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Westermark P, Merlini G. Successes in translation. Amyloid 2024; 31:159-167. [PMID: 39101820 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2024.2387163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Translational research is key in advancing the diagnosis and therapy of systemic amyloidoses. This paper summarises our presentations at the ISA Workshop on Translation in Systemic Amyloidoses held in Athens on September 25-26, 2023. The critical advances made by the pioneers in the field are reviewed, with particular attention to the discoveries and developments of utmost importance to our understanding of what amyloid is and how the substance affects functions. Examples of translational research regarding the mechanisms of cardiac damage in light chain amyloidosis, the role of biomarkers in improving our understanding of the biology of the disease and patients' management, and the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytotoxicity are described. Advances in basic research continue to open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Westermark
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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2
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He Y, Shi L, Dong B, Zhao G, Li F. β-Methylation of Primary Alcohols with Methanol Catalyzed by a Metal-Ligand Bifunctional Iridium Catalyst. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39087433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of efficient methods for the direct introduction of a methyl group into molecules is becoming increasingly important. Herein, the β-methylation of primary alcohols with methanol has been accomplished under environmentally benign conditions using [Cp*Ir(2,2'-bpyO)(H2O)] as a catalyst. It was found that functional groups in the ligand are crucially important for the activity of the iridium complex. Furthermore, the mechanistic research and application potential of our catalytic system are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Lili Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Beixuan Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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3
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Maerivoet A, Price R, Galmiche C, Scott-Tucker A, Kennedy J, Crabbe T, Antonyuk S, Madine J. Enhanced stabilisation and reduced fibril forming potential of an amyloidogenic light chain using a variable heavy domain to mimic the homodimer complex. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38982771 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis (AL), is classified as a plasma cell dyscrasia, whereby a mutant plasma cell multiplies uncontrollably and secretes enormous amounts of immunoglobulin-free light chain (FLC) fragments. These FLCs undergo a process of misfolding and aggregation into amyloid fibrils, that can cause irreversible system-wide damage. Current treatments that focus on depleting the underlying plasma cell clone are often poorly tolerated, particularly in patients with severe cardiac involvement, meaning patient prognosis is poor. An alternative treatment approach currently being explored is the inhibition of FLC aggregation by stabilisation of the native conformer. Here, we aimed to identify and characterise antibody fragments that target FLC domains and promote their stabilisation. Using phage-display screening methods, we identified a variable heavy (VH) domain, termed VH1, targeted towards the FLC. Using differential scanning fluorimetry and surface plasmon resonance, VH1 was characterised to bind and kinetically stabilise an amyloidogenic FLC, whereby a > 5.5 °C increase in thermal stability was noted. This improved stability corresponded to the inhibition of fibril formation, where 10 : 1 LC : VH1 concentration reduced aggregation to baseline levels. X-ray crystallographic structures of the LC : VH1 complex at atomic resolution revealed binding in a 1 : 1 ratio, mimicking the dimeric antigen binding sites of the native immunoglobulin molecule and the native LC homodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Maerivoet
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca Price
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Svetlana Antonyuk
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Jillian Madine
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, UK
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4
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Wang J, Li J, Zhong L. Current status and prospect of anti-amyloid fibril therapy in AL amyloidosis. Blood Rev 2024; 66:101207. [PMID: 38692939 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2024.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare hematological disease that produces abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains to form amyloid fibrils that are deposited in tissues, resulting in organ damage and dysfunction. Advanced AL amyloidosis has a very poor prognosis with a high risk of early mortality. The combination of anti-plasma cell therapy and amyloid fibrils clearance is the optimal treatment strategy, which takes into account both symptoms and root causes. However, research on anti-amyloid fibrils lags far behind research on anti-plasma cells, and there is currently no approved treatment that could clear amyloid fibrils. Nevertheless, anti-amyloid fibril therapies are being actively investigated recently and have shown potential in clinical trials. In this review, we aim to outline the preclinical work and clinical efficacy of fibril-directed therapies for AL amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Wang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Liye Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Priyanka, Raymandal B, Mondal S. Native State Stabilization of Amyloidogenic Proteins by Kinetic Stabilizers: Inhibition of Protein Aggregation and Clinical Relevance. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400244. [PMID: 38863235 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Proteinopathies or amyloidoses are a group of life-threatening disorders that result from misfolding of proteins and aggregation into toxic insoluble amyloid aggregates. Amyloid aggregates have low clearance from the body due to the insoluble nature, leading to their deposition in various organs and consequent organ dysfunction. While amyloid deposition in the central nervous system leads to neurodegenerative diseases that mostly cause dementia and difficulty in movement, several other organs, including heart, liver and kidney are also affected by systemic amyloidoses. Regardless of the site of amyloid deposition, misfolding and structural alteration of the precursor proteins play the central role in amyloid formation. Kinetic stabilizers are an emerging class of drugs, which act like pharmacological chaperones to stabilize the native state structure of amyloidogenic proteins and to increase the activation energy barrier that is required for adopting a misfolded structure or conformation, ultimately leading to the inhibition of protein aggregation. In this review, we discuss the kinetic stabilizers that stabilize the native quaternary structure of transthyretin, immunoglobulin light chain and superoxide dismutase 1 that cause transthyretin amyloidoses, light chain amyloidosis and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Bitta Raymandal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
