1
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Hancock AC, Giudici E, Goerigk L. How do spin-scaled double hybrids designed for excitation energies perform for noncovalent excited-state interactions? An investigation on aromatic excimer models. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1667-1681. [PMID: 38553847 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Time-dependent double hybrids with spin-component or spin-opposite scaling to their second-order perturbative correlation correction have demonstrated competitive robustness in the computation of electronic excitation energies. Some of the most robust are those recently published by our group (M. Casanova-Páez, L. Goerigk, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2021, 20, 5165). So far, the implementation of these functionals has not allowed correctly calculating their ground-state total energies. Herein, we define their correct spin-scaled ground-state energy expressions which enables us to test our methods on the noncovalent excited-state interaction energies of four aromatic excimers. A range of 22 double hybrids with and without spin scaling are compared to the reasonably accurate wavefunction reference from our previous work (A. C. Hancock, L. Goerigk, RSC Adv. 2023, 13, 35964). The impact of spin scaling is highly dependent on the underlying functional expression, however, the smallest overall errors belong to spin-scaled functionals with range separation: SCS- and SOS- ω PBEPP86, and SCS-RSX-QIDH. We additionally determine parameters for DFT-D3(BJ)/D4 ground-state dispersion corrections of these functionals, which reduce errors in most cases. We highlight the necessity of dispersion corrections for even the most robust TD-DFT methods but also point out that ground-state based corrections are insufficient to completely capture dispersion effects for excited-state interaction energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Hancock
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erica Giudici
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lars Goerigk
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Hait D, Lahana D, Fajen OJ, Paz ASP, Unzueta PA, Rana B, Lu L, Wang Y, Kjønstad EF, Koch H, Martínez TJ. Prediction of photodynamics of 200 nm excited cyclobutanone with linear response electronic structure and ab initio multiple spawning. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:244101. [PMID: 38912674 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Simulations of photochemical reaction dynamics have been a challenge to the theoretical chemistry community for some time. In an effort to determine the predictive character of current approaches, we predict the results of an upcoming ultrafast diffraction experiment on the photodynamics of cyclobutanone after excitation to the lowest lying Rydberg state (S2). A picosecond of nonadiabatic dynamics is described with ab initio multiple spawning. We use both time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) theory for the underlying electronic structure theory. We find that the lifetime of the S2 state is more than a picosecond (with both TDDFT and EOM-CCSD). The predicted ultrafast electron diffraction spectrum exhibits numerous structural features, but weak time dependence over the course of the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Dean Lahana
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - O Jonathan Fajen
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Amiel S P Paz
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Pablo A Unzueta
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Lixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Yuanheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
| | - Eirik F Kjønstad
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94024, USA
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3
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Grotjahn R, Furche F. Comment on: "Toward Accurate Two-Photon Absorption Spectrum Simulations: Exploring the Landscape beyond the Generalized Gradient Approximation". J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6237-6240. [PMID: 38867618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A recent benchmark study of two-photon absorption (2PA) strengths using meta-generalized gradient approximation (MGGA) exchange-correlation functionals by Ahmadzadeh, Li, Rinkevicius, Norman, and Zaleśny (ALRNZ24) [ J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2024, 15, 969] misrepresents the state of the field in this area. Not only was an assessment of 2PA strengths for the exact same benchmark published previously; ALRNZ24 also uses a gauge-variant form of MGGA response theory which produces erratic behavior for certain benchmark systems. Applications of MGGAs to optical and magnetic response properties should use a gauge-invariant extension of MGGA functionals such as paramagnetic current-dependent MGGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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4
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Loreti A, Freixas VM, Avagliano D, Segatta F, Song H, Tretiak S, Mukamel S, Garavelli M, Govind N, Nenov A. WFOT: A Wave Function Overlap Tool between Single- and Multi-Reference Electronic Structure Methods for Spectroscopy Simulation. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4804-4819. [PMID: 38828948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
We report the development of a novel diagnostic tool, named wave function overlap tool (WFOT), designed to evaluate the overlap between wave functions computed at single-reference [i.e., time-dependent density functional theory or configuration interaction singles (CIS)] and multireference (i.e., CASSCF/CASPT2) electronic structure levels of theory. It relies on truncating the single- and multireference WFs to CIS-like expansions spanning the same configurational space and maximizing the molecular orbital overlap by means of a unitary transformation. To demonstrate the functionality of the tool, we calculate the transient spectrum of acetylacetone by evaluating excited state absorption signals with multireference quality on top of single-reference on-the-fly dynamics simulations. Semiautomatic spectra generation is facilitated by interfacing the tool with the COBRAMM package, which also allows one to use WFOT with several quantum chemistry codes such as Gaussian, NWChem, and OpenMolcas. Other exciting possibilities for the utilization of the code beyond the simulation of transient absorption spectroscopy are eventually discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Loreti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Victor Manuel Freixas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Davide Avagliano
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Huajing Song
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, Bologna 40129, Italy
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5
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Wahab A, Gershoni-Poranne R. COMPAS-3: a dataset of peri-condensed polybenzenoid hydrocarbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15344-15357. [PMID: 38758092 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We introduce the third installment of the COMPAS Project - a COMputational database of Polycyclic Aromatic Systems, focused on peri-condensed polybenzenoid hydrocarbons. In this installment, we develop two datasets containing the optimized ground-state structures and a selection of molecular properties of ∼39k and ∼9k peri-condensed polybenzenoid hydrocarbons (at the GFN2-xTB and CAM-B3LYP-D3BJ/cc-pvdz//CAM-B3LYP-D3BJ/def2-SVP levels, respectively). The manuscript details the enumeration and data generation processes and describes the information available within the datasets. An in-depth comparison between the two types of computation is performed, and it is found that the geometrical disagreement is maximal for slightly-distorted molecules. In addition, a data-driven analysis of the structure-property trends of peri-condensed PBHs is performed, highlighting the effect of the size of peri-condensed islands and linearly annulated rings on the HOMO-LUMO gap. The insights described herein are important for rational design of novel functional aromatic molecules for use in, e.g., organic electronics. The generated datasets provide a basis for additional data-driven machine- and deep-learning studies in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wahab
- The Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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6
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Femina C, Sajith PK, Remya K, Thomas R, Solomon RV. Theoretical Insights into the Structural and Optical Properties of D-π-A-based Cyanostilbene Systems of α and β Variants. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22764-22776. [PMID: 38826558 PMCID: PMC11137715 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The π-conjugated organic molecules containing cyanostilbene motifs have been extensively investigated due to their great potential applications in several optoelectronic and biological fields. Developing efficient molecules in this respect requires strategic structural engineering and a deep understanding of the structure-property relationship at the molecular level. In this context, understanding the impact of positional isomerism in cyanostilbene systems is a fundamental aspect of designing desired materials with improved photophysical properties. Herein, we designed ten donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) type cyanostilbene derivatives (P1 - P10) with different π linkers and compared their structural and optoelectronic properties arising from the positional variations of the -CN group (α and β- variations) through the utilization of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods. The topological analyses of the electron density are used to explain the relatively high stability of α isomer compared to that of β. Frontier molecular orbital analysis reveals that 17 molecules tend to show a reduced highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap, and most of them showed a greater nonlinear optical (NLO) character compared to the parent molecule. TDDFT calculations indicate that β isomers show higher absorption maxima compared to their α counterparts. Among all the scrutinized molecules, the absorption maximum extended up to 602 nm for P9 and it possesses the highest first-order hyperpolarizability. This study sheds light on positional isomers and their reactivity, absorption spectra, and NLO properties of D-π-A type architecture that can be suitably tuned by appropriating the π-bridge for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherumannil Femina
- Department
of Chemistry, Farook College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Kozhikode 673632, Kerala, India
| | - Pookkottu K. Sajith
- Department
of Chemistry, Farook College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Kozhikode 673632, Kerala, India
