1
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Tang H, Chen Y, Fan D, Zhao F, Han S. Designable immobilization of D-allulose 3-epimerase on bimetallic organic frameworks based on metal ion compatibility for enhanced D-allulose production. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133027. [PMID: 38857717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
D-allulose, a low-calorie rare sugar catalyzed by D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAE), is highly sought after for its potential health benefits. However, poor reusability and stability of DAE limited its popularization in industrial applications. Although metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a promising enzyme platform for enzyme immobilization, developing customized strategies for MOF immobilization of enzymes remains challenging. In this study, we introduce a designable strategy involving the construction of bimetal-organic frameworks (ZnCo-MOF) based on metal ions compatibility. The DAE@MOFs materials were prepared and characterized, and the immobilization of DAE and the enzymatic characteristics of the MOF-immobilized DAE were subsequently evaluated. Remarkably, DAE@ZnCo-MOF exhibited superior recyclability which could maintain 95 % relative activity after 8 consecutive cycles. The storage stability is significantly improved compared to the free form, with a relative activity of 116 % remaining after 30 days. Molecular docking was also employed to investigate the interaction between DAE and the components of MOFs synthesis. The results demonstrate that the DAE@ZnCo-MOF exhibited enhanced catalytic efficiency and increased stability. This study introduces a viable and adaptable MOF-based immobilization strategy for enzymes, which holds the potential to expand the implementation of enzyme biocatalysts in a multitude of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayang Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Dexun Fan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Fengguang Zhao
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Shuangyan Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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2
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Ding W, Liu C, Huang C, Zhang X, Chi X, Wang T, Guo Q, Wang C. The Formation of D-Allulose 3-Epimerase Hybrid Nanoflowers and Co-Immobilization on Resins for Improved Enzyme Activity, Stability, and Processability. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6361. [PMID: 38928068 PMCID: PMC11203923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As a low-calorie sugar, D-allulose is produced from D-fructose catalyzed by D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAE). Here, to improve the catalytic activity, stability, and processability of DAE, we reported a novel method by forming organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (NF-DAEs) and co-immobilizing them on resins to form composites (Re-NF-DAEs). NF-DAEs were prepared by combining DAE with metal ions (Co2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+) in PBS buffer, and were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. All of the NF-DAEs showed higher catalytic activities than free DAE, and the NF-DAE with Ni2+ (NF-DAE-Ni) reached the highest relative activity of 218%. The NF-DAEs improved the thermal stability of DAE, and the longest half-life reached 228 min for NF-DAE-Co compared with 105 min for the free DAE at 55 °C. To further improve the recycling performance of the NF-DAEs in practical applications, we combined resins and NF-DAEs to form Re-NF-DAEs. Resins and NF-DAEs co-effected the performance of the composites, and ReA (LXTE-606 neutral hydrophobic epoxy-based polypropylene macroreticular resins)-based composites (ReA-NF-DAEs) exhibited outstanding relative activities, thermal stabilities, storage stabilities, and processabilities. The ReA-NF-DAEs were able to be reused to catalyze the conversion from D-fructose to D-allulose, and kept more than 60% of their activities after eight cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Ding
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (W.D.); (C.L.); (C.H.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (T.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chensa Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (W.D.); (C.L.); (C.H.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (T.W.)
| | - Chi Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (W.D.); (C.L.); (C.H.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (T.W.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (W.D.); (C.L.); (C.H.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (T.W.)
| | - Xinyi Chi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (W.D.); (C.L.); (C.H.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (T.W.)
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (W.D.); (C.L.); (C.H.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (T.W.)
