1
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Xu X, Closson J, Marcelino LP, Favaro DC, Silvestrini ML, Solazzo R, Chong LT, Gardner KH. Identification of Small Molecule Ligand Binding Sites On and In the ARNT PAS-B Domain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.03.565595. [PMID: 37961463 PMCID: PMC10635134 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors are generally challenging to target with small molecule inhibitors due to their structural plasticity and lack of catalytic sites. Notable exceptions include several naturally ligand-regulated transcription factors, including our prior work with the heterodimeric HIF-2 transcription factor which showed that small molecule binding within an internal pocket of the HIF-2α PAS-B domain can disrupt its interactions with its dimerization partner, ARNT. Here, we explore the feasibility of similarly targeting small molecules to the analogous ARNT PAS-B domain itself, potentially opening a promising route to simultaneously modulate several ARNT-mediated signaling pathways. Using solution NMR screening of an in-house fragment library, we previously identified several compounds that bind ARNT PAS-B and, in certain cases, antagonize ARNT association with the TACC3 transcriptional coactivator. However, these ligands have only modest binding affinities, complicating characterization of their binding sites. We address this challenge by combining NMR, MD simulations, and ensemble docking to identify ligand-binding 'hotspots' on and within the ARNT PAS-B domain. Our data indicate that the two ARNT/TACC3 inhibitors, KG-548 and KG-655, bind to a β-sheet surface implicated in both HIF-2 dimerization and coactivator recruitment. Furthermore, while KG-548 binds exclusively to the β-sheet surface, KG-655 can additionally bind within a water-accessible internal cavity in ARNT PAS-B. Finally, KG-279, while not a coactivator inhibitor, exemplifies ligands that preferentially bind only to the internal cavity. All three ligands promoted ARNT PAS-B homodimerization, albeit to varying degrees. Taken together, our findings provide a comprehensive overview of ARNT PAS-B ligand-binding sites and may guide the development of more potent coactivator inhibitors for cellular and functional studies.
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2
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Brugarolas J, Obara G, Beckermann KE, Rini B, Lam ET, Hamilton J, Schluep T, Yi M, Wong S, Mao ZL, Gamelin E, Tannir NM. A First-in-Human Phase 1 Study of a Tumor-Directed RNA-Interference Drug against HIF2α in Patients with Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:2402-2411. [PMID: 38652038 PMCID: PMC11145158 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE ARO-HIF2 is an siRNA drug designed to selectively target hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2α) interrupting downstream pro-oncogenic signaling in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The aims of this Phase 1 study (AROHIF21001) were to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and establish a recommended Phase 2 dose. PATIENTS AND METHODS Subjects with ccRCC and progressive disease after at least 2 prior therapies that included VEGF and immune checkpoint inhibitors were progressively enrolled into dose-escalation cohorts of ARO-HIF2 administered intravenously at 225, 525, or 1,050 mg weekly. RESULTS Twenty-six subjects received ARO-HIF2. The most common treatment emergent adverse events (AE) irrespective of causality were fatigue (50.0%), dizziness (26.9%), dyspnea (23.1%), and nausea (23.1%). Four subjects (15.4%) had treatment-related serious AEs. AEs of special interest included neuropathy, hypoxia, and dyspnea. ARO-HIF2 was almost completely cleared from plasma circulation within 48 hours with minimal renal clearance. Reductions in HIF2α were observed between pre- and post-dosing tumor biopsies, but the magnitude was quite variable. The objective response rate was 7.7% and the disease control rate was 38.5%. Responses were accompanied by ARO-HIF2 uptake in tumor cells, HIF2α downregulation, as well as rapid suppression of tumor produced erythropoietin (EPO) in a patient with paraneoplastic polycythemia. CONCLUSIONS ARO-HIF2 downregulated HIF2α in advanced ccRCC-inhibiting tumor growth in a subset of subjects. Further development was hampered by off-target neurotoxicity and low response rate. This study provides proof of concept that siRNA can target tumors in a specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brugarolas
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gregory Obara
- Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Henderson, Nevada
| | | | - Brian Rini
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Elaine T. Lam
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Min Yi
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Pasadena, California
| | - So Wong
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Pasadena, California
| | | | | | - Nizar M. Tannir
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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3
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Chen Z, Zhang X. The role of metabolic reprogramming in kidney cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1402351. [PMID: 38884097 PMCID: PMC11176489 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1402351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a cellular process in which cells modify their metabolic patterns to meet energy requirements, promote proliferation, and enhance resistance to external stressors. This process also introduces new functionalities to the cells. The 'Warburg effect' is a well-studied example of metabolic reprogramming observed during tumorigenesis. Recent studies have shown that kidney cells undergo various forms of metabolic reprogramming following injury. Moreover, metabolic reprogramming plays a crucial role in the progression, prognosis, and treatment of kidney cancer. This review offers a comprehensive examination of renal cancer, metabolic reprogramming, and its implications in kidney cancer. It also discusses recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Chen
- The First Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Blood Purification Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Chronic Kidney Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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4
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Le DN, Johnson HC, Lam YH, Sun C, Cheng L, Belyk KM. Enantio- and Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of Belzutifan Enabled by Rh-Catalyzed Hydrogenation. Org Lett 2024; 26:4059-4064. [PMID: 38709100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a nine-step synthesis of belzutifan enabled by a novel Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation to install the contiguous fluorinated stereocenters with high enantioselectivity. Moreover, the final ketone reduction in the synthesis proceeds with high diastereoselectivity, leading to the expedient assembly of the stereotriad. In contrast to the original 16-step synthesis, this route avoids a lengthy bromination-oxidation sequence and introduces the sulfone functionality via nucleophilic aromatic substitution, obviating the need for transition metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane N Le
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather C Johnson
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chunrui Sun
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lili Cheng
- Chemistry Service Unit, WuXi AppTec (Tianjin), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kevin M Belyk
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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5
