonstrates a location-dependent functional role of UVR8 under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Neugart
- Division Quality and Sensory of Plant Products, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Viktoria Steininger
- Department of Applied Genetics & Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Catarina Fernandes
- Department of Applied Genetics & Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Åke Strid
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andreas Albert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Antonella Castagna
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatriz Dáder
- Department of Agricultural Production, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alenka Gaberscik
- Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ágnes Gulyás
- Department of Climatology and Landscape Ecology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dylan Gwynn-Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alan Jones
- Earthwatch Europe, Oxford, UK
- Scion, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | | | - Nataliia Konstantinova
- Department of Applied Genetics & Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaisa Lakkala
- Finnish Meteorological Institute - Space and Earth Observation Centre, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Laura Llorens
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Johann Martínez-Lüscher
- Plant Stress Physiology group (Associated Unit to EEAD, CSIC), BIOMA Institute for Biodiversity and the Environment, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorunn Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Plant Stress Physiology group (Associated Unit to EEAD, CSIC), BIOMA Institute for Biodiversity and the Environment, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicole Regier
- Earth and Environment Sciences, Forel Institute, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, UK
| | - Eva Rosenqvist
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Crop Science, University of Copenhagen, Tåstrup, Denmark
| | - Marco Santin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Minna Turunen
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | | | - Dolors Verdaguer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katja Witzel
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Daniele Grifoni
- National Research Council, Institute of Bioeconomy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Laboratory of Monitoring and Environmental Modelling for the Sustainable Development (LaMMA Consortium), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gaetano Zipoli
- National Research Council Institute for Biometeorology, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Éva Hideg
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Marcel A K Jansen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics & Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Iorizzo M, Sicilia A, Nicolosi E, Forino M, Picariello L, Lo Piero AR, Vitale A, Monaco E, Ferlito F, Succi M, Tremonte P, Gambuti A, Villano C, Bonfante A, Aversano R, Coppola R. Investigating the impact of pedoclimatic conditions on the oenological performance of two red cultivars grown throughout southern Italy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1250208. [PMID: 37780525 PMCID: PMC10540683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1250208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated grapevine, Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera, possesses a rich biodiversity with numerous varieties. Each variety adapts differently to varying pedoclimatic conditions, which greatly influence the terroir expression of wine regions. These conditions impact vine growth, physiology, and berry composition, ultimately shaping the unique characteristics and typicity of the wines produced. Nowadays, the potential of the different adaptation capacities of grape varieties has not yet been thoroughly investigated. We addressed this issue by studying two grape varieties, Aglianico and Cabernet Sauvignon, in two different pedoclimatic conditions of Southern Italy. We evaluated and compared the effect of different pedoclimatic conditions on plant physiology, the microbial quality of grapes using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, the expression trends of key genes in ripe berries and the concentration of phenolic compounds in grapes and wines by HPLC-MS, HPLC-DAD, NMR and spectrophotometric analyses. Metabolomic and microbiome data were integrated with quantitative gene expression analyses to examine varietal differences and plasticity of genes involved in important oenological pathways. The data collected showed that the phenotypic response of studied grapes in terms of vigor, production, and fruit quality is strongly influenced by the pedoclimatic conditions and, in particular, by soil physical properties. Furthermore, Aglianico grape variety was more influenced than the Cabernet Sauvignon by environmental conditions. In conclusion, the obtained findings not only reinforce the terroir concept and our comprehension of grape's ability to adapt to climate variations but can also have implications for the future usage of grape genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Iorizzo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Angelo Sicilia
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Nicolosi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Martino Forino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Grape and Wine Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Avellino, Italy
| | - Luigi Picariello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Grape and Wine Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Vitale
- Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forestry Systems, National Reaserch Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Eugenia Monaco
- Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forestry Systems, National Reaserch Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Filippo Ferlito
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Acireale, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Succi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Patrizio Tremonte
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Angelita Gambuti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Grape and Wine Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Avellino, Italy
| | - Clizia Villano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Grape and Wine Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Avellino, Italy
| | - Antonello Bonfante
- Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forestry Systems, National Reaserch Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Riccardo Aversano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Grape and Wine Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Avellino, Italy
| | - Raffaele Coppola
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Perin C, Verma PK, Harari G, Suued Y, Harel M, Ferman-Mintz D, Drori E, Netzer Y, Fait A. Influence of late pruning practice on two red skin grapevine cultivars in a semi-desert climate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1114696. [PMID: 36844090 PMCID: PMC9945113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1114696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Continually increasing global temperature could severely affect grape berry metabolite accumulation and ultimately wine polyphenol concentration and color intensity. To explore the effect of late shoot pruning on grape berry and wine metabolite composition, field trials were carried out on Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec and cv. Syrah grafted on 110 Richter rootstock. Fifty-one metabolites were detected and unequivocally annotated employing UPLC-MS based metabolite profiling. Integrating the data using hierarchical clustering showed a significant effect of late pruning treatments on must and wine metabolites. Syrah metabolite profiles were characterized by a general trend of higher metabolite content in the late shoot pruning treatments, while Malbec profiles did not show a consistent trend. In summary, late shoot pruning exerts a significant effect, though varietal specific, on must and wine quality-related metabolites, possibly related to enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, which should be taken into consideration when planning mitigating strategies in warm climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Perin
