1
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Terrett JA, Ly JQ, Katavolos P, Hasselgren C, Laing S, Zhong F, Villemure E, Déry M, Larouche-Gauthier R, Chen H, Shore DG, Lee WP, Suto E, Johnson K, Brooks M, Stablein A, Beaumier F, Constantineau-Forget L, Grand-Maître C, Lépissier L, Ciblat S, Sturino C, Chen Y, Hu B, Elstrott J, Gandham V, Joseph V, Booler H, Cain G, Chou C, Fullerton A, Lepherd M, Stainton S, Torres E, Urban K, Yu L, Zhong Y, Bao L, Chou KJ, Lin J, Zhang W, La H, Liu L, Mulder T, Chen J, Chernov-Rogan T, Johnson AR, Hackos DH, Leahey R, Shields SD, Balestrini A, Riol-Blanco L, Safina BS, Volgraf M, Magnuson S, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S. Discovery of TRPA1 Antagonist GDC-6599: Derisking Preclinical Toxicity and Aldehyde Oxidase Metabolism with a Potential First-in-Class Therapy for Respiratory Disease. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3287-3306. [PMID: 38431835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a nonselective calcium ion channel highly expressed in the primary sensory neurons, functioning as a polymodal sensor for exogenous and endogenous stimuli, and has been implicated in neuropathic pain and respiratory disease. Herein, we describe the optimization of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TRPA1 small molecule antagonists with strong in vivo target engagement in rodent models. Several lead molecules in preclinical single- and short-term repeat-dose toxicity studies exhibited profound prolongation of coagulation parameters. Based on a thorough investigative toxicology and clinical pathology analysis, anticoagulation effects in vivo are hypothesized to be manifested by a metabolite─generated by aldehyde oxidase (AO)─possessing a similar pharmacophore to known anticoagulants (i.e., coumarins, indandiones). Further optimization to block AO-mediated metabolism yielded compounds that ameliorated coagulation effects in vivo, resulting in the discovery and advancement of clinical candidate GDC-6599, currently in Phase II clinical trials for respiratory indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Déry
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marjory Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alyssa Stablein
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Francis Beaumier
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | | | - Chantal Grand-Maître
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Luce Lépissier
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Stéphane Ciblat
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Claudio Sturino
- Paraza Pharma, Incorporated, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaron-Beijing Company Limited, 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Baihua Hu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Company Limited, 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
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2
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Subbaiah MAM, Rautio J, Meanwell NA. Prodrugs as empowering tools in drug discovery and development: recent strategic applications of drug delivery solutions to mitigate challenges associated with lead compounds and drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2099-2210. [PMID: 38226865 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of a drug to a specific organ or tissue at an efficacious concentration is the pharmacokinetic (PK) hallmark of promoting effective pharmacological action at a target site with an acceptable safety profile. Sub-optimal pharmaceutical or ADME profiles of drug candidates, which can often be a function of inherently poor physicochemical properties, pose significant challenges to drug discovery and development teams and may contribute to high compound attrition rates. Medicinal chemists have exploited prodrugs as an informed strategy to productively enhance the profiles of new chemical entities by optimizing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties as well as selectively delivering a molecule to the site of action as a means of addressing a range of limitations. While discovery scientists have traditionally employed prodrugs to improve solubility and membrane permeability, the growing sophistication of prodrug technologies has enabled a significant expansion of their scope and applications as an empowering tool to mitigate a broad range of drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs have emerged as successful solutions to resolve non-linear exposure, inadequate exposure to support toxicological studies, pH-dependent absorption, high pill burden, formulation challenges, lack of feasibility of developing solid and liquid dosage forms, first-pass metabolism, high dosing frequency translating to reduced patient compliance and poor site-specific drug delivery. During the period 2012-2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 50 prodrugs, which amounts to 13% of approved small molecule drugs, reflecting both the importance and success of implementing prodrug approaches in the pursuit of developing safe and effective drugs to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Bangalore, PIN 560099, India.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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3
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Chao TH, Wu X, Renata H. One-pot chemoenzymatic syntheses of non-canonical amino acids. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 51:kuae005. [PMID: 38271597 PMCID: PMC10853765 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite their prevalent use in drug discovery and protein biochemistry, non-canonical amino acids are still challenging to synthesize through purely chemical means. In recent years, biocatalysis has emerged as a transformative paradigm for small-molecule synthesis. One strategy to further empower biocatalysis is to use it in combination with modern chemical reactions and take advantage of the strengths of each method to enable access to challenging structural motifs that were previously unattainable using each method alone. In this Mini-Review, we highlight several recent case studies that feature the synergistic use of chemical and enzymatic transformations in one pot to synthesize novel non-canonical amino acids. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY This Mini-Review highlights several recent case studies that feature the synergistic use of chemical and enzymatic transformations in one pot to synthesize novel non-canonical amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Chao
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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4