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6
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Rinauro DJ, Chiti F, Vendruscolo M, Limbocker R. Misfolded protein oligomers: mechanisms of formation, cytotoxic effects, and pharmacological approaches against protein misfolding diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:20. [PMID: 38378578 PMCID: PMC10877934 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The conversion of native peptides and proteins into amyloid aggregates is a hallmark of over 50 human disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Increasing evidence implicates misfolded protein oligomers produced during the amyloid formation process as the primary cytotoxic agents in many of these devastating conditions. In this review, we analyze the processes by which oligomers are formed, their structures, physicochemical properties, population dynamics, and the mechanisms of their cytotoxicity. We then focus on drug discovery strategies that target the formation of oligomers and their ability to disrupt cell physiology and trigger degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon J Rinauro
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Ryan Limbocker
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 10996, USA.
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Yan NL, Morgan GJ, Petrassi HM, Wilson IA, Kelly JW. Pharmacological stabilization of the native state of full-length immunoglobulin light chains to treat light chain amyloidosis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102319. [PMID: 37279624 PMCID: PMC10523890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a cancer of plasma cells that secrete unstable full-length immunoglobulin light chains. These light chains misfold and aggregate, often with aberrant endoproteolysis, leading to organ toxicity. AL is currently treated by pharmacological elimination of the clonal plasma cells. Since it remains difficult to completely kill these cells in the majority of patients, we seek a complementary drug that inhibits light chain aggregation, which should diminish organ toxicity. We discovered a small-molecule binding site on full-length immunoglobulin light chains by structurally characterizing hit stabilizers emerging from a high-throughput screen seeking small molecules that protect full-length light chains from conformational excursion-linked endoproteolysis. The x-ray crystallographic characterization of 7 structurally distinct hit native-state stabilizers provided a structure-based blueprint, reviewed herein, to design more potent stabilizers. This approach enabled us to transform hits with micromolar affinity into stabilizers with nanomolar dissociation constants that potently prevent light chain aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Amyloidosis Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - H Michael Petrassi
- Protego Biopharma, 10945 Vista Sorrento Parkway, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Catalyst- and solvent-free coupling of 2-methyl quinazolinones and 3-(trifluoroacetyl)coumarins: An environmentally benign access of quinazolinone derivatives. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2023.101621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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9
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Absmeier RM, Rottenaicher GJ, Svilenov HL, Kazman P, Buchner J. Antibodies gone bad - the molecular mechanism of light chain amyloidosis. FEBS J 2023; 290:1398-1419. [PMID: 35122394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a systemic disease in which abnormally proliferating plasma cells secrete large amounts of mutated antibody light chains (LCs) that eventually form fibrils. The fibrils are deposited in various organs, most often in the heart and kidney, and impair their function. The prognosis for patients diagnosed with AL is generally poor. The disease is set apart from other amyloidoses by the huge number of patient-specific mutations in the disease-causing and fibril-forming protein. The molecular mechanisms that drive the aggregation of mutated LCs into fibrils have been enigmatic, which hindered the development of efficient diagnostics and therapies. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on AL amyloidosis and discuss open issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona M Absmeier
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Georg J Rottenaicher
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hristo L Svilenov
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Pamina Kazman
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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10
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Rottenaicher GJ, Absmeier RM, Meier L, Zacharias M, Buchner J. A constant domain mutation in a patient-derived antibody light chain reveals principles of AL amyloidosis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:209. [PMID: 36823438 PMCID: PMC9950467 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a debilitating disease in which mutant antibody light chains (LC), secreted by aberrant plasma cell clones, misfold and form insoluble fibrils, which can be deposited in various organs. In the majority of cases, the fibrillar deposits consist of LC variable domains (VL) containing destabilizing mutations compared to their germline counterparts. This is also true for the patient LC FOR005. However, this pathogenic LC sequence contains an additional mutation in the constant domain (CL). The mechanistic impact of CL mutations is not yet understood in the context of AL amyloidosis. Our analysis reveals that the FOR005 CL mutation influences the amyloid pathway in specific ways: (1) folding and stability of the patient CL domain are strongly impaired; (2) the mutation disrupts the LC dimer interface and weakens dimerization; (3) the CL mutation promotes proteolytic cleavage of the LC monomers resulting in an isolated, amyloidogenic VL domain while dimeric LCs are not cleaved. The enhanced proteolysis rates and the inability of full-length LCs to form amyloid fibrils even in the presence of a destabilized CL domain support a model for AL amyloidosis in which the CL domain plays a protective role and in which proteolytic cleavage precedes amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg J Rottenaicher