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Pankaj Kumar Verma
- Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Elyashiv Drori
- Eastern Regional R&D Center, Ariel, Israel
- Chemical engineering Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Yishai Netzer
- Eastern Regional R&D Center, Ariel, Israel
- Chemical engineering Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Aaron Fait
- Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
- Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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4
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Sezen Toksoy Köseoğlu, Ali Doğru. Effect of Short-Term and Long-Term UV-B Radiation on PSII Activity and Antioxidant Enzymes in Cucurbita pepo L. Leaves. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022140096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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5
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Gashu K, Song C, Dubey AK, Acuña T, Sagi M, Agam N, Bustan A, Fait A. The Effect of Topo-Climate Variation on the Secondary Metabolism of Berries in White Grapevine Varieties ( Vitis vinifera). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:847268. [PMID: 35350300 PMCID: PMC8958008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.847268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting consistent differences in radiation and average air temperature between two experimental vineyards (Ramat Negev, RN and Mitzpe Ramon, MR), we examined the impact of climate variations on total carotenoids, redox status, and phenylpropanoid metabolism in the berries of 10 white wine grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivars across three consecutive seasons (2017-2019). The differences in carotenoid and phenylpropanoid contents between sites were seasonal and varietal dependent. However, the warmer RN site was generally associated with higher H2O2 levels and carotenoid degradation, and lower flavonol contents than the cooler MR site. Enhanced carotenoid degradation was positively correlated with radiation and daily degree days, leading to a greater drop in content from véraison to harvest in Colombard, Sauvignon Blanc, and Semillon berries. Analyses of berry H2O2 and phenylpropanoids suggested differences between cultivars in the links between H2O2 and flavonol contents. Generally, however, grapes with higher H2O2 content seem to have lower flavonol contents. Correlative network analyses revealed that phenylpropanoids at the warmer RN site are tightly linked to the radiation and temperature regimes during fruit ripening, indicating potentially harmful effect of warmer climates on berry quality. Specifically, flavan-3-ols were negatively correlated with radiation at RN. Principal component analysis showed that Muscat Blanc, Riesling, Semillon, and Sauvignon Blanc were the most site sensitive cultivars. Our results suggest that grapevine biodiversity is likely the key to withstand global warming hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelem Gashu
- Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Chao Song
- Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Arvind Kumar Dubey
- Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Tania Acuña
- Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Moshe Sagi
- Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Nurit Agam
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Amnon Bustan
- Ramat Negev Desert Agro-Research Center, Ramat Negev Works Ltd., Halutza, Israel
| | - Aaron Fait
- Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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Del-Castillo-Alonso MÁ, Monforte L, Tomás-Las-Heras R, Ranieri A, Castagna A, Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E. Secondary metabolites and related genes in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo grapes as influenced by ultraviolet radiation and berry development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:709-724. [PMID: 34145583 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of UV radiation on Vitis vinifera cv Tempranillo grapes were studied under field conditions as influenced by ultraviolet (UV) band (UV-A and UV-B), UV-B level (ambient vs enhanced), grape phenological stage (pea-size, veraison, and harvest), grape component (skin, flesh, and seeds), and fraction from which phenolic UV-absorbing compounds (UVACs) were extracted (soluble vs insoluble). Ambient UV-B levels caused stronger effects than ambient UV-A. These effects included increases in flavonol contents (particularly quercetins and kaempferols), the expression of flavonol synthase and chalcone synthase genes (VvFLS4 and VvCHS1), and grape weight and size. In addition, the contents of flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acids increased under UV-B radiation at pea-size stage. All these compounds play physiological roles as antioxidants and UV screens. Synergic effects between UV-B and UV-A were observed. The responses of anthocyanins, stilbenes, and volatile compounds to UV were diffuse or nonexistent. Enhanced UV-B led to rather subtle changes in comparison with ambient UV-B, but differences between both treatments could be demonstrated by multivariate analysis. Pea-size and harvest were the phenological stages where the most significant responses to UV were found, while the skin was the most UV-responsive grape component. Soluble phenolic compounds were much more UV-responsive than insoluble compounds. In conclusion, UV radiation was essential for the induction of specific grape phenolic and volatile compounds. Given the physiological roles of these compounds, as well as their contribution to grape and wine quality, and their potential use as nutraceuticals, our results may have implications on the artificial manipulation of UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Monforte
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
| | | | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture-Food and Environment, and Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Department of Agriculture-Food and Environment, and Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Rana MA, Mahmood R, Ali S. Soil urease inhibition by various plant extracts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258568. [PMID: 34648559 PMCID: PMC8516312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea is the most popular and widely used nitrogenous fertilizer. High soil urease activity rapidly hydrolyses applied urea to ammonia which contributes to soil nitrogen (N) losses and reduces N use efficiency of crop plants. The ammonia losses can be minimized by the inhibition of soil urease activity which has been explored using various potential chemical inhibitors. However, the soil urease activity inhibition potential of plant extracts is rarely explored to date. In the present study, extracts of 35 plant materials were taken and evaluated against jack bean urease. Eleven extracts, showing >50% jack bean urease inhibition, were selected and further investigated in 13 soils collected from various districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Interestingly, except Capsicum annum, Melia azedarach, Citrus reticulata and Quercus infectoria, the plant extracts showed urease inhibition activities in soils, the extent of which was lower as compared to that observed in jack bean urease though. Maximum urea hydrolysis inhibition (70%) was noted with Vachellia nilotica which was 40% more than that of hydroquinone (50%) followed by that of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (24%). The extracts of V. nilotica and E. camaldulensis were coated on urea and applied to soil in the next step. At 21st day, 239% and 116% more urea-N was recovered from soil treated with V. nilotica and E. camaldulensis extracts coated urea, respectively, as compared to uncoated urea. Conclusively, these results indicated that the coating of V. nilotica and E. camaldulensis extracts on urea prills prolonged urea persistence in soil owing to minimum urea hydrolysis, probably, the extracts of V. nilotica and E. camaldulensis showed their urease inhibition potential. The results of this study provide a base line for the identification of new soil urease inhibitor compounds from plant materials in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashid Mahmood