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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5
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Somberg NH, Medeiros‐Silva J, Jo H, Wang J, DeGrado WF, Hong M. Hexamethylene amiloride binds the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein at the protein-lipid interface. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4755. [PMID: 37632140 PMCID: PMC10503410 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein forms a five-helix bundle in lipid bilayers whose cation-conducting activity is associated with the inflammatory response and respiratory distress symptoms of COVID-19. E channel activity is inhibited by the drug 5-(N,N-hexamethylene) amiloride (HMA). However, the binding site of HMA in E has not been determined. Here we use solid-state NMR to measure distances between HMA and the E transmembrane domain (ETM) in lipid bilayers. 13 C, 15 N-labeled HMA is combined with fluorinated or 13 C-labeled ETM. Conversely, fluorinated HMA is combined with 13 C, 15 N-labeled ETM. These orthogonal isotopic labeling patterns allow us to conduct dipolar recoupling NMR experiments to determine the HMA binding stoichiometry to ETM as well as HMA-protein distances. We find that HMA binds ETM with a stoichiometry of one drug per pentamer. Unexpectedly, the bound HMA is not centrally located within the channel pore, but lies on the lipid-facing surface in the middle of the TM domain. This result suggests that HMA may inhibit the E channel activity by interfering with the gating function of an aromatic network. These distance data are obtained under much lower drug concentrations than in previous chemical shift perturbation data, which showed the largest perturbation for N-terminal residues. This difference suggests that HMA has higher affinity for the protein-lipid interface than the channel pore. These results give insight into the inhibition mechanism of HMA for SARS-CoV-2 E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah H. Somberg
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - João Medeiros‐Silva
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hyunil Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgersthe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNew JerseyUSA
| | - William F. DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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6
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Chang Z, Wang S, Huang J, Chen G, Tang Z, Wang R, Zhao D. Copper catalyzed Shono-type oxidation of proline residues in peptide. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj3090. [PMID: 37703373 PMCID: PMC10881060 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial report in 1975, the Shono oxidation has become a powerful tool to functionalize the α position of amines, including proline derivatives, by electrochemical oxidation. However, the application of electrochemical Shono oxidations is restricted to the preparation of simple building blocks and homogeneous Shono-type oxidation of proline derivatives remains challenging. The late-stage functionalization at proline residues embedded within peptides is highly important as substitutions about the proline ring are known to affect biological and pharmacological activities. Here, we show that homogenous copper-catalyzed oxidation conditions complement the Shono oxidation and this general protocol can be applied to a series of formal C-C coupling reactions with a variety of nucleophiles using a one-pot procedure. This protocol shows good tolerance toward 19 proteinogenic amino acids and was used to functionalize several representative bioactive peptides, including captopril, enalapril, Smac, and endomorphin-2. Last, peptide cyclization can also be achieved by using an appropriately positioned side-chain hydroxyl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geshuyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanyong Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Hu Z, Zhang Y, Yu W, Li J, Yao J, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang C. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) modulators: Recent update and future perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115392. [PMID: 37269667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is a non-selective cation channel that senses irritant chemicals. Its activation is closely associated with pain, inflammation, and pruritus. TRPA1 antagonists are promising treatments for these diseases, and there has been a recent upsurge in their application to new areas such as cancer, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. However, due to the generally disappointing performance of TRPA1 antagonists in clinical studies, scientists must pursue the development of antagonists with higher selectivity, metabolic stability, and solubility. Moreover, TRPA1 agonists provide a deeper understanding of activation mechanisms and aid in antagonist screening. Therefore, we summarize the TRPA1 antagonists and agonists developed in recent years, with a particular focus on structure-activity relationships (SARs) and pharmacological activity. In this perspective, we endeavor to keep abreast of cutting-edge ideas and provide inspiration for the development of more effective TRPA1-modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Hu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wenhan Yu
- College of Letters & Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, California, United States
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Song S, Cheng X, Cheng S, Lin YM, Gong L. Fe-Catalyzed Aliphatic C-H Methylation of Glycine Derivatives and Peptides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203404. [PMID: 36545842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Direct and selective C-H methylation is a powerful tool with which to install methyl groups into organic molecules, and is particularly useful in pharmaceutical chemistry. However, practical methods for such modification of biologically interesting targets have been rarely developed. We here report an iron-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H methylation reaction of glycine derivatives, peptides and drug-like molecules in an alcohol in the presence of di-tert-butyl peroxide. A readily available iron catalyst plays multiple roles in the transformation, which accelerates oxidation of C-N bonds to C=N double bonds, activates imine intermediates as Lewis acids by bidentate chelation, and at the same time facilitates cleavage of the peroxide to generate methyl radicals. A variety of methylated N-aryl glycine derivatives and peptides were obtained in good yield and with excellent chemo- and site-selectivity. This reaction is scalable, easily managed, and can be completed within 1-2 h. It features an economic, bio-friendly catalyst, a green solvent and low toxic reagents, and will provide effective access to precise C-H modification of biomolecules and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiuliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Shiyan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), 361005, Xiamen, China