| | - Karunakaran Remya
- Government
Women’s Polytechnic College, Kozhikode 673009, Kerala, India
| | - Reji Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Farook College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Kozhikode 673632, Kerala, India
| | - Rajadurai Vijay Solomon
- Department
of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Madras), Chennai 600059, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Farcaş AA, Bende A. Theoretical insights into dopamine photochemistry adsorbed on graphene-type nanostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14937-14947. [PMID: 38738904 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The equilibrium geometry structures and light absorption properties of the dopamine (DA) and dopamine-o-quinone (DAQ) adsorbed on the graphene surface have been investigated using the ground state and linear-response time-dependent density functional theories. Two types of graphene systems were considered, a rectangular form of hexagonal lattice with optimized C-C bond length as the model system for graphene nanoparticles (GrNP) and a similar system but with fixed C-C bond length (1.42 Å) as the model system for graphene 2D sheet (GrS). The analysis of the vertical excitations showed that three types of electronic transitions are possible, namely, localized on graphene, localized on the DA or DAQ, and charge transfer (CT). In the case of the graphene-DA complex, the charge transfer excitations were characterized by the molecule-to-surface (MSCT) character, whereas the graphene-DAQ was characterized by the reverse, i.e. surface-to-molecule (SMCT). The difference between the two cases is given by the presence of an energetically low-lying unoccupied orbital (LUMO+1) that allows charge transfer from the surface to the molecule in the case of DAQ. However, it was also shown that the fingerprints of excited electronic states associated with the adsorbed molecules cannot be seen in the spectrum, as they are mostly suppressed by the characteristic spectral shape of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex-Adrian Farcaş
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat Street, No. 67-103, Ro-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Attila Bende
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat Street, No. 67-103, Ro-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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8
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Selenius E, Sigurdarson AE, Schmerwitz YLA, Levi G. Orbital-Optimized Versus Time-Dependent Density Functional Calculations of Intramolecular Charge Transfer Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3809-3822. [PMID: 38695313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
The performance of time-independent, orbital-optimized calculations of excited states is assessed with respect to charge transfer excitations in organic molecules in comparison to the linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach. A direct optimization method to converge on saddle points of the electronic energy surface is used to carry out calculations with the local density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functionals PBE and BLYP for a set of 27 excitations in 15 molecules. The time-independent approach is fully variational and provides a relaxed excited state electron density from which the extent of charge transfer is quantified. The TD-DFT calculations are generally found to provide larger charge transfer distances compared to the orbital-optimized calculations, even when including orbital relaxation effects with the Z-vector method. While the error on the excitation energy relative to theoretical best estimates is found to increase with the extent of charge transfer up to ca. -2 eV for TD-DFT, no correlation is observed for the orbital-optimized approach. The orbital-optimized calculations with the LDA and the GGA functionals provide a mean absolute error of ∼0.7 eV, outperforming TD-DFT with both local and global hybrid functionals for excitations with a long-range charge transfer character. Orbital-optimized calculations with the global hybrid functional B3LYP and the range-separated hybrid functional CAM-B3LYP on a selection of states with short- and long-range charge transfer indicate that inclusion of exact exchange has a small effect on the charge transfer distance, while it significantly improves the excitation energy, with the best-performing functional CAM-B3LYP providing an absolute error typically around 0.15 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Selenius
- Science Institute of the University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland
| | | | | | - Gianluca Levi
- Science Institute of the University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland
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9
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Stelmach KB, Dukes CA, Garrod RT. Search for Chirality in Hydrogenated Magnesium Nanosilicates: A DFT and TD-DFT Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3475-3494. [PMID: 38687691 PMCID: PMC11089509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The formation of silicate grains in the interstellar medium (ISM), especially those containing chiral surfaces such as clinopyroxenes, is poorly understood. Moreover, silicate interactions with various forms of hydrogen-proton (H+), neutral H (HI), and molecular hydrogen (H2) are of high importance as hydrogen comprises >90% of the ISM gas budget, and these species play important roles in the formation of new molecules in space. Furthermore, silicate surfaces catalyze the formation of H2 in the interstellar medium formed on dust grain surfaces by H-H association. The technical difficulty of in situ laboratory investigations of nanosilicate nucleation using astrophysically relevant environmental conditions makes computational chemistry a useful tool for studying potential nanosilicate structures. Furthermore, chiral surfaces interacting with chiral organic molecules could serve as templates that lead to the enantiomeric excess of l-amino acids and d-polyols detected in carbonaceous meteorites. However, in order for this effect to take place, an excess of one chiral form of a mineral is required to break the symmetry. This symmetry-breaking event could have been due to the asymmetric absorption of circularly polarized light by the nanosilicate as it traverses star-forming regions. We investigate this possibility using a metastable chiral form of an enstatite dimer as an input for density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD)-DFT calculations to obtain various properties and circular dichroism spectra. All in all, twenty-six magnesium nanosilicate structures were studied using varying degrees of hydrogenation: none, with HI, with H+, and with H2. The HSE06/aug-cc-pVQZ level of theory was used for the DFT calculations. TD-DFT calculations utilized the CAM-B3LYP/cc-pVQZ and ωB97X-D3/cc-pVQZ functional and basic set pairings. Results show that (1) all twenty-six structures have absorption bands that fall within the 0.6-28.3 μm range available with the newly launched James Webb Space Telescope and (2) there is a small enantioselective effect by UV-CPL on the eight chiral enstatite dimers (predicted g-values of up to 0.007). While the observed effect is small, it opens up the possibility that it is the inorganic material that becomes enantiomerically biased by UV-CPL, driving chiral enhancements in meteoric organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil B. Stelmach
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 20904, United States
- Laboratory
for Astrophysics and Surface Physics, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Catherine A. Dukes
- Laboratory
for Astrophysics and Surface Physics, Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Robin T. Garrod
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 20904, United States
- Department
of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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10
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Sitkiewicz SP, Ferradás RR, Ramos-Cordoba E, Zaleśny R, Matito E, Luis JM. Spurious Oscillations Caused by Density Functional Approximations: Who is to Blame? Exchange or Correlation? J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3144-3153. [PMID: 38570186 PMCID: PMC11044272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We analyze the varying susceptibilities of different density functional approximations (DFAs) to present spurious oscillations on the profiles of several vibrational properties. Among other problems, these spurious oscillations cause significant errors in harmonic and anharmonic IR and Raman frequencies and intensities. This work hinges on a judicious strategy to dissect the exchange and correlation components of DFAs and pinpoint the origins of these oscillations. We identify spurious oscillations in derivatives of all energy components with respect to nuclear displacements, including those energy terms that do not involve numerical integrations. These indirect spurious oscillations are attributed to suboptimal electron densities resulting from a self-consistent field procedure using a DFA that exhibits direct spurious oscillations. Direct oscillations stem from inaccurate numerical integration of the exchange and correlation energy density functionals. A thorough analysis of direct spurious oscillations reveals that only a handful of exchange and correlation components are insensitive to spurious oscillations, giving rise to three families of functionals, BH&H, LSDA, and BLYP. Among the functionals in these families, we encounter four widespread DFAs: BLYP, B3LYP, LC-BLYP, and CAM-B3LYP. Certain DFAs like PBE appear less sensitive to spurious oscillations due to compensatory cancellations between their energy components. Additionally, we found non-negligible but small oscillations in PBE and TPSS, which could be safely employed provided a sufficiently large integration grid is used in the calculations. These findings hint at the key components of current approximations to be improved and emphasize the necessity to develop accurate DFAs suitable for studying molecular spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P. Sitkiewicz
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- Wrocław
Centre for Networking and Supercomputing, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław PL-50370, Poland
| | - Rubén R. Ferradás
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Eloy Ramos-Cordoba
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- Polimero
eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea,
Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, P.K. 1072, Donostia 20080, Euskadi, Spain
- Ikerbasque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Euskadi, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Robert Zaleśny
- Faculty
of
Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science
and Technology, Wyb.
Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław PL-50370, Poland
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- Ikerbasque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Josep M. Luis
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
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11
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Hung TC, Godinez-Loyola Y, Steinbrecher M, Kiraly B, Khajetoorians AA, Doltsinis NL, Strassert CA, Wegner D. Activating the Fluorescence of a Ni(II) Complex by Energy Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8858-8864. [PMID: 38513215 PMCID: PMC10996004 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence of open-shell 3d metal complexes is often quenched due to ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) and cooling into a dark metal-centered excited state. We demonstrate successful activation of fluorescence from individual nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) molecules in the junction of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) by resonant energy transfer from other metal phthalocyanines at low temperature. By combining STM, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, STM-induced luminescence, and photoluminescence experiments as well as time-dependent density functional theory, we provide evidence that there is an activation barrier for the ISC, which, in most experimental conditions, is overcome. We show that this is also the case in an electroluminescent tunnel junction where individual NiPc molecules adsorbed on an ultrathin NaCl decoupling film on a Ag(111) substrate are probed. However, when an MPc (M = Zn, Pd, Pt) molecule is placed close to NiPc by means of STM atomic manipulation, resonant energy transfer can excite NiPc without overcoming the ISC activation barrier, leading to Q-band fluorescence. This work demonstrates that the thermally activated population of dark metal-centered states can be avoided by a designed local environment at low temperatures paired with directed molecular excitation into vibrationally cold electronic states. Thus, we can envisage the use of luminophores based on more abundant transition metal complexes that do not rely on Pt or Ir by restricting vibration-induced ISC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chao Hung
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Experimental and Applied Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yokari Godinez-Loyola
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center
for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University
of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Steinbrecher
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Kiraly
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nikos L. Doltsinis
- Institut
für Festkörpertheorie and Center for Multiscale Theory
and Computation, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- Institut
für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center
for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University
of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells in
Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiMIC) and Center for Soft Nanoscience
(SoN), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Wegner
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Patra A, Pipim GB, Krylov AI, Mallikarjun Sharada S. Performance of Density Functionals for Excited-State Properties of Isolated Chromophores and Exciplexes: Emission Spectra, Solvatochromic Shifts, and Charge-Transfer Character. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2520-2537. [PMID: 38488640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses the performance of various meta-generalized gradient approximation (meta-GGA), global hybrid, and range-separated hybrid (RSH) density functionals in capturing the excited-state properties of organic chromophores and their excited-state complexes (exciplexes). Motivated by their uses in solar energy harvesting and photoredox CO2 reduction, we use oligo-(p-phenylenes) and their excited-state complexes with triethylamine as model systems. We focus on the fluorescence properties of these systems, specifically emission energies. We also consider solvatochromic shifts and wave function characteristics. The latter is described by using reduced quantities such as natural transition orbitals (NTOs) and exciton descriptors. The functionals are benchmarked against the experimental fluorescence spectra and the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method with single and double excitations. Both in isolated chromophores and in exciplexes, meta-GGA functionals drastically underestimate the emission energies and exhibit significant exciton delocalization and anticorrelation between electron and hole motion. The performance of global hybrid functionals is strongly dependent on the percentage of exact exchange. Our study identifies RSH GGAs as the best-performing functionals, with ωPBE demonstrating the best agreement with experimental results. RSH meta-GGAs often overestimate emission energies in exciplexes and yield larger hole NTOs. Their performance can be improved by optimally tuning the range-separation parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Patra
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - George Baffour Pipim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles ,California 90089, United States
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles ,California 90089, United States
| | - Shaama Mallikarjun Sharada
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles ,California 90089, United States
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13
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Avagliano D, Skreta M, Arellano-Rubach S, Aspuru-Guzik A. DELFI: a computer oracle for recommending density functionals for excited states calculations. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4489-4503. [PMID: 38516092 PMCID: PMC10952086 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06440a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) is the workhorse of computational quantum chemistry. One of its main limitations is that choosing the right functional is a non-trivial task left for human experts. The choice is particularly hard for excited state calculations when using its time-dependent formulation (TD-DFT). This is due to the approximations of the method, but also because the photophysical properties of a molecule are defined by a manifold of states that all need to be properly described. This includes not only the relative energy of the states, but also capturing the correct character, order, and intensity of the transitions. In this work, we developed a neural network to recommend functionals to be used on molecules for TD-DFT calculations, by simultaneously considering all these properties for a manifold of states. This was possible by developing a scoring system to define the accuracy of an excited state's calculation against a higher-accuracy reference. The scoring system is generalizable to any level of theory; we here applied it to evaluate the performance of common functionals of different rungs against a higher accuracy method on a large set of organic molecules. The results are collected in a database that we released and made open, providing four million data points to the community for future applications. The scoring system assigns a value between zero and one hundred to each functional for each molecule, transforming the complicated task of learning photophysical properties into a simpler regression task. We used the dataset to train a graph attention neural network to predict the scores for unseen molecules. We call this oracle DELFI (Data-driven EvaLuation of Functionals by Inference), which can be used to quickly screen and predict the ranking of functionals to calculate the optical properties of organic molecules. We validated DELFI in two in silico experiments: choosing a common functional for a series of spiropyran-merocyanine isomers and a unique functional to screen a large dataset of over 50 000 organic photovoltaic molecules, for which an extensive benchmark would be unfeasible. A corresponding web application allows DELFI to be easily run and the results to be analyzed, alleviating the hurdle of choosing the right functional for TD-DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Avagliano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 40 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 2E4 Canada
| | - Marta Skreta
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 40 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 2E4 Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence 661 University Ave. Suite 710 ON M5G 1M1 Toronto Canada
| | | | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto 40 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 2E4 Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence 661 University Ave. Suite 710 ON M5G 1M1 Toronto Canada
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto 184 College St Toronto M5S 3E4 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto 200 College St ON M5S 3E5 Toronto Canada
- Lebovic Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) 66118 University Ave. M5G 1M1 Toronto Canada
- Acceleration Consortium 80 St George St M5S 3H6 Toronto Canada
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14
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Li J, Liang J, Wang Z, Ptaszek AL, Liu X, Ganoe B, Head-Gordon M, Head-Gordon T. Highly Accurate Prediction of NMR Chemical Shifts from Low-Level Quantum Mechanics Calculations Using Machine Learning. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2152-2166. [PMID: 38331423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Theoretical predictions of NMR chemical shifts from first-principles can greatly facilitate experimental interpretation and structure identification of molecules in gas, solution, and solid-state phases. However, accurate prediction of chemical shifts using the gold-standard coupled cluster with singles, doubles, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] method with a complete basis set (CBS) can be prohibitively expensive. By contrast, machine learning (ML) methods offer inexpensive alternatives for chemical shift predictions but are hampered by generalization to molecules outside the original training set. Here, we propose several new ideas in ML of the chemical shift prediction for H, C, N, and O that first introduce a novel feature representation, based on the atomic chemical shielding tensors within a molecular environment using an inexpensive quantum mechanics (QM) method, and train it to predict NMR chemical shieldings of a high-level composite theory that approaches the accuracy of CCSD(T)/CBS. In addition, we train the ML model through a new progressive active learning workflow that reduces the total number of expensive high-level composite calculations required while allowing the model to continuously improve on unseen data. Furthermore, the algorithm provides an error estimation, signaling potential unreliability in predictions if the error is large. Finally, we introduce a novel approach to keep the rotational invariance of the features using tensor environment vectors (TEVs) that yields a ML model with the highest accuracy compared to a similar model using data augmentation. We illustrate the predictive capacity of the resulting inexpensive shift machine learning (iShiftML) models across several benchmarks, including unseen molecules in the NS372 data set, gas-phase experimental chemical shifts for small organic molecules, and much larger and more complex natural products in which we can accurately differentiate between subtle diastereomers based on chemical shift assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jiashu Liang
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aleksandra L Ptaszek
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for High-Content Structural Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Laboratory for Computer-Aided Molecular Design, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/III, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Xiao Liu
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brad Ganoe
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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15
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Zavatski S, Neilande E, Bandarenka H, Popov A, Piskunov S, Bocharov D. Density functional theory for doped TiO 2: current research strategies and advancements. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:192001. [PMID: 38324910 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad272e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Since the inception of the density functional theory (DFT) by Hohenberg and Kohn in 1964, it rapidly became an indispensable theoretical tool across various disciplines, such as chemistry, biology, and materials science, among others. This theory has ushered in a new era of computational research, paving the way for substantial advancements in fundamental understanding. Today, DFT is routinely employed for a diverse range of applications, such as probing new material properties and providing a profound understanding of the mechanisms underlying physical, chemical, and biological processes. Even after decades of active utilization, the improvement of DFT principles has never been slowed down, meaning that more accurate theoretical results are continuously generated with time. This work highlights the latest achievements acquired by DFT in the specific research field, namely the theoretical investigations of doped TiO2systems, which have not been comprehensively reviewed and summarized yet. Successful progress in this niche is currently hard to imagine without the support by DFT. It can accurately reveal new TiO2properties after introducing the desired dopant and help to find the optimal system design for a specific application prior to proceeding to more time-consuming and expensive experimental research. Hence, by evaluating a selection of the most recent research studies, we aim to highlight the pertinent aspects of DFT as they relate to the study of doped TiO2systems. We also aim to shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of DFT and present the primary strategies employed thus far to predict the properties of various doped TiO2systems reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Zavatski
- Applied Plasmonics Laboratory, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Elina Neilande
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Hanna Bandarenka
- Applied Plasmonics Laboratory, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anatoli Popov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sergei Piskunov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dmitry Bocharov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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16
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Herbert JM. Visualizing and characterizing excited states from time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3755-3794. [PMID: 38226636 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04226j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is the most widely-used electronic structure method for excited states, due to a favorable combination of low cost and semi-quantitative accuracy in many contexts, even if there are well recognized limitations. This Perspective describes various ways in which excited states from TD-DFT calculations can be visualized and analyzed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This includes not just orbitals and densities but also well-defined statistical measures of electron-hole separation and of Frenkel-type exciton delocalization. Emphasis is placed on mathematical connections between methods that have often been discussed separately. Particular attention is paid to charge-transfer diagnostics, which provide indicators of when TD-DFT may not be trustworthy due to its categorical failure to describe long-range electron transfer. Measures of exciton size and charge separation that are directly connected to the underlying transition density are recommended over more ad hoc metrics for quantifying charge-transfer character.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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17
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Blaskovits JT, Laplaza R, Vela S, Corminboeuf C. Data-Driven Discovery of Organic Electronic Materials Enabled by Hybrid Top-Down/Bottom-Up Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305602. [PMID: 37815223 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The high-throughput exploration and screening of molecules for organic electronics involves either a 'top-down' curation and mining of existing repositories, or a 'bottom-up' assembly of user-defined fragments based on known synthetic templates. Both are time-consuming approaches requiring significant resources to compute electronic properties accurately. Here, 'top-down' is combined with 'bottom-up' through automatic assembly and statistical models, thus providing a platform for the fragment-based discovery of organic electronic materials. This study generates a top-down set of 117K synthesized molecules containing structures, electronic and topological properties and chemical composition, and uses them as building blocks for bottom-up design. A tool is developed to automate the coupling of these building blocks at their C(sp2/sp)-H bonds, providing a fundamental link between the two dataset construction philosophies. Statistical models are trained on this dataset and a subset of resulting top-down/bottom-up compounds, enabling on-the-fly prediction of ground and excited state properties with high accuracy across organic compound space. With access to ab initio-quality optical properties, this bottom-up pipeline may be applied to any materials design campaign using existing compounds as building blocks. To illustrate this, over a million molecules are screened for singlet fission. tThe leading candidates provide insight into the features promoting this multiexciton-generating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Terence Blaskovits
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Laplaza
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- National Centre for Competence in Research "Sustainable chemical processes through catalysis (NCCR Catalysis)" École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Sergi Vela
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (NCCR MARVEL),Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedéralé de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- National Centre for Competence in Research "Sustainable chemical processes through catalysis (NCCR Catalysis)" École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (NCCR MARVEL),Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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18
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Schattenberg C, Wodyński A, Åström H, Sundholm D, Kaupp M, Lehtola S. Revisiting Gauge-Independent Kinetic Energy Densities in Meta-GGAs and Local Hybrid Calculations of Magnetizabilities. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10896-10907. [PMID: 38100678 PMCID: PMC10758120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study [J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2021, 17, 1457-1468], some of us examined the accuracy of magnetizabilities calculated with density functionals representing the local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA), meta-GGA (mGGA), as well as global hybrid (GH) and range-separated (RS) hybrid functionals by assessment against accurate reference values obtained with coupled-cluster theory with singles, doubles, and perturbative triples [CCSD(T)]. Our study was later extended to local hybrid (LH) functionals by Holzer et al. [J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2021, 17, 2928-2947]; in this work, we examine a larger selection of LH functionals, also including range-separated LH (RSLH) functionals and strong-correlation LH (scLH) functionals. Holzer et al. also studied the importance of the physically correct handling of the magnetic gauge dependence of the kinetic energy density (τ) in mGGA calculations by comparing the Maximoff-Scuseria formulation of τ used in our aforementioned study to the more physical current-density extension derived by Dobson. In this work, we also revisit this comparison with a larger selection of mGGA functionals. We find that the newly tested LH, RSLH, and scLH functionals outperform all of the functionals considered in the previous studies. The various LH functionals afford the seven lowest mean absolute errors while also showing remarkably small standard deviations and mean errors. Most strikingly, the best two functionals are scLHs that also perform remarkably well in cases with significant multiconfigurational character, such as the ozone molecule, which is traditionally excluded from statistical error evaluations due to its large errors with common density functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar
J. Schattenberg
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Artur Wodyński
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugo Åström
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55
(A.I. Virtanens plats 1), University of Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55
(A.I. Virtanens plats 1), University of Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susi Lehtola
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55
(A.I. Virtanens plats 1), University of Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Molecular
Sciences Software Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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19
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Dar DB, Maitra NT. Oscillator strengths and excited-state couplings for double excitations in time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:211104. [PMID: 38038212 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although useful to extract excitation energies of states of double-excitation character in time-dependent density functional theory that are missing in the adiabatic approximation, the frequency-dependent kernel derived earlier [Maitra et al., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 5932 (2004)] was not designed to yield oscillator strengths. These are required to fully determine linear absorption spectra, and they also impact excited-to-excited-state couplings that appear in dynamics simulations and other quadratic response properties. Here, we derive a modified non-adiabatic kernel that yields both accurate excitation energies and oscillator strengths for these states. We demonstrate its performance on a model two-electron system, the Be atom, and on excited-state transition dipoles in the LiH molecule at stretched bond-lengths, in all cases producing significant improvements over the traditional approximations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood B Dar
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Neepa T Maitra
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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20
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Jacquemin D, Kossoski F, Gam F, Boggio-Pasqua M, Loos PF. Reference Vertical Excitation Energies for Transition Metal Compounds. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37965941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
To enrich and enhance the diversity of the quest database of highly accurate excitation energies [Véril, M.; et al. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Comput. Mol. Sci. 2021, 11, e1517], we report vertical transition energies in transition metal compounds. Eleven diatomic molecules with a singlet or doublet ground state containing a fourth-row transition metal (CuCl, CuF, CuH, ScF, ScH, ScO, ScS, TiN, ZnH, ZnO, and ZnS) are considered, and the corresponding excitation energies are computed using high-level coupled-cluster (CC) methods, namely, CC3, CCSDT, CC4, and CCSDTQ, as well as multiconfigurational methods such as CASPT2 and NEVPT2. In many cases, to provide more comprehensive benchmark data, we also provide full configuration interaction estimates computed with the configuration interaction using a perturbative selection made iteratively (CIPSI) method. Based on these calculations, theoretical best estimates of the transition energies are established in both the aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. This allows us to accurately assess the performance of the CC and multiconfigurational methods for this specific set of challenging transitions. Furthermore, comparisons with experimental data and previous theoretical results are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Fábris Kossoski
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Gam
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Martial Boggio-Pasqua
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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21
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Wang Z, Liang J, Head-Gordon M. Earth Mover's Distance as a Metric to Evaluate the Extent of Charge Transfer in Excitations Using Discretized Real-Space Densities. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7704-7714. [PMID: 37922416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel theoretical measure, μEMD, based on the earth mover's distance (EMD), for quantifying the density shift caused by electronic excitations in molecules. As input, the EMD metric uses only the discretized ground- and excited-state electron densities in real space, rendering it compatible with almost all electronic structure methods used to calculate excited states. The EMD metric is compared against other popular theoretical metrics for describing the extent of electron-hole separation in a wide range of excited states (valence, Rydberg, charge transfer, etc.). The results showcase the EMD metric's effectiveness across all excitation types and suggest that it is useful as an additional tool to characterize electronic excitations. The study also reveals that μEMD can function as a promising diagnostic tool for predicting the failure of pure exchange-correlation functionals. Specifically, we show statistical relationships among the functional-driven errors, the exact exchange content within the functional, and the magnitude of μEMD values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jiashu Liang
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Grotjahn R. Learning from the 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile twist: Two-parameter range-separated local hybrid functional with high accuracy for triplet and charge-transfer excitations. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:174102. [PMID: 37909451 DOI: 10.1063/5.0173701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent ωLH22t range-separated local hybrid (RSLH) is shown to provide outstanding accuracy for the notorious benchmark problem of the two lowest excited-state potential energy curves for the amino group twist in 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN). However, the design of ωLH22t as a general-purpose functional resulted in less convincing performance for triplet excitations, which is an important advantage of previous LHs. Furthermore, ωLH22t uses 8 empirical parameters to achieve broad accuracy. In this work, the RSLH ωLH23ct-sir is constructed with minimal empiricism by optimizing its local mixing function prefactor and range-separation parameter for only 8 excitation energies. ωLH23ct-sir maintains the excellent performance of ωLH22t for the DMABN twist and charge-transfer benchmarks but significantly improves the errors for triplet excitation energies (0.17 vs 0.24 eV). Additional test calculations for the AE6BH6 thermochemistry test set and large dipole moment and static polarizability test sets confirm that the focus on excitation energies in the optimization of ωLH23ct-sir has not caused any dramatic errors for ground-state properties. Although ωLH23ct-sir cannot replace ωLH22t as a general-purpose functional, it is preferable for problems requiring a universally good description of localized and charge-transfer excitations of both singlet and triplet multiplicity. Current limitations on the application of ωLH23ct-sir and other RSLHs to the study of singlet-triplet gaps of emitters for thermally activated delayed fluorescence are discussed. This work also includes the first systematic analysis of the influence of the local mixing function prefactor and the range-separation parameter in an RSLH on different types of excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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23