- Department of Soil Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Agronomy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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8
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Del-Castillo-Alonso MÁ, Monforte L, Tomás-Las-Heras R, Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E. To What Extent Are the Effects of UV Radiation on Grapes Conserved in the Resulting Wines? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10081678. [PMID: 34451723 PMCID: PMC8399206 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation strongly influences grape composition, but only a few studies have focused on how this influence is conserved in the resulting wines. Here we analyzed to what extent the changes induced by exposing Tempranillo grapes to UV radiation from budbreak to harvest were conserved in wine. By using different cut-off filters and lamps, we differentiated the effects of ambient levels of UV-A and UV-B wavelengths, as well as the effects of a realistic UV-B enhancement associated with climate change. Among phenolic compounds, the most consistent responses to UV were those of flavonols (particularly quercetin-, kaempferol-, isorhamnetin- and myricetin-glycosides), which significantly increased in wines whose grapes had been exposed to a synergic combination of UV-A and UV-B radiation. This confirms that flavonols are the phenolic compounds most reliably conserved from UV-exposed grapes to wine, despite the possible influence of the winemaking process. Flavonols are important compounds because they contribute to wine co-pigmentation by stabilizing anthocyanins, and they are interesting antioxidants and nutraceuticals. Hydroxycinnamic acids also increased under the same UV combination or under UV-A alone. Wine VOCs were much less reactive to the UV received by grapes than phenolic compounds, and only esters showed significantly higher values under (mainly) UV-A alone. This was surprising because (1) UV-A has been considered to be less important than UV-B to induce metabolic changes in plants, and (2) esters are produced during winemaking. Esters are relevant due to their contribution to the fruity aroma in wines. In general, the remaining phenolic compounds (stilbenes, flavanols, hydroxybenzoic acids, and anthocyanins) and VOCs (alcohols, hydrocarbons, and fatty acids), together with wine color and antioxidant capacity, showed inconsistent or non-significant responses to UV radiation. These results were summarized by a multivariate analysis. Our study opens up new possibilities to artificially manipulate UV radiation in grapevine cultivation to improve both grape and wine quality.
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Correlations between Total Antioxidant Capacity, Polyphenol and Fatty Acid Content of Native Grape Seed and Pomace of Four Different Grape Varieties in Hungary. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071101. [PMID: 34356334 PMCID: PMC8300998 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape pomace is a valuable source of various bioactive compounds such as plant-derived polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The commercial demand of grape skin and seed powders as nutraceuticals is still growing. However, no distinction is currently made between unfermented native grape seed and grape seed pomace powders regarding their antioxidant activities. Our aim was to find the relationship between the polyphenol and fatty acid content as well as the antioxidant capacity of native and fermented grape seeds of four different grape varieties harvested in the Villány wine region. According to our results, none of the three investigated polyphenols (resveratrol, rutin, quercetin) could be detected in native grape seed samples in correlation with their significantly lower total antioxidant capacities compared to fermented seed samples. Pinot Noir (PN) grape seed pomace samples with the highest resveratrol and oil content showed significantly higher total antioxidant capacity than Cabernet Sauvignon (CS), Syrah (S) and Blue Portugal (BP) samples. Based on the statistical analysis, positive correlation was found between the fatty acid content and the resveratrol concentration in the pomace samples of different grape varieties. In contrast, rutin concentrations were negatively proportional to the fatty acid content of the fermented samples. No significant correlation was found considering the quercetin content of the samples. According to our findings, grape pomace seems a more promising source in the production of nutraceuticals, since it contains polyphenols in higher concentration and exerts significantly higher antioxidant activity than native grape seeds.
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Romero-Román ME, Schoebitz M, Bastías RM, Fernández PS, García-Viguera C, López-Belchi MD. Native Species Facing Climate Changes: Response of Calafate Berries to Low Temperature and UV Radiation. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010196. [PMID: 33478067 PMCID: PMC7835903 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forst) is a wild bush plant widely distributed in the south of Argentina and Chile. Their blue colored fruits present particular flavor and health benefits attributed to high polyphenol contents biosynthesized by the plant under stress. Studies about correlation of abiotic conditions with anthocyanin profiles and physicochemical features of calafate beneath wild origin environment are not described yet. Hence, this research aimed to evaluate the physicochemical changes, antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content of calafate fruit in relationship to UV solar radiation (W.m−2) and air temperature (°C) environment condition during three consecutive years (2017, 2018, 2019). Variations in fruit anthocyanins were determined by comparison between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD-ESI)/MSn and CIEL*a*b* colors parameters. Correlations were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). Radiation was negatively correlated with fruit size and weight. Physicochemical aspects such as pH, soluble solids, color, total anthocyanins, flavanols and other phenolic compounds were positively correlated with temperature changes. The quantities of monomeric anthocyanins were dependent on both low temperature and global radiation (reaching 20.01 mg g−1 FW in calafate fruit). These results constitute a valuable resource to understand the structural and physiological plasticity of calafate in facing climate changes for future domestication research as well as for agri-food industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Romero-Román
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillán 3780000, Chile; (M.E.R.-R.); (R.M.B.)