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9
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Freeman EE, Jackson R, Luo J, Somwaru R, Sons AA, Bean A, Buckle RN, Herr RJ. A Three-Step Method for the Preparation of N-Substituted 3,4-Dihydroisoquinolin-1(2 H)-ones and Heteroaryl-Fused 3,4-Dihydropyridin-2(1 H)-ones from 2-Bromobenzoate Precursors. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2589-2598. [PMID: 36706424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a general method for the preparation of diverse N-substituted 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one compounds through an overall three-step cross-coupling/cyclization/N-deprotection/N-alkylation sequence. In the first step, ethyl 2-bromobenzoates and 2-bromo-1-carboxyethyl heterocycles are cross-coupled with commercially available potassium (2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)ethyl)trifluoroborate to produce (hetero)aryl-substituted 3-[(N-Boc-2-carboxyethyl)phenyl]ethylamines. In a subsequent two-stage process, these (hetero)arylethylamines undergo base-mediated ring closure followed by N-deprotection and N-alkylation to produce N-substituted 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones and heteroaryl-fused N-benzyl 3,4-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-ones. Mechanistic work was performed to elucidate the order of transformations for the latter two-stage process. The method was also extended to the production of N-benzyl isoindolin-1-one and N-benzyl 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[c]azepin-1-one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Freeman
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Curia Global, Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Randy Jackson
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Curia Global, Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Jessica Luo
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Curia Global, Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Rajen Somwaru
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Curia Global, Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Alex A Sons
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Curia Global, Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Andrew Bean
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Curia Global, Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Ronald N Buckle
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Curia Global, Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - R Jason Herr
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Curia Global, Inc., 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12203, United States
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10
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Sokolsky A, Winterton S, Kennedy K, Drake K, Stump K, Huo L, Lo Y, Ye M, Covington M, Diamond S, Yang YO, Kim S, Yeleswaram S, Wu L, Yao W. Discovery of 5,7-Dihydro-6 H-pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidin-6-ones as Highly Selective CDK2 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1797-1804. [PMID: 36385925 PMCID: PMC9661707 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of exceptionally selective CDK2 inhibitors are described. Starting from an HTS hit, we successfully scaffold hopped to a 5,7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-one core structure, which imparted a promising initial selectivity within the CDK family. Extensive further SAR identified additional factors that drove selectivity to above 200× for CDKs 1/4/6/7/9. General kinome selectivity was also greatly improved. Finally, use of in vivo metabolite identification allowed us to pinpoint sulfonamide dealkylation as the primary metabolite, which was ameliorated through the deuterium effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sokolsky
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Sarah Winterton
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Keith Kennedy
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Katherine Drake
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Kristine Stump
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Lu Huo
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Yvonne Lo
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Min Ye
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Maryanne Covington
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Sharon Diamond
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Yan-ou Yang
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Swamy Yeleswaram
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Liangxing Wu
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Wenqing Yao
- Incyte
Research Institute, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
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11
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Mykhailiuk PK. Fluorine-Containing Prolines: Synthetic Strategies, Applications, and Opportunities. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6961-7005. [PMID: 35175772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated prolines play an important role in peptide studies, protein engineering, medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and agrochemistry. Since the first synthesis of 4-fluoroprolines by Gottlieb and Witkop in 1965, their popularity started to grow exponentially. For example, during the past two decades, all isomeric trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines have been synthesized. In this Perspective, chemical properties and applications of fluorinated prolines are discussed. Synthetic approaches to all known fluorine-containing prolines are also discussed and analyzed. This analysis unexpectedly revealed an unsolved problem: in strict contrast to fluoro- and trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines, the corresponding analogues with fluoromethyl and difluoromethyl groups are mostly unknown. At the end of the paper, structures of several interesting, yet unknown, fluorinated prolines are disclosed─a good opportunity for chemists to make them.