| | - Qingbin Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (W.D.); (C.L.); (C.H.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (T.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Changlu Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (W.D.); (C.L.); (C.H.); (X.Z.); (X.C.); (T.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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3
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Tang X, Ravikumar Y, Zhang G, Yun J, Zhao M, Qi X. D-allose, a typical rare sugar: properties, applications, and biosynthetic advances and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38764407 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2350617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
D-allose, a C-3 epimer of D-glucose and an aldose-ketose isomer of D-allulose, exhibits 80% of sucrose's sweetness while being remarkably low in calories and nontoxic, making it an appealing sucrose substitute. Its diverse physiological functions, particularly potent anticancer and antitumor effects, render it a promising candidate for clinical treatment, garnering sustained attention. However, its limited availability in natural sources and the challenges associated with chemical synthesis necessitate exploring biosynthetic strategies to enhance production. This overview encapsulates recent advancements in D-allose's physicochemical properties, physiological functions, applications, and biosynthesis. It also briefly discusses the crucial role of understanding aldoketose isomerase structure and optimizing its performance in D-allose synthesis. Furthermore, it delves into the challenges and future perspectives in D-allose bioproduction. Early efforts focused on identifying and characterizing enzymes responsible for D-allose production, followed by detailed crystal structure analysis to improve performance through molecular modification. Strategies such as enzyme immobilization and implementing multi-enzyme cascade reactions, utilizing more cost-effective feedstocks, were explored. Despite progress, challenges remain, including the lack of efficient high-throughput screening methods for enzyme modification, the need for food-grade expression systems, the establishment of ordered substrate channels in multi-enzyme cascade reactions, and the development of downstream separation and purification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuvaraj Ravikumar
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Junhua Yun
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Zhang W, Ren H, Chen J, Ni D, Xu W, Mu W. Enhancement of the d-Allulose 3-Epimerase Expression in Bacillus subtilis through Both Transcriptional and Translational Regulations. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8052-8059. [PMID: 38563420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
d-Allulose, a functional bulk sweetener, has recently attracted increasing attention because of its low-caloric-ness properties and diverse health effects. d-Allulose is industrially produced by the enzymatic epimerization of d-fructose, which is catalyzed by ketose 3-epimerase (KEase). In this study, the food-grade expression of KEase was studied using Bacillus subtills as the host. Clostridium sp. d-allulose 3-epimerase (Clsp-DAEase) was screened from nine d-allulose-producing KEases, showing better potential for expression in B. subtills WB600. Promoter-based transcriptional regulation and N-terminal coding sequence (NCS)-based translational regulation were studied to enhance the DAEase expression level. In addition, the synergistic effect of promoter and NCS on the Clsp-DAEase expression was studied. Finally, the strain with the combination of a PHapII promoter and gln A-Up NCS was selected as the best Clsp-DAEase-producing strain. It efficiently produced Clsp-DAEase with a total activity of 333.2 and 1860.6 U/mL by shake-flask and fed-batch cultivations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - JiaJun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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5
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Xiao Z, Zhao Z, Jiang B, Chen J. Enhancing enzyme immobilization: Fabrication of biosilica-based organic-inorganic composite carriers for efficient covalent binding of D-allulose 3-epimerase. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130980. [PMID: 38508569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
D-allulose, an ideal low-calorie sweetener, is primarily produced through the isomerization of d-fructose using D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAE; EC 5.1.3.30). Addressing the gap in available immobilized DAE enzymes for scalable commercial D-allulose production, three core-shell structured organic-inorganic composite silica-based carriers were designed for efficient covalent immobilization of DAE. Natural inorganic diatomite was used as the core, while 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and chitosan organic layers were coated as the shells, respectively. These tailored carriers successfully formed robust covalent bonds with DAE enzyme conjugates, cross-linked via glutaraldehyde, and demonstrated enzyme activities of 372 U/g, 1198 U/g, and 381 U/g, respectively. These immobilized enzymes exhibited an expanded pH tolerance and improved thermal stability compared to free DAE. Particularly, the modified diatomite with PEI exhibited a higher density of binding sites than the other carriers and the PEI-coated immobilized DAE enzyme retained 70.4 % of its relative enzyme activity after ten cycles of reuse. This study provides a promising method for DAE immobilization, underscoring the potential of using biosilica-based organic-inorganic composite carriers for the development of robust enzyme systems, thereby advancing the production of value-added food ingredients like D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqun Xiao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zishen Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Jingjing Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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6
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Mahmoodi A, Farinas ET. Applications of Bacillus subtilis Protein Display for Medicine, Catalysis, Environmental Remediation, and Protein Engineering. Microorganisms 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38257924 PMCID: PMC10821481 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spores offer several advantages that make them attractive for protein display. For example, protein folding issues associated with unfolded polypeptide chains crossing membranes are circumvented. In addition, they can withstand physical and chemical extremes such as heat, desiccation, radiation, ultraviolet light, and oxidizing agents. As a result, the sequence of the displayed protein can be easily obtained even under harsh screening conditions. Next, immobilized proteins have many economic and technological advantages. They can be easily separated from the reaction and the protein stability is increased in harsh environments. In traditional immobilization methods, proteins are expressed and purified and then they are attached to a matrix. In contrast, immobilization occurs naturally during the sporulation process. They can be easily separated from the reaction and the protein stability is increased in harsh environments. Spores are also amenable to high-throughput screening for protein engineering and optimization. Furthermore, they can be used in a wide array of biotechnological and industrial applications such as vaccines, bioabsorbants to remove toxic chemicals, whole-cell catalysts, bioremediation, and biosensors. Lastly, spores are easily produced in large quantities, have a good safety record, and can be used as additives in foods and drugs.