- Food Engineering and Agricultural Equipment Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Mauricio Schoebitz
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Richard M. Bastías
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillán 3780000, Chile; (M.E.R.-R.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Pablo S. Fernández
- Food Engineering and Agricultural Equipment Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain;
- Unidad Asociada de Calidad y Evaluación de Riesgos de Alimentos, CEBAS (CSIC)—UPCT, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Viguera
- Phytochemistry Labaratoty Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), 30100 Campus University Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de Calidad y Evaluación de Riesgos de Alimentos, CEBAS (CSIC)—UPCT, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.-V.); (M.D.L.-B.); Tel.: +34-649887777 (C.G.-V.); +56-995-177-972 (M.D.L.-B.)
| | - María Dolores López-Belchi
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Campus Chillán 3780000, Chile; (M.E.R.-R.); (R.M.B.)
- Correspondence: (C.G.-V.); (M.D.L.-B.); Tel.: +34-649887777 (C.G.-V.); +56-995-177-972 (M.D.L.-B.)
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11
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Neugart S, Bumke-Vogt C. Flavonoid Glycosides in Brassica Species Respond to UV-B Depending on Exposure Time and Adaptation Time. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020494. [PMID: 33477705 PMCID: PMC7831952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there have been efforts to use ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) as a biotechnological tool in greenhouses. Leafy Brassica species are mainly considered for their ability to synthesize glucosinolates and are valued as baby salads. They also have a remarkable concentration of chemically diverse flavonoid glycosides. In this study, the effect of short-term UV-B radiation at the end of the production cycle was investigated without affecting plant growth. The aim was to verify which exposure and adaptation time was suitable and needs to be further investigated to use UV as a biotechnological tool in greenhouse production of Brassica species. It is possible to modify the flavonoid glycoside profile of leafy Brassica species by increasing compounds that appear to have potentially high antioxidant activity. Exemplarily, the present experiment shows that kaempferol glycosides may be preferred over quercetin glycosides in response to UV-B in Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis, for example, whereas other species appear to prefer quercetin glycosides over kaempferol glycosides, such as Brassica oleracea var. sabellica or Brassica carinata. However, the response to short-term UV-B treatment is species-specific and conclusions on exposure and adaptation time cannot be unified but must be drawn separately for each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Neugart
- Division Quality and Sensory of Plant Products, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0551-39-27958
| | - Christiane Bumke-Vogt
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany;
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12
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VanderWeide J, Tombesi S, Castellarin SD, Sabbatini P. Canopy architecture and fruit microclimate, not ripening-related phytohormones, control phenylpropanoid accumulation in response to early leaf removal in 'Merlot' (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:291-302. [PMID: 33157421 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Early leaf removal (ELR) applied in the grapevine cluster zone at bloom or pre-bloom (PB) is a vineyard practice commonly utilized to reduce fruit disease and yield. In addition, the literature reports that ELR enhances fruit quality, however, little research has deciphered the potential factors regulating this response. In this work, the objective was to understand whether the increase in fruit quality in response to manual or mechanical leaf removal is due to changes in fruit-zone microclimate, vine physiology, or ripening/stress related hormone biosynthesis. In 'Merlot' (Vitis vinifera L.) vines, 60% of leaf area was removed from shoots in three ways: 1) manual removal of 5 leaves (PB-MA), 2) mechanical removal (PB-ME), and 3) simulated mechanical removal (PB-SIM), which was implemented by removing the distal portion of leaves on the first eight nodes to understand whether PB-ME improves fruit quality via enhanced microclimate conditions or plant stress. Yield was reduced in PB-ME and PB-SIM, while total soluble solids was not different at harvest; meaning that ELR decreased the partitioning of carbohydrates to fruit. Anthocyanins and flavonols were enhanced by PB-ME, however neither ABA nor ethylene were similarly altered. Instead, the leaf area at nodes above the fruit-zone was lower in PB-ME compared to non-defoliated ones, which increased post-veraison fruit temperature (+2.8 °C). These parameters correlated with anthocyanins at harvest. In conclusion, skin phenylpropanoid concentrations were influenced by canopy density above the fruit-zone. Additionally, ripening-related phytohormones were not involved in the response of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in vine subjected to ELR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua VanderWeide
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sergio Tombesi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 20122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Šikuten I, Štambuk P, Andabaka Ž, Tomaz I, Marković Z, Stupić D, Maletić E, Kontić JK, Preiner D. Grapevine as a Rich Source of Polyphenolic Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:E5604. [PMID: 33260583 PMCID: PMC7731206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapes are rich in primary and secondary metabolites. Among the secondary metabolites, polyphenolic compounds are the most abundant in grape berries. Besides their important impacts on grape and wine quality, this class of compounds has beneficial effects on human health. Due to their antioxidant activity, polyphenols and phenolic acids can act as anti-inflammatory and anticancerogenic agents, and can modulate the immune system. In grape berries, polyphenols and phenolic acids can be located in the pericarp and seeds, but distribution differs considerably among these tissues. Although some classes of polyphenols and phenolic acids are under strict genetic control, the final content is highly influenced by environmental factors, such as climate, soil, vineyard, and management. This review aims to present the main classes of polyphenolic compounds and phenolic acids in different berry tissues and grape varieties and special emphasis on their beneficial effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Šikuten
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (P.Š.); (Ž.A.); (Z.M.); (D.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.K.); (D.P.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Štambuk
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (P.Š.); (Ž.A.); (Z.M.); (D.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.K.); (D.P.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Andabaka
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (P.Š.); (Ž.A.); (Z.M.); (D.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.K.); (D.P.)