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ramona M Absmeier
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Laura Meier
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Department of Biosciences, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University Munich, Boltzmannstr. 10, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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11
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Design, Catalyst-Free Synthesis of New Novel α-Trifluoromethylated Tertiary Alcohols Bearing Coumarins as Potential Antifungal Agents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010260. [PMID: 36615454 PMCID: PMC9822406 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of α-trifluoromethylated tertiary alcohols bearing coumarins is described. The reaction of 3-(trifluoroacetyl)coumarin and pyrrole provided the target compounds with high yields under catalyst-free, mild conditions. The crystal structure of compound 3fa was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. The biological activities, such as in vitro antifungal activity of the α-trifluoromethylated tertiary alcohols against Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, and Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae, were investigated. The bioassay results indicated that compounds 3ad, 3gd, and 3hd showed broad-spectrum antifungal activity in vitro. Compound 3cd exhibited excellent fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, with an EC50 value of 10.9 μg/mL, which was comparable to that of commercial fungicidal triadimefon (EC50 = 6.1 μg/mL). Furthermore, molecular docking study suggested that 3cd had high binding affinities with 1W9U, like argifin.
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12
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Kurma SH, Kolla ST, Sridhar B, Bhimapaka CR. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Cyclization and N‐methylation of Salicyl N‐tosylhydrazones. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Hariprasad Kurma
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology CSIR: Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry INDIA
| | - Sai Teja Kolla
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology CSIR: Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry INDIA
| | - Balasubramanian Sridhar
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology CSIR: Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry INDIA
| | - China Raju Bhimapaka
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry INDIA
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13
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Yan NL, Nair R, Chu A, Wilson IA, Johnson KA, Morgan GJ, Kelly JW. Amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chain kinetic stabilizers comprising a simple urea linker module reveal a novel binding sub-site. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 60:128571. [PMID: 35065233 PMCID: PMC8857066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In immunoglobulin light chain (LC) amyloidosis, the misfolding, or misfolding and misassembly of LC a protein or fragments thereof resulting from aberrant endoproteolysis, causes organ damage to patients. A small molecule "kinetic stabilizer" drug could slow or stop these processes and improve prognosis. We previously identified coumarin-based kinetic stabilizers of LCs that can be divided into four components, including a "linker module" and "distal substructure". Our prior studies focused on characterizing carbamate, hydantoin, and spirocyclic urea linker modules, which bind in a solvent-exposed site at the VL-VL domain interface of the LC dimer. Here, we report structure-activity relationship data on 7-diethylamino coumarin-based kinetic stabilizers. This substructure occupies the previously characterized "anchor cavity" and the "aromatic slit". The potencies of amide and urea linker modules terminating in a variety of distal substructures attached at the 3-position of this coumarin ring were assessed. Surprisingly, crystallographic data on a 7-diethylamino coumarin-based kinetic stabilizer reveals that the urea linker module and distal substructure attached at the 3-position bind a solvent-exposed region of the full-length LC dimer distinct from previously characterized sites. Our results further elaborate the small-molecule binding surface of LCs that could be occupied by potent and selective LC kinetic stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Reji Nair
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan Chu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Amyloidosis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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14
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Small molecule protein binding to correct cellular folding or stabilize the native state against misfolding and aggregation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 72:267-278. [PMID: 34999558 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding diseases are caused by the difficulty of a protein to attain or stably maintain its native three-dimensional structure. In 2011, the first small molecule that specifically binds to the folded state of a protein was approved by a regulatory agency to treat a protein misfolding disease (tafamidis, transthyretin amyloidosis). Subsequently, folded state binders for three additional pathologies were approved. All of these molecules bind specifically to and stabilize the native state of a misfolding-prone protein and either correct cellular folding or stabilize the native state against misfolding and aggregation. We will use these four case studies to explain how protein folding coupled to small molecule binding is a promising approach to treat a variety of human maladies.
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15
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Tao M, Wang A, Guo P, Li W, Zhao L, Tong J, Wang H, Yu Y, He C. Visible‐Light‐Induced Regioselective Deaminative Alkylation of Coumarins via Photoredox Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maoling Tao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
| | - An‐Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
| | - Weipiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tong
- School of Medicine Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06510 United States
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou 563000 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education School of Pharmacy Zunyi Medical University Zunyi Guizhou People's Republic of China
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16
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Morgan GJ, Buxbaum JN, Kelly JW. Light Chain Stabilization: A Therapeutic Approach to Ameliorate AL Amyloidosis. HEMATO 2021; 2:645-659. [PMID: 35757512 PMCID: PMC9218996 DOI: 10.3390/hemato2040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-native immunoglobulin light chain conformations, including aggregates, appear to cause light chain amyloidosis pathology. Despite significant progress in pharmacological eradication of the neoplastic plasma cells that secrete these light chains, in many patients impaired organ function remains. The impairment is apparently due to a subset of resistant plasma cells that continue to secrete misfolding-prone light chains. These light chains are susceptible to the proteolytic cleavage that may enable light chain aggregation. We propose that small molecules that preferentially bind to the natively folded state of full-length light chains could act as pharmacological kinetic stabilizers, protecting light chains against unfolding, proteolysis and aggregation. Although the sequence of the pathological light chain is unique to each patient, fortunately light chains have highly conserved residues that form binding sites for small molecule kinetic stabilizers. We envision that such stabilizers could complement existing and emerging therapies to benefit light chain amyloidosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J. Morgan
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Amyloidosis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Joel N. Buxbaum
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
The treatment of patients with systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a challenge to hematologists. Despite its generally small size, the underlying clone causes a rapidly progressing, often devastating multiorgan dysfunction through the toxic light chains that form amyloid deposits. Clinical manifestations are deceitful and too often recognized at an irreversible stage. However, hematologists are in the unique position to diagnose AL amyloidosis at a pre-symptomatic stage checking biomarkers of amyloid organ involvement in patients with monoclonal gammopathies at higher risk to develop the disease. Adequate technology and expertise are needed for a prompt and correct diagnosis, particularly for ruling out non-AL amyloidoses that are now also treatable. Therapy should be carefully tailored based on severity of organ involvement and clonal characteristics, and early and continual monitoring of response is critical. Three recent randomized clinical trials moved AL amyloidosis to evidence-based era. Above all, the daratumumab-bortezomib combination is a new standard-of-care for newly diagnosed patients inducing rapid and deep responses that translate into high rates of organ response. The availability of new effective drugs allows to better personalize the therapy, reduce toxicity, and improve outcomes. Patients should be treated within clinical trials whenever possible.
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Morgan GJ. Barriers to Small Molecule Drug Discovery for Systemic Amyloidosis. Molecules 2021; 26:3571. [PMID: 34208058 PMCID: PMC8230685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of amyloid fibril formation could benefit patients with systemic amyloidosis. In this group of diseases, deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from normally soluble proteins leads to progressive tissue damage and organ failure. Amyloid formation is a complex process, where several individual steps could be targeted. Several small molecules have been proposed as inhibitors of amyloid formation. However, the exact mechanism of action for a molecule is often not known, which impedes medicinal chemistry efforts to develop more potent molecules. Furthermore, commonly used assays are prone to artifacts that must be controlled for. Here, potential mechanisms by which small molecules could inhibit aggregation of immunoglobulin light-chain dimers, the precursor proteins for amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, are studied in assays that recapitulate different aspects of amyloidogenesis in vitro. One molecule reduced unfolding-coupled proteolysis of light chains, but no molecules inhibited aggregation of light chains or disrupted pre-formed amyloid fibrils. This work demonstrates the challenges associated with drug development for amyloidosis, but also highlights the potential to combine therapies that target different aspects of amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Morgan
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Amyloidosis Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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