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Novaes LFT, Ho JSK, Mao K, Liu K, Tanwar M, Neurock M, Villemure E, Terrett JA, Lin S. Exploring Electrochemical C(sp 3)-H Oxidation for the Late-Stage Methylation of Complex Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1187-1197. [PMID: 35015533 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The "magic methyl" effect, a dramatic boost in the potency of biologically active compounds from the incorporation of a single methyl group, provides a simple yet powerful strategy employed by medicinal chemists in the drug discovery process. Despite significant advances, methodologies that enable the selective C(sp3)-H methylation of structurally complex medicinal agents remain very limited. In this work, we disclose a modular, efficient, and selective strategy for the α-methylation of protected amines (i.e., amides, carbamates, and sulfonamides) by means of electrochemical oxidation. Mechanistic analysis guided our development of an improved electrochemical protocol on the basis of the classic Shono oxidation reaction, which features broad reaction scope, high functional group compatibility, and operational simplicity. Importantly, this reaction system is amenable to the late-stage functionalization of complex targets containing basic nitrogen groups that are prevalent in medicinally active agents. When combined with organozinc-mediated C-C bond formation, our protocol enabled the direct methylation of a myriad of amine derivatives including those that have previously been explored for the "magic methyl" effect. This synthesis strategy thus circumvents multistep de novo synthesis that is currently necessary to access such compounds and has the potential to accelerate drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Justin S K Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Kaining Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Kaida Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mayank Tanwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack A Terrett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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13
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Villemure E, Terrett JA, Larouche-Gauthier R, Déry M, Chen H, Reese RM, Shields SD, Chen J, Magnuson S, Volgraf M. A Retrospective Look at the Impact of Binding Site Environment on the Optimization of TRPA1 Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1230-1237. [PMID: 34413952 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) antagonists have generated broad interest in the pharmaceutical industry for the treatment of both pain and asthma. Over the past decade, multiple antagonist classes have been reported in the literature with a wide range of structural diversity. Our own work has focused on the development of proline sulfonamide and hypoxanthine-based antagonists, two antagonist classes with distinct physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic (PK) trends. Late in our discovery program, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) studies revealed two different antagonist binding sites: a membrane-exposed proline sulfonamide transmembrane site and an intracellular hypoxanthine site near the membrane interface. A retrospective look at the discovery program reveals how the different binding sites, and their location relative to the cell membrane, influenced the optimization trajectories and overall drug profiles of each antagonist class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack A. Terrett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Martin Déry
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montréal, Québec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca M. Reese
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shannon D. Shields
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Volgraf
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Ligand binding at the protein-lipid interface: strategic considerations for drug design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:710-722. [PMID: 34257432 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many drug targets are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer of cellular membranes, including G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, transporters and membrane-bound enzymes. Increasing evidence from biophysical and structural studies suggests that many small-molecule drugs commonly associate with these targets at binding sites at the protein-phospholipid interface. Without a direct path from bulk solvent to a binding site, a drug must first partition in the phospholipid membrane before interacting with the protein target. This membrane access mechanism necessarily affects the interpretation of potency data, structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics and physicochemical properties for drugs that target these sites. With an increasing number of small-molecule intramembrane binding sites revealed through X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy, we suggest that ligand-lipid interactions likely play a larger role in small-molecule drug action than commonly appreciated. This Perspective introduces key concepts and drug design considerations to aid discovery teams operating within this target space, and discusses challenges and future opportunities in the field.