| | - Ivana Tomaz
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (P.Š.); (Ž.A.); (Z.M.); (D.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.K.); (D.P.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zvjezdana Marković
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (P.Š.); (Ž.A.); (Z.M.); (D.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.K.); (D.P.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Stupić
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (P.Š.); (Ž.A.); (Z.M.); (D.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.K.); (D.P.)
| | - Edi Maletić
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (P.Š.); (Ž.A.); (Z.M.); (D.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.K.); (D.P.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Karoglan Kontić
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (P.Š.); (Ž.A.); (Z.M.); (D.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.K.); (D.P.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Preiner
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.Š.); (P.Š.); (Ž.A.); (Z.M.); (D.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.K.); (D.P.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Cheng E, Martiniuk JT, Hamilton J, McCarthy G, Castellarin SD, Measday V. Characterization of Sub-Regional Variation in Saccharomyces Populations and Grape Phenolic Composition in Pinot Noir Vineyards of a Canadian Wine Region. Front Genet 2020; 11:908. [PMID: 33110416 PMCID: PMC7489054 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Wine is a product of grape juice fermentation by yeast. Terroir is a term that encompasses all environmental factors and interactions at a specific geographical site, resulting in the development of regional-specific microbial strains and grape metabolites. In this study we determine the distribution of vineyard-associated wine yeast strains and characterize the flavonoid profile of Pinot Noir grapes among 3 sub-regions in the Okanagan Valley (OV), a major wine region in British Columbia, Canada. Pinot Noir grape samples were collected from 13 vineyards among 3 sub-regions of the OV, namely Kelowna (KE), Naramata-Penticton (NP) and Oliver-Osoyoos (OO), within a week prior to the winery harvesting date in 2016 and 2017. A total of 156 spontaneous Pinot Noir fermentations were conducted and vineyard-associated Saccharomyces strains were isolated from fermentations that reached two-thirds sugar depletion. Using microsatellite genotyping, we identified 103 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and 9 Saccharomyces uvarum strains. We also identified Saccharomyces paradoxus in one vineyard using ITS sequencing. We developed a microsatellite database of 160 commercial S. cerevisiae strains to determine the identity of the isolated strains and we include the database herein. Commercial strains were widely distributed across the three sub-regions. Forty-two of our 103 S. cerevisiae strains were equivalent or highly similar to commercial strains whereas the remaining 61 were considered as ‘unknown’ strains. Two S. uvarum strains were previously isolated in other OV studies and none matched the S. uvarum commercial strain BMV58. S. cerevisiae population structure was driven by sub-region, although S. cerevisiae populations did not differ significantly across vintages. S. uvarum and S. paradoxus were only identified in the 2017 vintage, demonstrating dynamic wine yeast populations between vintages. We found that the flavonoid profile of Pinot Noir grapes from the same 13 vineyards was also affected by sub-regional terroir. The anthocyanin content was lower and the proportion of methoxylated anthocyanins and flavonols was higher in Pinot Noir grapes from OO, the warmer sub-region as compared to KE, the cooler sub-region. Our study demonstrates that both yeast populations and metabolites associated with the Pinot Noir variety have sub-regional variation within a viticultural area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Cheng
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan T Martiniuk
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jonah Hamilton
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Garrett McCarthy
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vivien Measday
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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15
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Perin C, Fait A, Palumbo F, Lucchin M, Vannozzi A. The Effect of Soil on the Biochemical Plasticity of Berry Skin in Two Italian Grapevine ( V. vinifera L.) Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:822. [PMID: 32676084 PMCID: PMC7333541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine represents a particularly interesting species as concerns phenotypic plasticity, considering that the terroir, meaning the contribution of the geography, geology, and climate of a certain place, together with the agronomical practices utilized, may deeply influence the berry phenotype at the physiological, molecular, and biochemical levels. This phenomenon leads to the production of wines that, although produced from the same variety, exhibit different enological profiles and represents an issue of increasing interest from both a biological and an economic point of view. The main objective of the present study was to deepen the understanding of phenotypic plasticity in grapevine, trying to dissect the role of one its important components - the soil - by investigating the singular effect that different physico-chemical soil properties can produce in terms of berry plasticity at the phenological, physiological, and biochemical levels in a red and a white variety of great economic importance in Italy and overseas: Corvina and Glera. The results indicated a genotype-dependent response to the soil factor, with higher biochemical plasticity in Corvina with respect to Glera and suggested a key role of specific soil properties, including the skeleton, texture, and mineral composition, on the metabolite profile of berry skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Perin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Aaron Fait
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Fabio Palumbo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Margherita Lucchin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro PD, Italy
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16
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Zwingelstein M, Draye M, Besombes JL, Piot C, Chatel G. Viticultural wood waste as a source of polyphenols of interest: Opportunities and perspectives through conventional and emerging extraction methods. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:782-794. [PMID: 31812093 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Viticultural waste has been widely demonstrated to contain high-added value compounds named the stilbenes. Among them, trans-resveratrol (Rsv) and trans-ε-viniferin (Vf) are the most abundant in particular in grape canes. Various emerging methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) or pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) have been studied to recover Rsv and Vf from grape canes in order to enhance their extraction. This paper gives a critical overview of the techniques used to this end, integrating conventional and non-conventional methods investigated in the literature as well as those used in industrial processes. It finally highlights that the unconventional technics are usually less time-consuming than conventional extraction ones but further investigations for the discussed compounds and biomass are needed to optimize and understand the influence of the individual parameters of each extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Zwingelstein
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LCME, F-73000 Chambéry, France; Agence de l'Environnement et de Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), F-49004 Angers, France
| | | | | | | | - Gregory Chatel
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LCME, F-73000 Chambéry, France.