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7
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Jia Q, Zhang H, Zhao A, Qu L, Xiong W, Alam MA, Miao J, Wang W, Li F, Xu J, Lv Y. Produce D-allulose from non-food biomass by integrating corn stalk hydrolysis with whole-cell catalysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1156953. [PMID: 36911188 PMCID: PMC9998921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1156953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
D-allulose is a high-value rare sugar with many health benefits. D-allulose market demand increased dramatically after approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). The current studies are predominantly focusing on producing D-allulose from either D-glucose or D-fructose, which may compete foods against human. The corn stalk (CS) is one of the main agricultural waste biomass in the worldwide. Bioconversion is one of the promising approach to CS valorization, which is of significance for both food safety and reducing carbon emission. In this study, we tried to explore a non-food based route by integrating CS hydrolysis with D-allulose production. Firstly we developed an efficient Escherichia coli whole-cell catalyst to produce D-allulose from D-glucose. Next we hydrolyzed CS and achieved D-allulose production from the CS hydrolysate. Finally we immobilized the whole-cell catalyst by designing a microfluidic device. Process optimization improved D-allulose titer by 8.61 times, reaching 8.78 g/L from CS hydrolysate. With this method, 1 kg CS was finally converted to 48.87 g D-allulose. This study validated the feasibility of valorizing corn stalk by converting it to D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Md Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jixing Miao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weigao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shriram Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Feihu Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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8
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Chen Z, Gao XD, Li Z. Recent Advances Regarding the Physiological Functions and Biosynthesis of D-Allulose. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:881037. [PMID: 35495640 PMCID: PMC9048046 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.881037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
D-Allulose, a generally regarded as safe (GRAS) sugar, is rare in nature. It is among the most promising sweeteners for future use due to its low caloric content, sucrose-like taste, and unique functions. D-Allulose has many physiological effects, such as antiobesity, antihyperglycemia, antidiabetes, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. Therefore, D-allulose has important application value in the food, pharmaceutical, and healthcare industries. However, the high cost of D-allulose production limits its large-scale application. Currently, biotransformation is very attractive for D-allulose synthesis, with the two main methods of biosynthesis being the Izumoring strategy and the DHAP-dependent aldolase strategy. This article reviews recent advances regarding the physiological functions and biosynthesis of D-allulose. In addition, future perspectives on the production of D-allulose are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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9
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Zhang W, Chen D, Chen J, Xu W, Chen Q, Wu H, Guang C, Mu W. D-allulose, a versatile rare sugar: recent biotechnological advances and challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:5661-5679. [PMID: 34965808 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2023091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
D-Allulose is the C-3 epimer of D-fructose, and widely regarded as a promising substitute for sucrose. It's an excellent low-calorie sweetener, with 70% sweetness of sucrose, 0.4 kcal/g dietary energy, and special physiological functions. It has been approved as GRAS by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and is allowed to be excluded from total and added sugar counts on the food labels. Therefore, D-allulose gradually attracts more public attention. Owing to scarcity in nature, the bioproduction of D-allulose by using ketose 3-epimerase (KEase) has become the research hotspot. Herein, we give a summary of the physicochemical properties, physiological function, applications, and the chemical and biochemical synthesis methods of D-allulose. In addition, the recent progress in the D-allulose bioproduction using KEases, and the possible solutions for existing challenges in the D-allulose industrial production are comprehensively discussed, focusing on the molecular modification, immobilization, food-grade expression, utilizing low-cost biomass as feedstock, overcoming thermodynamic limitation, as well as the downstream separation and purification. Finally, Prospects for further development are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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10