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Motornov VA, Tabolin AA, Nelyubina YV, Nenajdenko VG, Ioffe SL. Copper-catalyzed [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of α-halonitroalkenes with azomethine ylides: facile synthesis of multisubstituted pyrrolidines and pyrroles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3413-3427. [PMID: 33899878 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient route for the synthesis of multifunctionalized pyrrolidines based on copper-catalyzed diastereoselective [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of nitroalkenes with azomethine ylides was developed. Novel fluorinated heterocycles - β-fluoro-β-nitropyrrolidines - were accessed via this method. The products can be prepared in good to excellent yields and with high diastereoselectivity. Subsequent transformations of pyrrolidines including oxidative aromatization into fluorinated pyrrolines and medicinally attractive β-fluoro-NH-pyrroles as well as chemoselective reduction reactions were demonstrated. Application of the developed procedures for the non-fluorinated analogues was demonstrated to lead to various β-substituted pyrrole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Motornov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Tabolin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Yulia V Nelyubina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 28, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sema L Ioffe
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Terrett JA, Chen H, Shore DG, Villemure E, Larouche-Gauthier R, Déry M, Beaumier F, Constantineau-Forget L, Grand-Maître C, Lépissier L, Ciblat S, Sturino C, Chen Y, Hu B, Lu A, Wang Y, Cridland AP, Ward SI, Hackos DH, Reese RM, Shields SD, Chen J, Balestrini A, Riol-Blanco L, Lee WP, Liu J, Suto E, Wu X, Zhang J, Ly JQ, La H, Johnson K, Baumgardner M, Chou KJ, Rohou A, Rougé L, Safina BS, Magnuson S, Volgraf M. Tetrahydrofuran-Based Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) Antagonists: Ligand-Based Discovery, Activity in a Rodent Asthma Model, and Mechanism-of-Action via Cryogenic Electron Microscopy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3843-3869. [PMID: 33749283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a nonselective calcium-permeable ion channel highly expressed in the primary sensory neurons functioning as a polymodal sensor for exogenous and endogenous stimuli and has generated widespread interest as a target for inhibition due to its implication in neuropathic pain and respiratory disease. Herein, we describe the optimization of a series of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TRPA1 small molecule antagonists, leading to the discovery of a novel tetrahydrofuran-based linker. Given the balance of physicochemical properties and strong in vivo target engagement in a rat AITC-induced pain assay, compound 20 was progressed into a guinea pig ovalbumin asthma model where it exhibited significant dose-dependent reduction of inflammatory response. Furthermore, the structure of the TRPA1 channel bound to compound 21 was determined via cryogenic electron microscopy to a resolution of 3 Å, revealing the binding site and mechanism of action for this class of antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Terrett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel G Shore
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Martin Déry
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Francis Beaumier
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | | | | | - Luce Lépissier
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Stéphane Ciblat
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Claudio Sturino
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Baihua Hu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Aijun Lu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Yunli Wang
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Andrew P Cridland
- Charles River Laboratories, 8/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart I Ward
- Charles River Laboratories, 8/9 Spire Green Centre, Flex Meadow, Harlow, Essex CM19 5TR, United Kingdom
| | - David H Hackos
- Department of Neurosciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Neurosciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shannon D Shields
- Department of Neurosciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alessia Balestrini
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lorena Riol-Blanco
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Liu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Justin Q Ly
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hank La
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matt Baumgardner
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kang-Jye Chou
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alexis Rohou
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lionel Rougé
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian S Safina
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Volgraf
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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17