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17
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Del-Castillo-Alonso MÁ, Monforte L, Tomás-Las-Heras R, Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E. Phenolic characteristics acquired by berry skins of Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo in response to close-to-ambient solar ultraviolet radiation are mostly reflected in the resulting wines. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:401-409. [PMID: 31637723 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely recognized that ambient levels of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation strongly influence the phenolic composition of grape skins. However, it is unknown to what extent this influence is reflected in the resulting wines. RESULTS Tempranillo grapevines were exposed or non-exposed to close-to-ambient solar UV levels using appropriate filters, and the phenolic profiles and antioxidant capacity of both grape skins and the resulting wines were analyzed. In total, 47 phenolic compounds were identified in skins and wines, including flavonols, anthocyanins, flavanols, stilbenes, and hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids. In UV-exposed grape skins, flavonols and anthocyanins increased, whereas flavanols and hydroxybenzoic acids showed no significant change. These characteristics were conserved in the resulting wines. However, for stilbenes, hydroxycinnamic acids and antioxidant capacity, the effect of UV on grape skins was not conserved in wines, probably as a result of changes during winemaking. In addition, color intensity, total phenols and total polyphenol index of wines elaborated from UV-exposed grapes increased (although non-significantly) compared to those made from non-UV-exposed grapes. CONCLUSION The phenolic composition of grape skins exposed to close-to-ambient solar UV could predict, to some extent, the phenolic composition of the resulting wines, particularly regarding higher contents of flavonols and anthocyanins. Thus, manipulating the UV radiation received by grape skins could improve wine quality by positively influencing color stability and healthy properties. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the effects of solar UV radiation on phenolic composition have been assessed from grape skins to wine. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Monforte
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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18
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Martínez-Lüscher J, Brillante L, Kurtural SK. Flavonol Profile Is a Reliable Indicator to Assess Canopy Architecture and the Exposure of Red Wine Grapes to Solar Radiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:10. [PMID: 30766542 PMCID: PMC6365461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to solar radiation is a determining factor of grape composition. Flavonol synthesis is upregulated by solar radiation leaving a fingerprint on flavonol profile. This study aimed to test the factors affecting flavonol accumulation and profile and their potential as an indicator to assess the overall exposure of red wine grape berry to solar radiation. We performed three experiments to study the response of flavonol accumulation and profile to (1) three different solar radiation exclusion treatments during berry development; (2) canopy porosity and leaf area index (LAI); and (3) spatial variability of water status, vigor and ripening and cultural practices in commercial vineyards. Results showed a strong relationship between global radiation, inverse dormant pruning weights or canopy porosity (inversely proportional to LAI) and % kaempferol or % quercetin. Furthermore, the increase in concentration of the above two flavonols was associated with a reduction of % myricetin. Total flavonol content, % kaempferol, % quercetin, and % myricetin had significant correlations with inverse dormant pruning weights, but these were less sensitive to over-ripening or water deficits. Flavonol profile was associated to site hydrology (wetness index) through changes in vigor, and to LAI; and responded to shoot thinning or fruit-zone leaf removal. These results support the reliability of the flavonol profile as an assessment parameter for studies aiming to discuss canopy architecture or the effect of solar radiation on grapevine berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Martínez-Lüscher
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Luca Brillante
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Sahap Kaan Kurtural
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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19
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Bornman JF, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Robinson SA, Jansen MAK, Ballaré CL, Flint SD. Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change and their implications for terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:681-716. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change: terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet F. Bornman
- College of Science
- Health
- Engineering and Education
- Murdoch University
- Perth
| | - Paul W. Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program
- Loyola University
- USA
| | - T. Matthew Robson
- Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology
- Viikki Plant Science Centre
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Sharon A. Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions
- School of Earth
- Atmosphere and Life Sciences and Global Challenges Program
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
| | - Marcel A. K. Jansen
- Plant Ecophysiology Group
- School of Biological
- Earth and Environmental Sciences
- UCC
- Cork
| | - Carlos L. Ballaré
- University of Buenos Aires
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, and IIB
- National University of San Martin
- Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Stephan D. Flint
- Department of Forest
- Rangeland and Fire Sciences
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
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20
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VanderWeide J, Medina-Meza IG, Frioni T, Sivilotti P, Falchi R, Sabbatini P. Enhancement of Fruit Technological Maturity and Alteration of the Flavonoid Metabolomic Profile in Merlot ( Vitis vinifera L.) by Early Mechanical Leaf Removal. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9839-9849. [PMID: 30130400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Removal of basal leaves near blooms inevitably affects grapevine balance and cluster microclimate conditions, improving fruit quality. Mechanization of this practice allows growers to save time and resources, but to our knowledge, it has not yet been compared with the manual application of this practice in a cool-climate region where seasonal temperatures frequently limit fruit technological maturity and phenolic ripening in red Vitis vinifera cultivars. In our research, berry sugar concentration was highest with prebloom mechanical treatment (PB-ME). Furthermore, metabolomics analysis revealed that PB-ME favored the accumulation of significantly more disubstituted anthocyanins and flavonols and OH-substituted anthocyanins compared with manual application. Given that vine balance was similar between treatments, increased ripening with PB-ME is likely due to enhanced microclimate conditions and higher carbon partitioning through a younger canopy containing basal leaf fragments proximal to fruit. This information provides an important strategy for consistently ripening red Vitis vinifera cultivars in cool climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua VanderWeide