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Seo MJ, Kwon ER, Kim SJ, Choi MS, Kim YS, Park CS. d-Allulose Production from d-fructose by Putative Dolichol Phosphate Mannose Synthase from Bacillus sp. with Potential d-allulose 3-epimrase Activity. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Hu M, Li M, Jiang B, Zhang T. Bioproduction of D-allulose: Properties, applications, purification, and future perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:6012-6026. [PMID: 34668314 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
D-allulose is the C-3 epimer of D-fructose, which rarely exists in nature, and can be biosynthesized from D-fructose by the catalysis of D-psicose 3-epimerase. D-allulose is safe for human consumption and was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for food applications. It is not only able be used in food and dietary supplements as a low-calorie sweetener, but also modulates a variety of physiological functions. D-allulose has gained increasing attention owing to its excellent properties. This article presents a review of recent progress on the properties, applications, and bioproduction progress of D-allulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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12
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Yang H, Qu J, Zou W, Shen W, Chen X. An overview and future prospects of recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6607-6626. [PMID: 34468804 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a well-characterized Gram-positive bacterium and a valuable host for recombinant protein production because of its efficient secretion ability, high yield, and non-toxicity. Here, we comprehensively review the recent studies on recombinant protein production in B. subtilis to update and supplement other previous reviews. We have focused on several aspects, including optimization of B. subtilis strains, enhancement and regulation of expression, improvement of secretion level, surface display of proteins, and fermentation optimization. Among them, optimization of B. subtilis strains mainly involves undirected chemical/physical mutagenesis and selection and genetic manipulation; enhancement and regulation of expression comprises autonomous plasmid and integrated expression, promoter regulation and engineering, and fine-tuning gene expression based on proteases and molecular chaperones; improvement of secretion level predominantly involves secretion pathway and signal peptide screening and optimization; surface display of proteins includes surface display of proteins on spores or vegetative cells; and fermentation optimization incorporates medium optimization, process condition optimization, and feeding strategy optimization. Furthermore, we propose some novel methods and future challenges for recombinant protein production in B. subtilis.Key points• A comprehensive review on recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis.• Novel techniques facilitate recombinant protein expression and secretion.• Surface display of proteins has significant potential for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Zou
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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13
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Mohsin MZ, Omer R, Huang J, Mohsin A, Guo M, Qian J, Zhuang Y. Advances in engineered Bacillus subtilis biofilms and spores, and their applications in bioremediation, biocatalysis, and biomaterials. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:180-191. [PMID: 34401544 PMCID: PMC8332661 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a commonly used commercial specie with broad applications in the fields of bioengineering and biotechnology. B. subtilis is capable of producing both biofilms and spores. Biofilms are matrix-encased multicellular communities that comprise various components including exopolysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA, and poly-γ-glutamic acid. These biofilms resist environmental conditions such as oxidative stress and hence have applications in bioremediation technologies. Furthermore, biofilms and spores can be engineered through biotechnological techniques for environmentally-friendly and safe production of bio-products such as enzymes. The ability to withstand with harsh conditions and producing spores makes Bacillus a suitable candidate for surface display technology. In recent years, the spores of such specie are widely used as it is generally regarded as safe to use. Advances in synthetic biology have enabled the reprogramming of biofilms to improve their functions and enhance the production of value-added products. Globally, there is increased interest in the production of engineered biosensors, biocatalysts, and biomaterials. The elastic modulus and gel properties of B. subtilis biofilms have been utilized to develop living materials. This review outlines the formation of B. subtilis biofilms and spores. Biotechnological engineering processes and their increasing application in bioremediation and biocatalysis, as well as the future directions of B. subtilis biofilm engineering, are discussed. Furthermore, the ability of B. subtilis biofilms and spores to fabricate functional living materials with self-regenerating, self-regulating and environmentally responsive characteristics has been summarized. This review aims to resume advances in biological engineering of B. subtilis biofilms and spores and their applications.