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Liao C, Hu L, Zhang Q. Von Hippel-Lindau protein signalling in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Urol 2024:10.1038/s41585-024-00876-w. [PMID: 38698165 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-024-00876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The distinct pathological and molecular features of kidney cancer in adaptation to oxygen homeostasis render this malignancy an attractive model for investigating hypoxia signalling and potentially developing potent targeted therapies. Hypoxia signalling has a pivotal role in kidney cancer, particularly within the most prevalent subtype, known as renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Hypoxia promotes various crucial pathological processes, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activation, angiogenesis, proliferation, metabolic reprogramming and drug resistance, all of which contribute to kidney cancer development, growth or metastasis formation. A substantial portion of kidney cancers, in particular clear cell RCC (ccRCC), are characterized by a loss of function of Von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor (VHL), leading to the accumulation of HIF proteins, especially HIF2α, a crucial driver of ccRCC. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting pVHL-HIF signalling have been explored in ccRCC, culminating in the successful development of HIF2α-specific antagonists such as belzutifan (PT2977), an FDA-approved drug to treat VHL-associated diseases including advanced-stage ccRCC. An increased understanding of hypoxia signalling in kidney cancer came from the discovery of novel VHL protein (pVHL) targets, and mechanisms of synthetic lethality with VHL mutations. These breakthroughs can pave the way for the development of innovative and potent combination therapies in kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengheng Liao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lianxin Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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6
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Curry L, Soleimani M. Belzutifan: a novel therapeutic for the management of von Hippel-Lindau disease and beyond. Future Oncol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38639572 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2023-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of the VHL gene and its role in regulating the hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathway has helped to revolutionize the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Belzutifan is a novel small-molecule inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α which has demonstrated efficacy in treating von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, earning regulatory approvals for this indication. There is also early evidence for efficacy in sporadic RCC. Belzutifan has a favorable safety profile. Several clinical trials are currently ongoing, which should help in identifying this promising drug's role in RCC and beyond. This review summarizes the history, pharmacology and clinical evidence for belzutifan use to date, and also explores unanswered questions as they relate to this novel therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Curry
- Division of Medical Oncology; British Columbia Cancer-Vancouver Cancer Centre/University of British Columbia, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Maryam Soleimani
- Division of Medical Oncology; British Columbia Cancer-Vancouver Cancer Centre/University of British Columbia, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4E6, Canada
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7
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Ball A, Mohammed S, Doigneaux C, Gardner RM, Easton JW, Turner S, Essex JW, Pairaudeau G, Tavassoli A. Identification and Development of Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of Hypoxia Inducible Factors 1 and 2 That Disrupt Hypoxia-Response Signaling in Cancer Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8877-8886. [PMID: 38503564 PMCID: PMC10996005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of an oxygen-regulated α subunit and a constitutively expressed β subunit that serves as the master regulator of the cellular response to low oxygen concentrations. The HIF transcription factor senses and responds to hypoxia by significantly altering transcription and reprogramming cells to enable adaptation to a hypoxic microenvironment. Given the central role played by HIF in the survival and growth of tumors in hypoxia, inhibition of this transcription factor serves as a potential therapeutic approach for treating a variety of cancers. Here, we report the identification, optimization, and characterization of a series of cyclic peptides that disrupt the function of HIF-1 and HIF-2 transcription factors by inhibiting the interaction of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α with HIF-1β. These compounds are shown to bind to HIF-α and disrupt the protein-protein interaction between the α and β subunits of the transcription factor, resulting in disruption of hypoxia-response signaling by our lead molecule in several cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Ball
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Soran Mohammed
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Cyrielle Doigneaux
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Reece M. Gardner
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - James W. Easton
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Steven Turner
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Jonathan W. Essex
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Garry Pairaudeau
- Discovery
Sciences IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 310 Cambridge Science Park, Milton
Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K.
| | - Ali Tavassoli
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
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8
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Coffey NJ, Simon MC. Metabolic alterations in hereditary and sporadic renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:233-250. [PMID: 38253811 PMCID: PMC11165401 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Kidney cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer in the world, and its incidence is on the rise. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form and is a heterogeneous disease comprising three major subtypes that vary in their histology, clinical course and driver mutations. These subtypes include clear cell RCC, papillary RCC and chromophobe RCC. Molecular analyses of hereditary and sporadic forms of RCC have revealed that this complex and deadly disease is characterized by metabolic pathway alterations in cancer cells that lead to deregulated oxygen and nutrient sensing, as well as impaired tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. These metabolic changes facilitate tumour growth and survival. Specifically, studies of the metabolic features of RCC have led to the discovery of oncometabolites - fumarate and succinate - that can promote tumorigenesis, moonlighting functions of enzymes, and substrate auxotrophy owing to the disruption of pathways that enable the production of arginine and cholesterol. These metabolic alterations within RCC can be exploited to identify new therapeutic targets and interventions, in combination with novel approaches that minimize the systemic toxicity of metabolic inhibitors and reduce the risk of drug resistance owing to metabolic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Coffey
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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9
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Cheung-Lee WL, Kolev JN, McIntosh JA, Gil AA, Pan W, Xiao L, Velásquez JE, Gangam R, Winston MS, Li S, Abe K, Alwedi E, Dance ZEX, Fan H, Hiraga K, Kim J, Kosjek B, Le DN, Marzijarani NS, Mattern K, McMullen JP, Narsimhan K, Vikram A, Wang W, