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Zarrow J, Alli-Oluwafuyi AM, Youwakim CM, Kim K, Jenkins AN, Suero IC, Jones MR, Mashhadi Z, Mackie K, Waterson AG, Doran AC, Sulikowski GA, Davies SS. Small Molecule Activation of NAPE-PLD Enhances Efferocytosis by Macrophages. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1891-1904. [PMID: 37531659 PMCID: PMC10443532 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
N-Acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is a zinc metallohydrolase that hydrolyzes N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) to form N-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs) and phosphatidic acid. Several lines of evidence suggest that reduced NAPE-PLD activity could contribute to cardiometabolic diseases. For instance, NAPEPLD expression is reduced in human coronary arteries with unstable atherosclerotic lesions, defective efferocytosis is implicated in the enlargement of necrotic cores of these lesions, and NAPE-PLD products such as palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide have been shown to enhance efferocytosis. Thus, enzyme activation mediated by a small molecule may serve as a therapeutic treatment for cardiometabolic diseases. As a proof-of-concept study, we sought to identify small molecule activators of NAPE-PLD. High-throughput screening followed by hit validation and primary lead optimization studies identified a series of benzothiazole phenylsulfonyl-piperidine carboxamides that variably increased activity of both mouse and human NAPE-PLD. From this set of small molecules, two NAPE-PLD activators (VU534 and VU533) were shown to increase efferocytosis by bone-marrow derived macrophages isolated from wild-type mice, while efferocytosis was significantly reduced in Napepld-/- BMDM or after Nape-pld inhibition. Together, these studies demonstrate an essential role for NAPE-PLD in the regulation of efferocytosis and the potential value of NAPE-PLD activators as a strategy to treat cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah
E. Zarrow
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | - Cristina M. Youwakim
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center. Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kwangho Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Andrew N. Jenkins
- Department
of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham
Young University. Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Isabelle C. Suero
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Margaret R. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Zahra Mashhadi
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center
and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alex G. Waterson
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Amanda C. Doran
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center. Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Gary A. Sulikowski
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Sean S. Davies
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Lange T, Depmeier T, Strünker T, Lehr M. HPLC fluorescence assay for measuring the activity of NAPE-PLD and the action of inhibitors affecting this enzyme. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 229:115354. [PMID: 37003086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is the major enzyme for the biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid anandamide. The role of NAPE-PLD in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions is currently under investigation. For example, the enzyme might be involved in the control of neuronal activity, embryonic development and pregnancy, and prostate cancer. We synthesized a novel NAPE-PLD substrate with a fluorogenic pyrene substituent at the N-acyl residue as tool compound for studying this enzyme. As shown by HPLC with fluorescence detection, in rat brain microsomes the substrate was transformed into the expected pyrene-labeled N-acylethanolamine (NAE), but minor amounts of three by-products could also be detected. In the presence of pan-serine hydrolase and secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitors, the generation of these compounds, whose identity was verified using reference substances, was abolished. Based on these results, a method for determining the activity of NAPE-PLD was developed, validated, and applied to evaluate the action of known inhibitors of this enzyme. With human sperm, it was shown that the fluorescent substrate can also be used to study NAPE metabolism in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lange
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Depmeier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Strünker
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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3
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Understanding and Targeting the Endocannabinoid System with Activity‐Based Protein Profiling. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Martinez Ramirez CE, Ruiz-Pérez G, Stollenwerk TM, Behlke C, Doherty A, Hillard CJ. Endocannabinoid signaling in the central nervous system. Glia 2023; 71:5-35. [PMID: 36308424 PMCID: PMC10167744 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It is hard to overestimate the influence of the endocannabinoid signaling (ECS) system on central nervous system (CNS) function. In the 40 years since cannabinoids were found to trigger specific cell signaling cascades, studies of the ECS system continue to cause amazement, surprise, and confusion! CB1 cannabinoid receptors are expressed widely in the CNS and regulate cell-cell communication via effects on the release of both neurotransmitters and gliotransmitters. CB2 cannabinoid receptors are difficult to detect in the CNS but seem to "punch above their weight" as compounds targeting these receptors have significant effects on inflammatory state and behavior. Positive and negative allosteric modulators for both receptors have been identified and examined in preclinical studies. Concentrations of the endocannabinoid ligands, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are regulated by a combination of enzymatic synthesis and degradation and inhibitors of these processes are available and making their way into clinical trials. Importantly, ECS regulates many essential brain functions, including regulation of reward, anxiety, inflammation, motor control, and cellular development. While the field is on the cusp of preclinical discoveries providing impactful clinical and therapeutic insights into many CNS disorders, there is still much to be learned about this remarkable and versatile modulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- César E Martinez Ramirez
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gonzalo Ruiz-Pérez
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Todd M Stollenwerk
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christina Behlke
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ashley Doherty
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Mock ED, Gagestein B, van der Stelt M. Anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines: A class of signaling lipids with therapeutic opportunities. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 89:101194. [PMID: 36150527 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), including N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA, anandamide), N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA, synaptamide) and their oxygenated metabolites are a lipid messenger family with numerous functions in health and disease, including inflammation, anxiety and energy metabolism. The NAEs exert their signaling role through activation of various G protein-coupled receptors (cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, GPR55, GPR110, GPR119), ion channels (TRPV1) and nuclear receptors (PPAR-α and PPAR-γ) in the brain and periphery. The biological role of the oxygenated NAEs, such as prostamides, hydroxylated anandamide and DHEA derivatives, are less studied. Evidence is accumulating that NAEs and their oxidative metabolites may be aberrantly regulated or are associated with disease severity in obesity, metabolic syndrome, cancer, neuroinflammation and liver cirrhosis. Here, we comprehensively review NAE biosynthesis and degradation, their metabolism by lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases and cytochrome P450s and the biological functions of these signaling lipids. We discuss the latest findings and therapeutic potential of modulating endogenous NAE levels by inhibition of their degradation, which is currently under clinical evaluation for neuropsychiatric disorders. We also highlight NAE biosynthesis inhibition as an emerging topic with therapeutic opportunities in endocannabinoid and NAE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot D Mock
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Gagestein
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
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Wu MC, Li MZ, Chen YX, Liu F, Xiao JA, Chen K, Xiang HY, Yang H. Photoredox-Catalyzed C–H Trideuteromethylation of Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones with CDCl 3 as the “CD 3” source. Org Lett 2022; 24:6412-6416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418008, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Zhi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xuan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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Zarrow JE, Tian J, Dutter B, Kim K, Doran AC, Sulikowski GA, Davies SS. Selective measurement of NAPE-PLD activity via a PLA 1/2-resistant fluorogenic N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine analog. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100156. [PMID: 34843683 PMCID: PMC8953660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) is a zinc metallohydrolase enzyme that converts NAPEs to bioactive N-acyl-ethanolamides. Altered NAPE-PLD activity may contribute to pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurological diseases. Selective measurement of NAPE-PLD activity is challenging, however, because of alternative phospholipase pathways for NAPE hydrolysis. Previous methods to measure NAPE-PLD activity involved addition of exogenous NAPE followed by TLC or LC/MS/MS, which are time and resource intensive. Recently, NAPE-PLD activity in cells has been assayed using the fluorogenic NAPE analogs PED-A1 and PED6, but these substrates also detect the activity of serine hydrolase-type lipases PLA1 and PLA2. To create a fluorescence assay that selectively measured cellular NAPE-PLD activity, we synthesized an analog of PED-A1 (flame-NAPE) where the sn-1 ester bond was replaced with an N-methyl amide to create resistance to PLA1 hydrolysis. Recombinant NAPE-PLD produced fluorescence when incubated with either PED-A1 or flame-NAPE, whereas PLA1 only produced fluorescence when incubated with PED-A1. Furthermore, fluorescence in HepG2 cells using PED-A1 could be partially blocked by either biothionol (a selective NAPE-PLD inhibitor) or tetrahydrolipstatin (an inhibitor of a broad spectrum of serine hydrolase-type lipases). In contrast, fluorescence assayed in HepG2 cells using flame-NAPE could only be blocked by biothionol. In multiple cell types, the phospholipase activity detected using flame-NAPE was significantly more sensitive to biothionol inhibition than that detected using PED-A1. Thus, using flame-NAPE to measure phospholipase activity provides a rapid and selective method to measure NAPE-PLD activity in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah E Zarrow
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jianhua Tian
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brendan Dutter
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kwangho Kim
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gary A Sulikowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sean S Davies
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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