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Key Words
- Bacillus subtilis
- Biocatalysis
- Biofilms
- Biomaterials
- Bioremediation
- Extracellular DNA, (eDNA)
- Extracellular Polymeric Substance/ Exopolysaccharide, (EPS)
- Gold nanoparticles, (AuNPs)
- Green fluorescent protein, (GFP)
- Isopropylthio-β-d-galactoside, (IPTG)
- Menaquinoe-7, (MK-7)
- Microbial fuel cell, (MFC)
- Mono (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid, (MHET)
- N-Acetyl-d-neuraminic Acid, (Neu5Ac)
- N-acetylglucosamine, (GlcNAc)
- Nanoparticles, (NPs)
- Nickel nitriloacetic acid, (Ni-NTA)
- Organophosphorus hydrolase, (OPH)
- Paranitrophenol, (PNP)
- Paraoxon, (PAR)
- Quantum dots, (QDs)
- Spores
- Synthetic biology
- d-psicose 3-epimerase, (DPEase)
- l-Arabinose Isomerase, (L-AI)
- p-aminophenol, (PAP)
- β-Galactosidase, (β-Gal)
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Rabia Omer
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jiaofang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Ali Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jiangchao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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Bu Y, Zhang T, Jiang B, Chen J. Improved Performance of D-Psicose 3-Epimerase by Immobilisation on Amino-Epoxide Support with Intense Multipoint Attachment. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040831. [PMID: 33920442 PMCID: PMC8069956 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
D-allulose is an epimer of D-fructose at the C-3 position. With similar sweetness to sucrose and a low-calorie profile, D-allulose has been considered a promising functional sweetener. D-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase; EC 5.1.3.30) catalyses the synthesis of D-allulose from D-fructose. Immobilised enzymes are becoming increasingly popular because of their better stability and reusability. However, immobilised DPEase generally exhibits less activity or poses difficulty in separation. This study aimed to obtain immobilised DPEase with high catalytic activity, stability, and ease of separation from the reaction solution. In this study, DPEase was immobilised on an amino-epoxide support, ReliZyme HFA403/M (HFA), in four steps (ion exchange, covalent binding, glutaraldehyde crosslinking, and blocking). Glycine-blocked (four-step immobilisation) and unblocked (three-step immobilisation) immobilised DPEase exhibited activities of 103.5 and 138.8 U/g support, respectively, but contained equal amounts of protein. After incubation at 60 °C for 2 h, the residual activity of free enzyme decreased to 12.5%, but the activities of unblocked and blocked DPEase remained at 40.9% and 52.3%, respectively. Immobilisation also altered the substrate specificity of the enzyme, catalysing L-sorbose to L-tagatose and D-tagatose to D-sorbose. Overall, the immobilised DPEase with intense multipoint attachment, especially glycine-blocked DPEase, showed better properties than the free form, providing a superior potential for D-allulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.B.); (T.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.B.); (T.Z.); (J.C.)
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.B.); (T.Z.); (J.C.)
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.B.); (T.Z.); (J.C.)
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Applications of Bacillus subtilis Spores in Biotechnology and Advanced Materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01096-20. [PMID: 32631858 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01096-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Bacillus subtilis has long been an important subject for basic studies. However, this organism has also had industrial applications due to its easy genetic manipulation, favorable culturing characteristics for large-scale fermentation, superior capacity for protein secretion, and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. In addition, as the metabolically dormant form of B. subtilis, its spores have attracted great interest due to their extreme resistance to many environmental stresses, which makes spores a novel platform for a variety of applications. In this review, we summarize both conventional and emerging applications of B. subtilis spores, with a focus on how their unique characteristics have led to innovative applications in many areas of technology, including generation of stable and recyclable enzymes, synthetic biology, drug delivery, and material sciences. Ultimately, this review hopes to inspire the scientific community to leverage interdisciplinary approaches using spores to address global concerns about food shortages, environmental protection, and health care.
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Kang SJ, Jun JS, Moon JA, Hong KW. Surface display of p75, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG derived protein, on Bacillus subtilis spores and its antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes. AMB Express 2020; 10:139. [PMID: 32770428 PMCID: PMC7415045 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus p75 protein with peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) activity is one of the key molecules exhibiting anti-apoptotic and cell-protective activity for human intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, with the goal of developing new probiotics, the p75 protein was displayed on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores using spore coat protein CotG as an anchoring motif. The PGH activity, stability, and the antibacterial activity of the spore-displayed p75 (CotG-p75) protein were also investigated. The PGH activity of the CotG-p75 against peptidoglycan extracted from B. subtilis was confirmed by the ninhydrin test. Under various harsh conditions, compared to the control groups, the PGH activities of CotG-p75 were very stable in the range of pH 3–7 and maintained at 70% at 50 °C. In addition, the antibacterial activity of CotG-p75 against Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated by a time-kill assay. After 6 h incubation in phosphate-buffered saline, CotG-p75 reduced the number of viable cells of L. monocytogenes by up to 2.0 log. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the cell wall of L. monocytogenes was partially damaged by the treatment with CotG-p75. Our preliminary results show that CotG-p75 could be a good candidate for further research to develop new genetically engineered probiotics.
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Chen Z, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Wang X, Tong S, Yang H, Wang Z. Efficient biodegradation of highly crystallized polyethylene terephthalate through cell surface display of bacterial PETase. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136138. [PMID: 31887523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most widely used plastics in the world. Accumulation of the discarded PET in the environment is creating a global environmental problem. Recently, a bacterial enzyme named PETase was found to have the novel ability to degrade the highly crystallized PET. However, the enzymatic activity of native PETase is still low limiting its possible use in recycling of PET. In this study, we developed a whole-cell biocatalyst by displaying PETase on the surface of yeast (Pichia pastoris) cell to improve its degradation efficiency. Our data shows that PETase could be functionally displayed on the yeast cell with enhanced pH and thermal stability. The turnover rate of the PETase-displaying yeast whole-cell biocatalyst towards highly crystallized PET dramatically increased about 36-fold compared with that of purified PETase. Furthermore, the whole-cell biocatalyst showed stable turnover rate after seven repeated use and under some chemical/solvent conditions, and its ability to degrade different commercial highly crystallized PET bottles. Our results reveal that PETase-displaying whole-cell biocatalyst affords a promising route for efficient biological recycling of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yingying Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shanwei Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Zefang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Wei H, Zhang R, Wang L, Li D, Hang F, Liu J. Expression of d-psicose-3-epimerase from Clostridium bolteae and Dorea sp. and whole-cell production of d-psicose in Bacillus subtilis. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
d-psicose-3-epimerase (DPEase) catalyses the isomerisation of d-fructose to d-psicose, a rare sugar in nature with unique nutritional and biological functions. An effective industrial-scale method is needed for d-psicose production. Herein, the expression of a neutral and a slightly acidic pH DPEase in Bacillus subtilis was evaluated.
Methods
Two DPEase genes from Clostridium bolteae and Dorea sp. were separately expressed in B. subtilis via plasmid pSTOP1622, and an extra P43 promoter was employed to the expression cassette. The fermentation conditions of the engineered B. subtilis strains were also optimised, to facilitate both cell growth and enzyme production.
Result
The introduction of P43 promoter to the two DPEase genes increased enzyme production by about 20%. Optimisation of fermentation conditions increased DPEase production to 21.90 U/g at 55 °C and 24.01 U/g at 70 °C in B. subtilis expressing C. bolteae or Dorea sp. DPEase, equating to a 94.67% and 369.94% increase, respectively, relative to controls.
Conclusion
Enhanced DPEase production was achieved in B. subtilis expressing C. bolteae or Dorea sp. DPEase genes.
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Jiang S, Xiao W, Zhu X, Yang P, Zheng Z, Lu S, Jiang S, Zhang G, Liu J. Review on D-Allulose: In vivo Metabolism, Catalytic Mechanism, Engineering Strain Construction, Bio-Production Technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:26. [PMID: 32117915 PMCID: PMC7008614 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare sugar D-allulose as a substitute sweetener is produced through the isomerization of D-fructose by D-tagatose 3-epimerases (DTEases) or D-allulose 3-epimerases (DAEases). D-Allulose is a kind of low energy monosaccharide sugar naturally existing in some fruits in very small quantities. D-Allulose not only possesses high value as a food ingredient and dietary supplement, but also exhibits a variety of physiological functions serving as improving insulin resistance, antioxidant enhancement, and hypoglycemic controls, and so forth. Thus, D-allulose has an important development value as an alternative to high-energy sugars. This review provided a systematic analysis of D-allulose characters, application, enzymatic characteristics and molecular modification, engineered strain construction, and processing technologies. The existing problems and its proposed solutions for D-allulose production are also discussed. More importantly, a green and recycling process technology for D-allulose production is proposed for low waste formation, low energy consumption, and high sugar yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwei Jiang
- Department of Biological, Food and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Peizhou Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuhua Lu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Guochang Zhang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Progress in research and application development of surface display technology using Bacillus subtilis spores. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2319-2331. [PMID: 31989224 PMCID: PMC7223921 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a widely distributed aerobic Gram-positive species of bacteria. As a tool in the lab, it has the advantages of nonpathogenicity and limited likelihood of becoming drug resistant. It is a probiotic strain that can be directly used in humans and animals. It can be induced to produce spores under nutrient deficiency or other adverse conditions. B. subtilis spores have unique physical, chemical, and biochemical characteristics. Expression of heterologous antigens or proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores has been successfully performed for over a decade. As an update and supplement to previously published research, this paper reviews the latest research on spore surface display technology using B. subtilis. We have mainly focused on the regulation of spore coat protein expression, display and application of exogenous proteins, and identification of developing research areas of spore surface display technology.
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Ran G, Tan D, Zhao J, Fan F, Zhang Q, Wu X, Fan P, Fang X, Lu X. Functionalized polyhydroxyalkanoate nano-beads as a stable biocatalyst for cost-effective production of the rare sugar d-allulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121673. [PMID: 31260936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
d-Allulose is a promising low-calorie sweetener especially for diabetes and obesity patients. The functionalized polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) nano-beads decorated with d-tagatose 3-epimerase (DTE) was produced in recombinant endotoxin-free ClearColi, whereby the expression, purification, and immobilization of the active DTE were efficiently combined into one step. The immobilized DTE exhibited remarkable enzyme activity of 649.3 U/g beads and extremely high stability at a harsh working condition (pH 7.0-8.0, 65 °C). When DTE-PHA beads were subjected to enzymatic synthesis of d-allulose, a maximum conversion rate of 33% can be achieved at pH 7.0 and 65 °C for 3 h, and DTE-PHA beads retained about 80% of its initial activity after 8 continuous cycles. Moreover, the d-allulose/d-fructose binary mixture can be simply separated by a single cation exchange resin-equipped chromatography. Taken together, DTE-PHA beads are promising and robust nano-biocatalysts that will remarkably simplify the production procedures of d-allulose, contributing to its cost-effective production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganqiao Ran
- Institute of Bio-Agriculture of Shannxi Province, Xi'an 710043, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Tan
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Zhao
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Bio-Agriculture of Shannxi Province, Xi'an 710043, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjuan Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyao Fan
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Fang
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Functional Autodisplay of Phenolic Acid Decarboxylase using a GDSL Autotransporter on Escherichia coli for Efficient Catalysis of 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acids to Vinylphenol Derivatives. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9080634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioproduction of vinylphenol derivatives, such as 4-vinylguaiacol (4-VG) and 4-vinylphenol (4-VP), from 4-hydroxycinnamic acids, such as ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA), employing whole cells expressing phenolic acid decarboxylases (PAD) as a biocatalyst has attracted much attention in recent years. However, the accumulation of 4-VG or 4-VP in the cell may cause high cytotoxicity to Escherichia coli (E. coli) and consequently cell death during the process. In this study, we firstly report the functional display of a phenolic acid decarboxylase (BLPAD) from Bacillus licheniformis using a GDSL autotransporter from Pseudomonas putida on the cell surface of E. coli. Expression and localization of BLPAD on E. coli were verified by SDS-PAGE and protease accessibility. The PelB signal peptide is more effective in guiding the translocation of BLPAD on the cell surface than the native signal peptide of GDSL, and the cell surface displaying BLPAD activity reached 19.72 U/OD600. The cell surface displaying BLPAD showed good reusability and retained 63% of residual activity after 7 cycles of repeated use. In contrast, the residual activity of the intracellular expressing cells was approximately 11% after 3 cycles of reuse. The molar bioconversion yields of 72.6% and 80.4% were achieved at the concentration of 300 mM of FA and pCA in a biphasic toluene/Na2HPO4–citric acid buffer system, respectively. Its good reusability and efficient catalysis suggested that the cell surface displaying BLPAD can be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst for efficient production of 4-VG and 4-VP.