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Franzke Y, Holzer C, Andersen JH, Begušić T, Bruder F, Coriani S, Della Sala F, Fabiano E, Fedotov DA, Fürst S, Gillhuber S, Grotjahn R, Kaupp M, Kehry M, Krstić M, Mack F, Majumdar S, Nguyen BD, Parker SM, Pauly F, Pausch A, Perlt E, Phun GS, Rajabi A, Rappoport D, Samal B, Schrader T, Sharma M, Tapavicza E, Treß RS, Voora V, Wodyński A, Yu JM, Zerulla B, Furche F, Hättig C, Sierka M, Tew DP, Weigend F. TURBOMOLE: Today and Tomorrow. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6859-6890. [PMID: 37382508 PMCID: PMC10601488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
TURBOMOLE is a highly optimized software suite for large-scale quantum-chemical and materials science simulations of molecules, clusters, extended systems, and periodic solids. TURBOMOLE uses Gaussian basis sets and has been designed with robust and fast quantum-chemical applications in mind, ranging from homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis to inorganic and organic chemistry and various types of spectroscopy, light-matter interactions, and biochemistry. This Perspective briefly surveys TURBOMOLE's functionality and highlights recent developments that have taken place between 2020 and 2023, comprising new electronic structure methods for molecules and solids, previously unavailable molecular properties, embedding, and molecular dynamics approaches. Select features under development are reviewed to illustrate the continuous growth of the program suite, including nuclear electronic orbital methods, Hartree-Fock-based adiabatic connection models, simplified time-dependent density functional theory, relativistic effects and magnetic properties, and multiscale modeling of optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick
J. Franzke
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Institute
of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Josefine H. Andersen
- DTU
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tomislav Begušić
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Florian Bruder
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fabio Della Sala
- Institute
for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for
Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Eduardo Fabiano
- Institute
for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for
Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Daniil A. Fedotov
- DTU
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical
University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Susanne Fürst
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gillhuber
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Robin Grotjahn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Kehry
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marjan Krstić
- Institute
of Theoretical Solid State Physics, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fabian Mack
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sourav Majumdar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brian D. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shane M. Parker
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 United States
| | - Fabian Pauly
- Institute
of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar Pausch
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Perlt
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriel S. Phun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ahmadreza Rajabi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Dmitrij Rappoport
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Bibek Samal
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Tim Schrader
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Manas Sharma
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Enrico Tapavicza
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California
State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long
Beach, California 90840-9507, United States
| | - Robert S. Treß
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Vamsee Voora
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Artur Wodyński
- Institut
für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17 Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M. Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Benedikt Zerulla
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christof Hättig
- Lehrstuhl
für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marek Sierka
- Otto-Schott-Institut
für Materialforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
Jena, Löbdergraben
32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David P. Tew
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University
of Oxford, South Parks
Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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24
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Zhu H, Zhao R, Lu Y, Liu M, Zhang J, Gao J. Leveling the Mountain Range of Excited-State Benchmarking through Multistate Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8473-8485. [PMID: 37768927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The performance of multistate density functional theory (MSDFT) with nonorthogonal state interaction (NOSI) is assessed for 100 vertical excitation energies against the theoretical best estimates extracted to the full configuration interaction accuracy on the database developed by Loos et al. in 2018 (Loos2018). Two optimization techniques, namely, block-localized excitation and target state optimization, are examined along with two ways of estimating the transition density functional (TDF) for the correlation energy of the Hamiltonian matrix density functional. The results from the two optimization methods are similar. It was found that MSDFT-NOSI using the spin-multiplet degeneracy constraint for the TDF of spin-coupling interaction, along with the M06-2X functional, yields a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.22 eV, which performs noticeably better than time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) at an RMSE of 0.43 eV using the same functional and basis set on the Loos2018 database. In comparison with wave function theory, NOSI has smaller errors than CIS(D∞), LR-CC2, and ADC(3) all of which have an RMSE of 0.28 eV, but somewhat greater than STEOM-CCSD (RMSE of 0.14 eV) and LR-CCSD (RMSE of 0.11 eV) wave function methods. In comparison with Kohn-Sham (KS) DFT calculations, the multistate DFT approach has little double counting of correlation. Importantly, there is no noticeable difference in the performance of MSDFT-NOSI on the valence, Rydberg, singlet, triplet, and double-excitation states. Although the use of another hybrid functional PBE0 leads to a greater RMSE of 0.36 eV, the deviation is systematic with a linear regression slope of 0.994 against the results with M06-2X. The present benchmark reveals that density functional approximations developed for KS-DFT for the ground state with a noninteracting reference may be adopted in MSDFT calculations in which the state interaction is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- School of Chemical Biology & Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ruoqi Zhao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yangyi Lu
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Meiyi Liu
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- School of Chemical Biology & Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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25
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Sutton SF, Rotteger CH, Jarman CK, Tarakeshwar P, Sayres SG. Ultrafast Proton Transfer and Contact Ion-Pair Formation in Formic Acid Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8306-8311. [PMID: 37681673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast proton transfer dynamics of homogeneous formic acid clusters (FA)n, n < 10, are investigated with femtosecond time-resolved mass spectrometry. We monitor the proton transfer pathway following Rydberg state electronic relaxation and find that successful ion pair formation increases logarithmically with cluster size. Ab initio calculations demonstrate similar excitation/relaxation behavior for each cluster, revealing a contact ion pair forms between two molecules composing the cluster before finally a formate anion (HCOO-) is dissociated by the probe pulse. The sub-ps time scale for rearrangement and proton transfer increases almost linearly with cluster size, requiring ∼67 fs per additional formic acid molecule and ranging from 213 ± 51 fs for the trimer to 667 ± 116 fs for FA9. The near-linear trends measured for both rearrangement lifetime and ion pair formation suggest that proton transfer is unlikely in the formic acid dimer but becomes prominent in small clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun F Sutton
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chase H Rotteger
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Carter K Jarman
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | | | - Scott G Sayres
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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26
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Mejía L, Yin J, Reichman DR, Baer R, Yang C, Rabani E. Stochastic Real-Time Second-Order Green's Function Theory for Neutral Excitations in Molecules and Nanostructures. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:5563-5571. [PMID: 37539990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a real-time second-order Green's function (GF) method for computing excited states in molecules and nanostructures, with a computational scaling of O(Ne3), where Ne is the number of electrons. The cubic scaling is achieved by adopting the stochastic resolution of the identity to decouple the 4-index electron repulsion integrals. To improve the time propagation and the spectral resolution, we adopt the dynamic mode decomposition technique and assess the accuracy and efficiency of the combined approach for a chain of hydrogen dimer molecules of different lengths. We find that the stochastic implementation accurately reproduces the deterministic results for the electronic dynamics and excitation energies. Furthermore, we provide a detailed analysis of the statistical errors, bias, and long-time extrapolation. Overall, the approach offers an efficient route to investigate excited states in extended systems with open or closed boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo Mejía
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jia Yin
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Roi Baer
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Chao Yang
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eran Rabani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center of Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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27
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Chivers T, Oakley RT. Structures and Spectroscopic Properties of Polysulfide Radical Anions: A Theoretical Perspective. Molecules 2023; 28:5654. [PMID: 37570624 PMCID: PMC10419630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential involvement of polysulfide radical anions Sn•- is a recurring theme in discussions of the basic and applied chemistry of elemental sulfur. However, while the spectroscopic features for n = 2 and 3 are well-established, information on the structures and optical characteristics of the larger congeners (n = 4-8) is sparse. To aid identification of these ephemeral species we have performed PCM-corrected DFT calculations to establish the preferred geometries for Sn•- (n = 4-8) in the polar media in which they are typically generated. TD-DFT calculations were then used to determine the number, nature and energies of the electronic excitations possible for these species. Numerical reliability of the approach was tested by comparison of the predicted and experimental excitation energies found for S2•- and S3•-. The low-energy (near-IR) transitions found for the two acyclic isomers of S4•- (C2h and C2v symmetry) and for S5•- (Cs symmetry) can be understood by extension of the simple HMO π-only chain model that serves for S2•- and S3•-. By contrast, the excitations predicted for the quasi-cyclic structures Sn•- (n = 6-8) are better described in terms of σ → σ* processes within a localized 2c-3e manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristram Chivers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Richard T. Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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28
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Grotjahn R, Furche F. Gauge-Invariant Excited-State Linear and Quadratic Response Properties within the Meta-Generalized Gradient Approximation. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37399786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Gauge invariance is a fundamental symmetry connected to charge conservation and is widely accepted as indispensable for any electronic structure method. Hence, the gauge variance of the time-dependent kinetic energy density τ used in many meta-generalized gradient approximations (MGGAs) to the exchange-correlation (XC) functional presents a major obstacle for applying MGGAs within time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). Replacing τ by the gauge-invariant generalized kinetic energy density τ̂ significantly improves the accuracy of various functionals for vertical excitation energies [R. Grotjahn, F. Furche, and M. Kaupp. J. Chem. Phys. 2022, 157, 111102]. However, the dependence of the resulting current-MGGAs (cMGGAs) on the paramagnetic current density gives rise to new exchange-correlation kernels and hyper-kernels ignored in previous implementations of quadratic and higher-order response properties. Here we report the first implementation of cMGGAs and hybrid cMGGAs for excited-state gradients and dipole moments, as well as an extension to quadratic response properties including dynamic hyperpolarizabilities and two-photon absorption cross sections. In the first comprehensive benchmark study of MGGAs and cMGGAs for two-photon absorption cross sections, the M06-2X functional is found to be superior to the GGA hybrid PBE0. Additionally, two case studies from the literature for the practical prediction of nonlinear optical properties are revisited and potential advantages of hybrid (c)MGGAs compared to hybrid GGAs are discussed. The effect of restoring gauge invariance varies depending on the employed MGGA functional, the type of excitation, and the property under investigation: While some individual excited-state equilibrium structures are significantly affected, on average, these changes result in marginal improvements when compared against high-level reference data. Although the gauge-variant MGGA quadratic response properties are generally close to their gauge-invariant counterparts, the resulting errors are not bounded and significantly exceed typical method errors in some of the cases studied. Despite the limited effects seen in benchmark studies, gauge-invariant implementations of cMGGAs for excited-state properties are desirable from a fundamental perspective, entail little additional computational cost, and are necessary for response properties consistent with cMGGA linear response calculations such as excitation energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Grotjahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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29
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Miyashita T, Jaimes P, Mardini A, Fumanal M, Tang ML. High-Level Reverse Intersystem Crossing and Molecular Rigidity Improve Spin Statistics for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6119-6126. [PMID: 37364235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The structural factors affecting triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) at the molecular level are not well-understood. Here, our steady-state photoluminescence and transient absorption results demonstrate that the spin statistical factor, η, decreases from 0.60 to 0.46 and 0.14 going from 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) to the 1,5-DPA and 2,6-DPA isomers, respectively, during photon upconversion with a platinum octaethylporphyrin sensitizer. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that η depends on the energetics of hot triplet states and molecular rigidity. The significantly high conical intersection energy between the S0 and T1 states for 9,10-DPA gives its longer triplet lifetime. Time-dependent DFT calculations show that 9,10-DPA and 1,5-DPA can undergo high-level reverse intersystem crossing from their T2 and T3 states, respectively, to the bright S1 state, increasing the limit of the spin statistical factor. Both factors ultimately serve to enhance the TTA efficiency. This work provides insight into designing molecules for efficient light-emitting and photon upconversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsumugi Miyashita
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Paulina Jaimes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Andrew Mardini
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Maria Fumanal
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ming Lee Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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30
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Mester D, Kállay M. Vertical Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinities at the Double-Hybrid Density Functional Level. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37326360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The double-hybrid (DH) time-dependent density functional theory is extended to vertical ionization potentials (VIPs) and electron affinities (VEAs). Utilizing the density fitting approximation, efficient implementations are presented for the genuine DH ansatz relying on the perturbative second-order correction, while an iterative analogue is also elaborated using our second-order algebraic-diagrammatic construction [ADC(2)]-based DH approach. The favorable computational requirements of the present schemes are discussed in detail. The performance of the recently proposed spin-component-scaled and spin-opposite-scaled (SOS) range-separated (RS) and long-range corrected (LC) DH functionals is comprehensively assessed, while popular hybrid and global DH approaches are also discussed. For the benchmark calculations, up-to-date test sets are selected with high-level coupled-cluster references. Our results show that the ADC(2)-based SOS-RS-PBE-P86 approach is the most accurate and robust functional. This method consistently outperforms the excellent SOS-ADC(2) approach for VIPs, although the results are somewhat less satisfactory for VEAs. Among the genuine DH functionals, the SOS-ωPBEPP86 approach is also recommended for describing ionization processes, but its performance is even less reliable for electron-attached states. In addition, surprisingly good results are attained by the LC hybrid ωB97X-D functional, where the corresponding occupied (unoccupied) orbital energies are retrieved as VIPs (VEAs) within the present formalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Mester
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-BME Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kállay
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-BME Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-BME Lendület Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Maspero A, Vavassori F, Nardo L, Vesco G, Vitillo JG, Penoni A. Synthesis, Characterization, Fluorescence Properties, and DFT Modeling of Difluoroboron Biindolediketonates. Molecules 2023; 28:4688. [PMID: 37375243 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a simple and efficient strategy to enhance the fluorescence of biocompatible biindole diketonates (bdks) in the visible spectrum through difluoroboronation (BF2bdks complexes). Emission spectroscopy testifies an increase in the fluorescence quantum yields from a few percent to as much as >0.7. This massive increment is essentially independent of substitutions at the indole (-H, -Cl, and -OCH3) and corresponds to a significant stabilization of the excited state with respect to non-radiative decay mechanisms: the non-radiative decay rates are reduced by as much as an order of magnitude, from 109 s-1 to 108 s-1, upon difluoroboronation. The stabilization of the excited state is large enough to enable sizeable 1O2 photosensitized production. Different time-dependent (TD) density functional theory (DFT) methods were assessed in their ability to model the electronic properties of the compounds, with TD-B3LYP-D3 providing the most accurate excitation energies. The calculations associate the first active optical transition in both the bdks and BF2bdks electronic spectra to the S0 → S1 transition, corresponding to a shift in the electronic density from the indoles to the oxygens or the O-BF2-O unit, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Maspero
- Department of Science and High Technology and INSTM, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Federico Vavassori
- Department of Science and High Technology and INSTM, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Luca Nardo
- Department of Science and High Technology and INSTM, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Vesco
- Department of Science and High Technology and INSTM, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Jenny G Vitillo
- Department of Science and High Technology and INSTM, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Penoni
- Department of Science and High Technology and INSTM, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
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32
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Liang J, Feng X, Liu X, Head-Gordon M. Analytical harmonic vibrational frequencies with VV10-containing density functionals: Theory, efficient implementation, and benchmark assessments. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:204109. [PMID: 37218699 PMCID: PMC10208678 DOI: 10.1063/5.0152838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
VV10 is a powerful nonlocal density functional for long-range correlation that is used to include dispersion effects in many modern density functionals, such as the meta-generalized gradient approximation (mGGA), B97M-V, the hybrid GGA, ωB97X-V, and the hybrid mGGA, ωB97M-V. While energies and analytical gradients for VV10 are already widely available, this study reports the first derivation and efficient implementation of the analytical second derivatives of the VV10 energy. The additional compute cost of the VV10 contributions to analytical frequencies is shown to be small in all but the smallest basis sets for recommended grid sizes. This study also reports the assessment of VV10-containing functionals for predicting harmonic frequencies using the analytical second derivative code. The contribution of VV10 to simulating harmonic frequencies is shown to be small for small molecules but important for systems where weak interactions are important, such as water clusters. In the latter cases, B97M-V, ωB97M-V, and ωB97X-V perform very well. The convergence of frequencies with respect to the grid size and atomic orbital basis set size is studied, and recommendations are reported. Finally, scaling factors to allow comparison of scaled harmonic frequencies with experimental fundamental frequencies and to predict zero-point vibrational energy are presented for some recently developed functionals (including r2SCAN, B97M-V, ωB97X-V, M06-SX, and ωB97M-V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Liang
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Xiao Liu
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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33
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Troß J, Carter-Fenk K, Cole-Filipiak NC, Schrader P, Word M, McCaslin LM, Head-Gordon M, Ramasesha K. Excited-State Dynamics during Primary C-I Homolysis in Acetyl Iodide Revealed by Ultrafast Core-Level Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4103-4114. [PMID: 37103479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In typical carbonyl-containing molecules, bond dissociation events follow initial excitation to nπC═O* states. However, in acetyl iodide, the iodine atom gives rise to electronic states with mixed nπC═O* and nσC-I* character, leading to complex excited-state dynamics, ultimately resulting in dissociation. Using ultrafast extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations, we present an investigation of the primary photodissociation dynamics of acetyl iodide via time-resolved spectroscopy of core-to-valence transitions of the I atom after 266 nm excitation. The probed I 4d-to-valence transitions show features that evolve on sub-100-fs time scales, reporting on excited-state wavepacket evolution during dissociation. These features subsequently evolve to yield spectral signatures corresponding to free iodine atoms in their spin-orbit ground and excited states with a branching ratio of 1.1:1 following dissociation of the C-I bond. Calculations of the valence excitation spectrum via equation-of-motion coupled cluster with single and double substitutions (EOM-CCSD) show that initial excited states are of spin-mixed character. From the initially pumped spin-mixed state, we use a combination of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)-driven nonadiabatic ab initio molecular dynamics and EOM-CCSD calculations of the N4,5 edge to reveal a sharp inflection point in the transient XUV signal that corresponds to rapid C-I homolysis. By examining the molecular orbitals involved in the core-level excitations at and around this inflection point, we are able to piece together a detailed picture of C-I bond photolysis in which d → σ* transitions give way to d → p excitations as the bond dissociates. We also report theoretical predictions of short-lived, weak 4d → 5d transitions in acetyl iodide, validated by weak bleaching in the experimental transient XUV spectra. This joint experimental-theoretical effort has thus unraveled the detailed electronic structure and dynamics of a strongly spin-orbit coupled system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Troß
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Neil C Cole-Filipiak
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Paul Schrader
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mi'Kayla Word
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Laura M McCaslin
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Krupa Ramasesha
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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34
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Schrader T, Perlt E, Fritz T, Sierka M. Performance of Common Density Functionals for Excited States of Tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3265-3273. [PMID: 37037005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory is the method of choice to efficiently calculate excitation spectra with the functional and basis set choice allowing one to compromise between accuracy and computational cost. In this work, the performance of different functionals as well as the second-order approximate coupled cluster singles and doubles model CC2 is evaluated by comparing the results to experimental results of the example molecule tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP). The choice of the functional has a significant impact on the calculated spectrum of DBP. The performance of a number of different functionals was evaluated, quantified, and, where possible, discussed. The best functional, tuned-CAM-B3LYP, is used to investigate DBP on a surface of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). The resulting spectrum shows excellent agreement with experimental results for a monolayer of DBP on h-BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schrader
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Perlt
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Fritz
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marek Sierka