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Balestrini A, Joseph V, Dourado M, Reese RM, Shields SD, Rougé L, Bravo DD, Chernov-Rogan T, Austin CD, Chen H, Wang L, Villemure E, Shore DGM, Verma VA, Hu B, Chen Y, Leong L, Bjornson C, Hötzel K, Gogineni A, Lee WP, Suto E, Wu X, Liu J, Zhang J, Gandham V, Wang J, Payandeh J, Ciferri C, Estevez A, Arthur CP, Kortmann J, Wong RL, Heredia JE, Doerr J, Jung M, Vander Heiden JA, Roose-Girma M, Tam L, Barck KH, Carano RAD, Ding HT, Brillantes B, Tam C, Yang X, Gao SS, Ly JQ, Liu L, Chen L, Liederer BM, Lin JH, Magnuson S, Chen J, Hackos DH, Elstrott J, Rohou A, Safina BS, Volgraf M, Bauer RN, Riol-Blanco L. A TRPA1 inhibitor suppresses neurogenic inflammation and airway contraction for asthma treatment. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211821. [PMID: 33620419 PMCID: PMC7918756 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of effective therapies, a substantial proportion of asthmatics continue to have uncontrolled symptoms, airflow limitation, and exacerbations. Transient receptor potential cation channel member A1 (TRPA1) agonists are elevated in human asthmatic airways, and in rodents, TRPA1 is involved in the induction of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Here, the discovery and early clinical development of GDC-0334, a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable TRPA1 antagonist, is described. GDC-0334 inhibited TRPA1 function on airway smooth muscle and sensory neurons, decreasing edema, dermal blood flow (DBF), cough, and allergic airway inflammation in several preclinical species. In a healthy volunteer Phase 1 study, treatment with GDC-0334 reduced TRPA1 agonist-induced DBF, pain, and itch, demonstrating GDC-0334 target engagement in humans. These data provide therapeutic rationale for evaluating TRPA1 inhibition as a clinical therapy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Balestrini
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Victory Joseph
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Michelle Dourado
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Rebecca M Reese
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Shannon D Shields
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lionel Rougé
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel D Bravo
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Tania Chernov-Rogan
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Daniel G M Shore
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Vishal A Verma
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Baihua Hu
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., BDA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaron-Beijing Co. Ltd., BDA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Laurie Leong
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Chris Bjornson
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathy Hötzel
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Alvin Gogineni
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric Suto
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - John Liu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Vineela Gandham
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jianyong Wang
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jens Kortmann
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ryan L Wong
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jose E Heredia
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonas Doerr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Min Jung
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Kai H Barck
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Richard A D Carano
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Han Ting Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Bobby Brillantes
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Christine Tam
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Department of Product Development Biometric Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Simon S Gao
- Department of Clinical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Justin Q Ly
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Liling Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Liuxi Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Bianca M Liederer
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Joseph H Lin
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Steven Magnuson
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - David H Hackos
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Justin Elstrott
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Alexis Rohou
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Brian S Safina
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Matthew Volgraf
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Rebecca N Bauer
- Department of OMNI-Biomarker Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lorena Riol-Blanco
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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18
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A Non-covalent Ligand Reveals Biased Agonism of the TRPA1 Ion Channel. Neuron 2020; 109:273-284.e4. [PMID: 33152265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The TRPA1 ion channel is activated by electrophilic compounds through the covalent modification of intracellular cysteine residues. How non-covalent agonists activate the channel and whether covalent and non-covalent agonists elicit the same physiological responses are not understood. Here, we report the discovery of a non-covalent agonist, GNE551, and determine a cryo-EM structure of the TRPA1-GNE551 complex, revealing a distinct binding pocket and ligand-interaction mechanism. Unlike the covalent agonist allyl isothiocyanate, which elicits channel desensitization, tachyphylaxis, and transient pain, GNE551 activates TRPA1 into a distinct conducting state without desensitization and induces persistent pain. Furthermore, GNE551-evoked pain is relatively insensitive to antagonist treatment. Thus, we demonstrate the biased agonism of TRPA1, a finding that has important implications for the discovery of effective drugs tailored to different disease etiologies.