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Yang P, Zhu X, Zheng Z, Mu D, Jiang S, Luo S, Wu Y, Du M. Cell regeneration and cyclic catalysis of engineered Kluyveromyces marxianus of a D-psicose-3-epimerase gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens for D-allulose production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:65. [PMID: 29687334 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
D-Allulose as a low-energy and special bioactive monosaccharide sugar is essential for human health. In this study, the D-psicose-3-epimerase gene (DPEase) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was transferred into thermotolerant Kluyveromyces marxianus to decrease the production cost of D-allulose and reduce the number of manufacturing procedures. The cell regeneration of K. marxianus and cyclic catalysis via whole-cell reaction were investigated to achieve the sustainable application of K. marxianus and the consumption of residual D-fructose. Results showed that DPEase, encoding a 33 kDa protein, could be effectively expressed in thermotolerant K. marxianus. The engineered K. marxianus produced 190 g L-1 D-allulose with 750 g L-1 D-fructose as a substrate at 55 °C within 12 h. Approximately 100 g of residual D-fructose was converted into 34 g of ethanol, and 15 g of the engineered K. marxianus cells was regenerated after fermentation at 37 °C for 21 h. The purity of D-allulose of more than 90% could be obtained without isolating it from D-allulose and D-fructose mixture through residual D-fructose consumption. This study provided a valuable pathway to regenerate engineered K. marxianus cells and achieve cyclic catalysis for D-allulose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Dongdong Mu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Shuizhong Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Yun Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Minrui Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agricultural Products, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
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Guo Q, An Y, Yun J, Yang M, Magocha TA, Zhu J, Xue Y, Qi Y, Hossain Z, Sun W, Qi X. Enhanced d-tagatose production by spore surface-displayed l-arabinose isomerase from isolated Lactobacillus brevis PC16 and biotransformation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:940-946. [PMID: 30060433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a new strain of Lactobacillus brevis producing d-tagatose was isolated and identified. Then, the l-arabinose isomerase (L-AI) of this strain was displayed on the spore surface of Bacillus subtilis DB403 by using an anchoring protein CotG and a peptide linker (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser). This displayed L-AI with high specific activity and stability was used as a novel immobilized biocatalyst for producing d-tagatose through batch and semi-continuous biotransformation. The conversion rate of d-tagatose from 125 g/L d-galactose was achieved 79.7% at 28 h, and the volumetric productivity reached 4.3 g/L/h at 20 h. Furthermore, the displayed L-AI showed a good performance on the reusability and remained 87% of the specific activity and 40.7% of the conversion rate after five recycles. A high efficient immobilized method for producing food-grade d-tagatose was established using spore surface-displayed L-AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingfeng An
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China
| | - Junhua Yun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tinashe A Magocha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingfei Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanbo Xue
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yilin Qi
- College of Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, 1 Bohai Road, Cangzhou 061100, Hebei, China
| | - Zabed Hossain
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Mattossovich R, Iacono R, Cangiano G, Cobucci-Ponzano B, Isticato R, Moracci M, Ricca E. Conversion of xylan by recyclable spores of Bacillus subtilis displaying thermophilic enzymes. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:218. [PMID: 29183330 PMCID: PMC5706412 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bacillus subtilis spore has long been used to display antigens and enzymes. Spore display can be accomplished by a recombinant and a non-recombinant approach, with the latter proved more efficient than the recombinant one. We used the non-recombinant approach to independently adsorb two thermophilic enzymes, GH10-XA, an endo-1,4-β-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, and GH3-XT, a β-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.37) from Thermotoga thermarum. These enzymes catalyze, respectively, the endohydrolysis of (1-4)-β-D-xylosidic linkages of xylans and the hydrolysis of (1-4)-β-D-xylans to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini. RESULTS We report that both purified enzymes were independently adsorbed on purified spores of B. subtilis. The adsorption was tight and both enzymes retained part of their specific activity. When spores displaying either GH10-XA or GH3-XT were mixed together, xylan was hydrolysed more efficiently than by a mixture of the two free, not spore-adsorbed, enzymes. The high total activity of the spore-bound enzymes is most likely due to a stabilization of the enzymes that, upon adsorption on the spore, remained active at the reaction conditions for longer than the free enzymes. Spore-adsorbed enzymes, collected after the two-step reaction and incubated with fresh substrate, were still active and able to continue xylan degradation. The recycling of the mixed spore-bound enzymes allowed a strong increase of xylan degradation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the two-step degradation of xylans can be accomplished by mixing spores displaying either one of two required enzymes. The two-step process occurs more efficiently than with the two un-adsorbed, free enzymes and adsorbed spores can be reused for at least one other reaction round. The efficiency of the process, the reusability of the adsorbed enzymes, and the well documented robustness of spores of B. subtilis indicate the spore as a suitable platform to display enzymes for single as well as multi-step reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Mattossovich
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, MSA Italy
| | - Roberta Iacono
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cangiano
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, MSA Italy
| | | | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, MSA Italy
| | - Marco Moracci
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, MSA Italy
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, MSA Italy
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