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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35
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Li J, Li X, Wang G, Wang X, Wu M, Liu J, Zhang K. A direct observation of up-converted room-temperature phosphorescence in an anti-Kasha dopant-matrix system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1987. [PMID: 37031245 PMCID: PMC10082826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is common sense that emission maxima of phosphorescence spectra (λP) are longer than those of fluorescence spectra (λF). Here we report a serendipitous finding of up-converted room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with λP < λF and phosphorescence lifetime > 0.1 s upon doping benzophenone-containing difluoroboron β-diketonate (BPBF2) into phenyl benzoate matrices. The up-converted RTP is originated from BPBF2's Tn (n ≥ 2) states which show typical 3n-π* characters from benzophenone moieties. Detailed studies reveal that, upon intersystem crossing from BPBF2's S1 states of charge transfer characters, the resultant T1 and Tn states build T1-to-Tn equilibrium. Because of their 3n-π* characters, the Tn states possess large phosphorescence rates that can strongly compete RTP(T1) to directly emit RTP(Tn) which violates Kasha's rule. The direct observation of up-converted RTP provides deep understanding of triplet excited state dynamics and opens an intriguing pathway to devise visible-light-excitable deep-blue afterglow emitters, as well as stimuli-responsive afterglow materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaka Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Duan C, Nandy A, Terrones GG, Kastner DW, Kulik HJ. Active Learning Exploration of Transition-Metal Complexes to Discover Method-Insensitive and Synthetically Accessible Chromophores. JACS AU 2023; 3:391-401. [PMID: 36873700 PMCID: PMC9976347 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal chromophores with earth-abundant transition metals are an important design target for their applications in lighting and nontoxic bioimaging, but their design is challenged by the scarcity of complexes that simultaneously have well-defined ground states and optimal target absorption energies in the visible region. Machine learning (ML) accelerated discovery could overcome such challenges by enabling the screening of a larger space but is limited by the fidelity of the data used in ML model training, which is typically from a single approximate density functional. To address this limitation, we search for consensus in predictions among 23 density functional approximations across multiple rungs of "Jacob's ladder". To accelerate the discovery of complexes with absorption energies in the visible region while minimizing the effect of low-lying excited states, we use two-dimensional (2D)efficient global optimization to sample candidate low-spin chromophores from multimillion complex spaces. Despite the scarcity (i.e., ∼0.01%) of potential chromophores in this large chemical space, we identify candidates with high likelihood (i.e., >10%) of computational validation as the ML models improve during active learning, representing a 1000-fold acceleration in discovery. Absorption spectra of promising chromophores from time-dependent density functional theory verify that 2/3 of candidates have the desired excited-state properties. The observation that constituent ligands from our leads have demonstrated interesting optical properties in the literature exemplifies the effectiveness of our construction of a realistic design space and active learning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenru Duan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aditya Nandy
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gianmarco G. Terrones
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David W. Kastner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J. Kulik
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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37
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Zhou Z, Della Sala F, Parker SM. Minimal Auxiliary Basis Set Approach for the Electronic Excitation Spectra of Organic Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1968-1976. [PMID: 36787711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a minimal auxiliary basis model for time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) with hybrid density functionals that can accurately reproduce excitation energies and absorption spectra from TDDFT while reducing cost by about 2 orders of magnitude. Our method, dubbed TDDFT-ris, employs the resolution-of-the-identity technique with just one s-type auxiliary basis function per atom for the linear response operator, where the Gaussian exponents are parametrized across the periodic table using tabulated atomic radii with a single global scaling factor. By tuning on a small test set, we determine a single functional-independent scale factor that balances errors in excitation energies and absorption spectra. Benchmarked on organic molecules and compared to standard TDDFT, TDDFT-ris has an average energy error of only 0.06 eV and yields absorption spectra in close agreement with TDDFT. Thus, TDDFT-ris enables simulation of realistic absorption spectra in large molecules that would be inaccessible from standard TDDFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Fabio Della Sala
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, 73010 Arnesano (LE), Italy
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM), Via Monteroni, Campus Unisalento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Shane M Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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38
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Haugen EA, Hait D, Scutelnic V, Xue T, Head-Gordon M, Leone SR. Ultrafast X-ray Spectroscopy of Intersystem Crossing in Hexafluoroacetylacetone: Chromophore Photophysics and Spectral Changes in the Face of Electron-Withdrawing Groups. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:634-644. [PMID: 36638240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intersystem crossings between singlet and triplet states represent a crucial relaxation pathway in photochemical processes. Herein, we probe the intersystem crossing in hexafluoro-acetylacetone with ultrafast X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy at the carbon K-edge. We observe the excited state dynamics following excitation with 266 nm UV light to the 1ππ* (S2) state with element and site-specificity using a broadband soft X-ray pulse produced by high harmonic generation. These results are compared to X-ray spectra computed from orbital optimized density functional theory methods. It is found that the electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms decongest the X-ray absorption spectrum by enhancing separation between features originating from different carbon atoms. This facilitates the elucidation of structural and electronic dynamics at the chromophore. The evolution of the core-to-valence resonances at the carbon K-edge reveals an ultrafast population transfer between the 1nπ* (S1) and 3ππ* (T1) states on a 1.6 ± 0.4 ps time scale, which is similar to the 1.5 ps time scale earlier observed for acetylacetone [ J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 16576-16583, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07532]. It therefore appears that terminal fluorination has little influence on the intersystem crossing rate of the acetylacetone chromophore. In addition, the significant role of hydrogen-bond opened and twisted rotational isomers is elucidated in the excited state dynamics by comparison of the experimental transient X-ray spectra with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Haugen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Valeriu Scutelnic
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen R Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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39
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Hernández-Segura LI, Köster AM. Efficient implementation of time-dependent auxiliary density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024108. [PMID: 36641386 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The random phase approximation of time-dependent auxiliary density functional theory (TDADFT) is rederived from auxiliary density perturbation theory. Our exhaustive validation of TDADFT reveals an upshift of the excitation energies by ∼0.1 eV with respect to standard time-dependent density functional theory. For the computationally efficient implementation of TDADFT, floating point operation optimized three-center electron repulsion integral recurrence relations and their double asymptotic expansions are implemented into the Davidson solver. The computational efficiency of TDADFT is benchmarked with four sets of molecules comprising alkanes, fullerenes, DNA fragments, and zeolites. The results show that TDADFT has a computational scaling between 1.3 and 1.9 with respect to the number of basis functions, which is lower than the scaling of standard time-dependent density functional theory. Due to its computational simplifications, TDADFT is particularly well suited for Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. As illustrative examples, we present the temperature effects on the gas-phase absorption spectra of benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis I Hernández-Segura
- Departamento de Química, Cinvestav, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, A.P. 14-740, CDMX C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - Andreas M Köster
- Departamento de Química, Cinvestav, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, A.P. 14-740, CDMX C.P. 07360, Mexico
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40
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Curtis K, Adeyiga O, Suleiman O, Odoh SO. Building on the strengths of a double-hybrid density functional for excitation energies and inverted singlet-triplet energy gaps. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024116. [PMID: 36641391 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is demonstrated that a double hybrid density functional approximation, ωB88PTPSS, that incorporates equipartition of density functional theory and the non-local correlation, however with a meta-generalized gradient approximation correlation functional, as well as with the range-separated exchange of ωB2PLYP, provides accurate excitation energies for conventional systems, as well as correct prescription of negative singlet-triplet gaps for non-conventional systems with inverted gaps, without any necessity for parametric scaling of the same-spin and opposite-spin non-local correlation energies. Examined over "safe" excitations of the QUESTDB set, ωB88PTPSS performs quite well for open-shell systems, correctly and fairly accurately [relative to equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) reference] predicts negative gaps for 50 systems with inverted singlet-triplet gaps, and is one of the leading performers for intramolecular charge-transfer excitations and achieves near-second-order approximate coupled cluster (CC2) and second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction quality for the Q1 and Q2 subsets. Subsequently, we tested ωB88PTPSS on two sets of real-life examples from recent computational chemistry literature-the low energy bands of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and a set of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) systems. For Chl a, ωB88PTPSS qualitatively and quantitatively achieves DLPNO-STEOM-CCSD-level performance and provides excellent agreement with experiment. For TADF systems, ωB88PTPSS agrees quite well with spin-component-scaled CC2 (SCS-CC2) excitation energies, as well as experimental values, for the gaps between the S1 and T1 excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Curtis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Olajumoke Adeyiga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Olabisi Suleiman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - Samuel O Odoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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41
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Chaudhuri D, Patterson CH. TDDFT versus GW/BSE Methods for Prediction of Light Absorption and Emission in a TADF Emitter. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9627-9643. [PMID: 36515973 PMCID: PMC9806837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Design concepts for organic light emitting diode (OLED) emitters, which exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and thereby achieve quantum yields exceeding 25%, depend on singlet-triplet splitting energies of order kT to allow reverse intersystem crossing at ambient temperatures. Simulation methods for these systems must be able to treat relatively large organic molecules, as well as predict their excited state energies, transition energies, singlet-triplet splittings, and absorption and emission cross sections with reasonable accuracy, in order to prove useful in the design process. Here we compare predictions of TDDFT with M06-2X and ωB97X-D exchange-correlation functionals and a GoWo@HF/BSE method for these quantities in the well-studied DPTZ-DBTO2 TADF emitter molecule. Geometry optimization is performed for ground state (GS) and lowest donor-acceptor charge transfer (CT) state for each functional. Optical absorption and emission cross sections and energies are calculated at these geometries. Relaxation energies are on the order of 0.5 eV, and the importance of obtaining excited state equilibrium geometries in predicting delayed fluorescence is demonstrated. There are clear trends in predictions of GoWo@HF/BSE, and TDDFT/ωB97X-D and M06-2X methods in which the former method favors local exciton (LE) states while the latter favors DA CT states and ωB97X-D makes intermediate predictions. GoWo@HF/BSE suffers from triplet instability for LE states but not CT states relevant for TADF. Shifts in HOMO and LUMO levels on adding a conductor-like polarizable continuum model dielectric background are used to estimate changes in excitation energies on going from the gas phase to a solvated molecule.