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19
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Achanta S, Jordt SE. Transient receptor potential channels in pulmonary chemical injuries and as countermeasure targets. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:73-103. [PMID: 32892378 PMCID: PMC7933981 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lung is highly sensitive to chemical injuries caused by exposure to threat agents in industrial or transportation accidents, occupational exposures, or deliberate use as weapons of mass destruction (WMD). There are no antidotes for the majority of the chemical threat agents and toxic inhalation hazards despite their use as WMDs for more than a century. Among several putative targets, evidence for transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels as mediators of injury by various inhalational chemical threat agents is emerging. TRP channels are expressed in the respiratory system and are essential for homeostasis. Among TRP channels, the body of literature supporting essential roles for TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPV4 in pulmonary chemical injuries is abundant. TRP channels mediate their function through sensory neuronal and nonneuronal pathways. TRP channels play a crucial role in complex pulmonary pathophysiologic events including, but not limited to, increased intracellular calcium levels, signal transduction, recruitment of proinflammatory cells, neurogenic inflammatory pathways, cough reflex, hampered mucus clearance, disruption of the integrity of the epithelia, pulmonary edema, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the role of TRP channels in chemical threat agents-induced pulmonary injuries and how these channels may serve as medical countermeasure targets for broader indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Achanta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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20
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Chen H, Terrett JA. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) antagonists: a patent review (2015-2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:643-657. [PMID: 32686526 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1797679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TRPA1 is a non-selective cation channel predominantly expressed in sensory neurons, and functions as an irritant sensor for a plethora of noxious external stimuli and endogenous ligands. Due to its involvement in pain, itch, and respiratory syndromes, TRPA1 has been pursued as a promising drug target. AREAS COVERED In this review, the small molecule patent literature of TRPA1 antagonists from 2015-2019 was surveyed. The patent applications are described with a focus on chemical structures, biochemical/pharmacological activities, and potential clinical applications. The development of TRPA1 antagonists in clinical trials has been highlighted. EXPERT OPINION During 2015-2019, significant progress was made toward the discovery of new TRPA1 antagonists. A total of 14 organizations published 28 patent applications disclosing several distinct classes of chemical matter and potential uses. During this period, three new molecules entered the clinic (ODM-108, HX-100, and GDC-0334) bringing the total number of TRPA1 antagonists to reach clinical trials to five (including earlier molecules CB-625 and GRC 17536); however, to our knowledge, development of all five molecules have been discontinued. Further clinical trials of recent TRPA1 antagonists with good pharmacokinetics would be needed to help understand TRPA1 involvement in human diseases and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc ., South San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jack A Terrett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc ., South San Francisco, California, United States
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Fedoseev SV, Belikov MY, Ershov OV. Synthesis of 3-(Dialkylamino)-4-halofuro[3,4-c]pyridin-1(3H)-ones. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042802001008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Mäki-Opas I, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen LJ, Haavikko R, Ahonen TJ, Alakurtti S, Moreira VM, Muraki K, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Moilanen E. Pyrazine-Fused Triterpenoids Block the TRPA1 Ion Channel in Vitro and Inhibit TRPA1-Mediated Acute Inflammation in Vivo. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2848-2857. [PMID: 31034197 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPA1 is a nonselective cation channel, most famously expressed in nonmyelinated nociceptors. In addition to being an important chemical and mechanical pain sensor, TRPA1 has more recently appeared to have a role also in inflammation. Triterpenoids are natural products with anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in experimental models. In this paper, 13 novel triterpenoids were created by synthetically modifying betulin, an abundant triterpenoid of the genus Betula L., and their TRPA1-modulating properties were examined. The Fluo 3-AM protocol was used in the initial screening, in which six of the 14 tested triterpenoids inhibited TRPA1 in a statistically significant manner. In subsequent whole-cell patch clamp recordings, the two most effective compounds (pyrazine-fused triterpenoids 8 and 9) displayed a reversible and dose- and voltage-dependent effect to block the TRPA1 ion channel at submicromolar concentrations. Interestingly, the TRPA1 blocking action was also evident in vivo, as compounds 8 and 9 both alleviated TRPA1 agonist-induced acute paw inflammation in mice. The results introduce betulin-derived pyrazine-fused triterpenoids as promising novel antagonists of TRPA1 that are potentially useful in treating diseases with a TRPA1-mediated adverse component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilari Mäki-Opas
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Lauri J. Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Raisa Haavikko
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina J. Ahonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Alakurtti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., 02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Vânia M. Moreira
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K
| | - Katsuhiko Muraki
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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Rabasa-Alcañiz F, Hammerl D, Sánchez-Merino A, Tejero T, Merino P, Fustero S, del Pozo C. Asymmetric synthesis of polycyclic 3-fluoroalkylproline derivatives by intramolecular azomethine ylide cycloaddition. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00525k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides was developed for fluorinated dipolarophiles, being the RF group crucial for selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hammerl
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- E-46100 Burjassot
- Spain
| | | | - Tomás Tejero
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Fisica de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI)
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- E-46100 Burjassot
- Spain
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas
| | - Carlos del Pozo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- E-46100 Burjassot
- Spain
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