- Department of Horticulture , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Ilce G Medina-Meza
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Tommaso Frioni
- Department of Horticulture , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Piacenza 29122 , Italy
| | - Paolo Sivilotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali , Università di Udine , via delle Scienze 206 , Udine 33100 , Italy
| | - Rachele Falchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali , Università di Udine , via delle Scienze 206 , Udine 33100 , Italy
- Bordeaux Science Agro , Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, UMR 1287 , Villenave d'Ornon F-33140 , France
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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Interlaboratory Coverage Test on Plant Food Bioactive Compounds and their Metabolites by Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Metabolomics. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8030046. [PMID: 30149593 PMCID: PMC6161174 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds present in plant-based foods, and their metabolites derived from gut microbiota and endogenous metabolism, represent thousands of chemical structures of potential interest for human nutrition and health. State-of-the-art analytical methodologies, including untargeted metabolomics based on high-resolution mass spectrometry, are required for the profiling of these compounds in complex matrices, including plant food materials and biofluids. The aim of this project was to compare the analytical coverage of untargeted metabolomics methods independently developed and employed in various European platforms. In total, 56 chemical standards representing the most common classes of bioactive compounds spread over a wide chemical space were selected and analyzed by the participating platforms (n = 13) using their preferred untargeted method. The results were used to define analytical criteria for a successful analysis of plant food bioactives. Furthermore, they will serve as a basis for an optimized consensus method.
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Torres N, Antolín MC, Goicoechea N. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis as a Promising Resource for Improving Berry Quality in Grapevines Under Changing Environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:897. [PMID: 30008729 PMCID: PMC6034061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and their resulting impacts are becoming a concern for winegrowers due to the high socioeconomic relevance of the winemaking sector worldwide. In fact, the projected climate change is expected to have detrimental impacts on the yield of grapevines, as well as on the quality and properties of grapes and wine. It is well known that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve the nutritional quality of edible parts of crops and play essential roles in the maintenance of host plant fitness under stressed environments, including grapevines. The future scenarios of climate change may also modify the diversity and the growth of AMF in soils as well as the functionality of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on the effects of climate change on grapevine metabolism, paying special attention to the secondary compounds involved in the organoleptic properties of grapes and wines and to the levels of the phytohormones implied in the control of berry development and fruit ripening. In this context, the potential role of AMF for maintaining fruit quality in future climate change scenarios is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nieves Goicoechea
- Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEAD, Zaragoza, ICVV, Logroño), Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas (Departamento de Biología Ambiental), Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia y Nutrición, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Csepregi K, Hideg É. Phenolic Compound Diversity Explored in the Context of Photo-Oxidative Stress Protection. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:129-136. [PMID: 28895264 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phenolic compounds are a chemically diverse group of plant secondary metabolites with important roles both in plant stress defence and human nutrition. OBJECTIVE To explore structure-function relations potentiating phenolic compounds to promote leaf acclimation to light stress by excess photosynthetically active radiation (photoinhibition) and by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. METHODOLOGY We report singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide antioxidant capacities and UV-absorbing properties of 27 flavonoids and 11 phenolic acids. Correlations of these characteristics in the whole data set and related activity-structure relationships in flavonoid data were investigated using simple statistical methods. RESULTS In comparison to flavonoids, phenolic acids are relatively ineffective reactive oxygen neutralising antioxidants; and - with the exception of gallic acid - have poor reactivity to hydrogen peroxide. Singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide detoxifying capacities of flavonoids are positively correlated, largely due to the strong positive effect of the hydroxylation of the C-ring in position-3. 3-O-Glycosylation halves reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactivities of quercetin and myricetin but eradicates the hydrogen peroxide reactivity of kaemferol. B-ring polyhydroxylation (cathecol structure) increases the hydrogen peroxide antioxidant function but decreases UV-B (280-315 nm) absorption. UV-A (315-400 nm) absorption is increased by the B-ring C2-C3 double bond either in itself or in combination with the C4 oxo-group. CONCLUSION Among the studied compounds, anthocyanins and flavonols were the strongest singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide scavengers, and are thus capable of supporting defence against both photoinhibition by visible light and UV stress in leaves, while flavanols may only be effective against the latter. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Éva Hideg