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42
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Dai Y, Calzolari A, Zubiria-Ulacia M, Casanova D, Negri F. Intermolecular Interactions and Charge Resonance Contributions to Triplet and Singlet Exciton States of Oligoacene Aggregates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010119. [PMID: 36615311 PMCID: PMC9822017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions modulate the electro-optical properties of molecular materials and the nature of low-lying exciton states. Molecular materials composed by oligoacenes are extensively investigated for their semiconducting and optoelectronic properties. Here, we analyze the exciton states derived from time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations for two oligoacene model aggregates: naphthalene and anthracene dimers. To unravel the role of inter-molecular interactions, a set of diabatic states is selected, chosen to coincide with local (LE) and charge-transfer (CT) excitations within a restricted orbital space including two occupied and two unoccupied orbitals for each molecular monomer. We study energy profiles and disentangle inter-state couplings to disclose the (CT) character of singlet and triplet exciton states and assess the influence of inter-molecular orientation by displacing one molecule with respect to the other along the longitudinal translation coordinate. The analysis shows that (CT) contributions are relevant, although comparably less effective for triplet excitons, and induce a non-negligible mixed character to the low-lying exciton states for eclipsed monomers and for small translational displacements. Such (CT) contributions govern the La/Lb state inversion occurring for the low-lying singlet exciton states of naphthalene dimer and contribute to the switch from H- to J-aggregate type of the strongly allowed Bb transition of both oligoacene aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Dai
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Calzolari
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Zubiria-Ulacia
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Euskadi, Spain
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Euskadi, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- INSTM UdR Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
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43
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Predicting the Electronic Absorption Band Shape of Azobenzene Photoswitches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010025. [PMID: 36613468 PMCID: PMC9819940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulations based on molecular dynamics coupled to excitation energy calculations were used to generate simulated absorption spectra for a family of halide derivatives of azobenzene, a family of photoswitch molecules with a weak absorption band around 400-600 nm and potential uses in living tissue. This is a case where using the conventional approach in theoretical spectroscopy (estimation of absorption maxima based on the vertical transition from the potential energy minimum on the ground electronic state) does not provide valid results that explain how the observed band shape extends towards the low energy region of the spectrum. The method affords a reasonable description of the main features of the low-energy UV-Vis spectra of these compounds. A bathochromic trend was detected linked to the size of the halide atom. Analysis of the excitation reveals a correlation between the energy of the molecular orbital where excitation starts and the energy of the highest occupied atomic orbital of the free halide atom. This was put to the test with a new brominated compound with good results. The energy level of the highest occupied orbital on the free halide was identified as a key factor that strongly affects the energy gap in the photoswitch. This opens the way for the design of bathochromically shifted variants of the photoswitch with possible applications.
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44
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Pérez-Badell Y, Montero-Cabrera LA. The CNDOL Fockian with the configuration interaction of single excited wave functions to model the exciton properties of large molecular systems for photovoltaic devices. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2151945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoana Pérez-Badell
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional y Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Luis A. Montero-Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional y Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia – San Sebastian, Spain
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45
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Nguyen KA, Pachter R, Day PN. Theoretical Investigation of the Electronic Spectra of Cadmium Chalcogenide 2D Nanoplatelets. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8818-8825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A. Nguyen
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio45432, United States
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio45433, United States
| | - Paul N. Day
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio45432, United States
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46
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Bursch M, Mewes J, Hansen A, Grimme S. Best-Practice DFT Protocols for Basic Molecular Computational Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205735. [PMID: 36103607 PMCID: PMC9826355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, many chemical investigations are supported by routine calculations of molecular structures, reaction energies, barrier heights, and spectroscopic properties. The lion's share of these quantum-chemical calculations applies density functional theory (DFT) evaluated in atomic-orbital basis sets. This work provides best-practice guidance on the numerous methodological and technical aspects of DFT calculations in three parts: Firstly, we set the stage and introduce a step-by-step decision tree to choose a computational protocol that models the experiment as closely as possible. Secondly, we present a recommendation matrix to guide the choice of functional and basis set depending on the task at hand. A particular focus is on achieving an optimal balance between accuracy, robustness, and efficiency through multi-level approaches. Finally, we discuss selected representative examples to illustrate the recommended protocols and the effect of methodological choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bursch
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryInstitut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität BonnBeringstraße 453115BonnGermany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryInstitut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität BonnBeringstraße 453115BonnGermany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryInstitut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität BonnBeringstraße 453115BonnGermany
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47
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Grotjahn R, Furche F, Kaupp M. Importance of imposing gauge invariance in time-dependent density functional theory calculations with meta-generalized gradient approximations. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:111102. [PMID: 36137777 DOI: 10.1063/5.0113083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known for more than a decade that the gauge variance of the kinetic energy density τ leads to additional terms in the magnetic orbital rotation Hessian used in linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), affecting excitation energies obtained with τ-dependent exchange-correlation functionals. While previous investigations found that a correction scheme based on the paramagnetic current density has a small effect on benchmark results, we report more pronounced effects here, in particular, for the popular M06-2X functional and for some other meta-generalized gradient approximations (mGGAs). In the first part of this communication, this is shown by a reassessment of a set of five Ni(II) complexes for which a previous benchmark study that did not impose gauge invariance has found surprisingly large errors for excitation energies obtained with M06-2X. These errors are more than halved by restoring gauge invariance. The variable importance of imposing gauge invariance for different mGGA-based functionals can be rationalized by the derivative of the mGGA exchange energy integrand with respect to τ. In the second part, a large set of valence excitations in small main-group molecules is analyzed. For M06-2X, several selected n → π* and π→π⊥ * excitations are heavily gauge-dependent with average changes of -0.17 and -0.28 eV, respectively, while π→π‖ * excitations are marginally affected (-0.04 eV). Similar patterns, but of the opposite signs, are found for SCAN0. The results suggest that reevaluation of previous gauge variant TDDFT results based on M06-2X and other mGGA functionals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Grotjahn
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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48
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Bursch M, Mewes J, Hansen A, Grimme S. Best‐Practice DFT Protocols for Basic Molecular Computational Chemistry**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bursch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jan‐Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
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Gronowski M, Kołos R. A DFT Study on the Excited Electronic States of Cyanopolyynes: Benchmarks and Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185829. [PMID: 36144567 PMCID: PMC9500640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly unsaturated chain molecules are interesting due to their potential application as nanowires and occurrence in interstellar space. Here, we focus on predicting the electronic spectra of polyynic nitriles HC2m+1N (m = 0–13) and dinitriles NC2n+2N (n = 0–14). The results of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations are compared with the available gas-phase and noble gas matrix experimental data. We assessed the performance of fifteen functionals and five basis sets for reproducing (i) vibrationless electronic excitation energies and (ii) vibrational frequencies in the singlet excited states. We found that the basis sets of at least triple-ζ quality were necessary to describe the long molecules with alternate single and triple bonds. Vibrational frequency scaling factors are similar for the ground and excited states. The benchmarked spectroscopic parameters were shown to be acceptably reproduced with adequately chosen functionals, in particular ωB97X, CAM-B3LYP, B3LYP, B971, and B972. Select functionals were applied to study the electronic excitation of molecules up to HC27N and C30N2. It is demonstrated that optical excitation leads to a shift from the polyyne- to a cumulene-like electronic structure.
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On the Computational Design of Azobenzene-Based Multi-State Photoswitches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158690. [PMID: 35955820 PMCID: PMC9369132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to theoretically design multi-state photoswitches with specific properties, an exhaustive computational study is first carried out for an azobenzene dimer that has been recently synthesized and experimentally studied. This study allows for a full comprehension of the factors that govern the photoactivated isomerization processes of these molecules so to provide a conceptual/computational protocol that can be applied to generic multi-state photoswitches. From this knowledge a new dimer with a similar chemical design is designed and also fully characterized. Our theoretical calculations predict that the new dimer proposed is one step further in the quest for a double photoswitch, where the four metastable isomers could be selectively interconverted through the use of different irradiation sequences.
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