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Castagna A, Csepregi K, Neugart S, Zipoli G, Večeřová K, Jakab G, Jug T, Llorens L, Martínez-Abaigar J, Martínez-Lüscher J, Núñez-Olivera E, Ranieri A, Schoedl-Hummel K, Schreiner M, Teszlák P, Tittmann S, Urban O, Verdaguer D, Jansen MAK, Hideg É. Environmental plasticity of Pinot noir grapevine leaves: A trans-European study of morphological and biochemical changes along a 1,500-km latitudinal climatic gradient. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2790-2805. [PMID: 28792065 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year study explored metabolic and phenotypic plasticity of sun-acclimated Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir leaves collected from 12 locations across a 36.69-49.98°N latitudinal gradient. Leaf morphological and biochemical parameters were analysed in the context of meteorological parameters and the latitudinal gradient. We found that leaf fresh weight and area were negatively correlated with both global and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, cumulated global radiation being a stronger correlator. Cumulative UV radiation (sumUVR) was the strongest correlator with most leaf metabolites and pigments. Leaf UV-absorbing pigments, total antioxidant capacities, and phenolic compounds increased with increasing sumUVR, whereas total carotenoids and xanthophylls decreased. Despite of this reallocation of metabolic resources from carotenoids to phenolics, an increase in xanthophyll-cycle pigments (the sum of the amounts of three xanthophylls: violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin) with increasing sumUVR indicates active, dynamic protection for the photosynthetic apparatus. In addition, increased amounts of flavonoids (quercetin glycosides) and constitutive β-carotene and α-tocopherol pools provide antioxidant protection against reactive oxygen species. However, rather than a continuum of plant acclimation responses, principal component analysis indicates clusters of metabolic states across the explored 1,500-km-long latitudinal gradient. This study emphasizes the physiological component of plant responses to latitudinal gradients and reveals the physiological plasticity that may act to complement genetic adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Castagna
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kristóf Csepregi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Susanne Neugart
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren/Erfurt e.V, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | | | - Kristýna Večeřová
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, v.v.i, Bělidla 4a, 60300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gábor Jakab
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
- Research Institute of Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs, Pázmány Péter u. 4, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tjaša Jug
- Agricultural and Forestry Institute of Nova Gorica, Pri hrastu 18, 5270, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Laura Llorens
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Av. Montilivi s/n, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Abaigar
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, Logroño, La Rioja, 26006, Spain
| | - Johann Martínez-Lüscher
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis Oakville Experiment Station, 1380 Oakville Grade Road, Oakville, CA, 94562, USA
| | - Encarnación Núñez-Olivera
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, Logroño, La Rioja, 26006, Spain
| | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Katharina Schoedl-Hummel
- Department of Crop Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren/Erfurt e.V, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Péter Teszlák
- Research Institute of Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs, Pázmány Péter u. 4, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Susanne Tittmann
- Institute for General and Organic Viticulture, Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Straße 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, v.v.i, Bělidla 4a, 60300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dolors Verdaguer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Av. Montilivi s/n, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University College Cork, College Road, T23 TK30, Cork, Ireland
| | - Éva Hideg
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
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de Pascual-Teresa S, Clifford MN. Advances in Polyphenol Research: A Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Virtual Issue. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8093-8095. [PMID: 28927282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) , E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , GU2 7XH Guildford, United Kingdom
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Del-Castillo-Alonso MÁ, Diago MP, Tomás-Las-Heras R, Monforte L, Soriano G, Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E. Effects of ambient solar UV radiation on grapevine leaf physiology and berry phenolic composition along one entire season under Mediterranean field conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:374-386. [PMID: 27810677 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we assessed the effects of ambient solar UV exclusion on leaf physiology, and leaf and berry skin phenolic composition, of a major grapevine cultivar (Tempranillo) grown under typically Mediterranean field conditions over an entire season. In general, the effects of time were stronger than those of UV radiation. Ambient UV caused a little stressing effect (eustress) on leaf physiology, with decreasing net photosynthesis rates and stomatal conductances. However, it was not accompanied by alterations in Fv/Fm or photosynthetic pigments, and was partially counterbalanced by the UV-induced accumulation of protective flavonols. Consequently, Tempranillo leaves are notably adapted to current UV levels. The responses of berry skin phenolic compounds were diverse, moderate, and mostly transitory. At harvest, the clearest response in UV-exposed berries was again flavonol accumulation, together with a decrease in the flavonol hydroxylation level. Contrarily, responses of anthocyanins, flavanols, stilbenes and hydroxycinnamic derivatives were much more subtle or nonexistent. Kaempferols were the only compounds whose leaf and berry skin contents were correlated, which suggests a mostly different regulation of phenolic metabolism for each organ. Interestingly, the dose of biologically effective UV radiation (UVBE) was correlated with the leaf and berry skin contents of quercetins and kaempferols; relationships were linear except for the exponential relationship between UVBE dose and berry skin kaempferols. This opens management possibilities to modify kaempferol and quercetin contents in grapevine through UV manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María P Diago
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV) (Universidad de La Rioja, CSIC, Gobierno de La Rioja), Finca La Grajera, Ctra. Burgos km 6, 26007, Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
| | - Rafael Tomás-Las-Heras
- Universidad de La Rioja, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
| | - Laura Monforte
- Universidad de La Rioja, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
| | - Gonzalo Soriano
- Universidad de La Rioja, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Abaigar
- Universidad de La Rioja, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
| | - Encarnación Núñez-Olivera
- Universidad de La Rioja, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain.
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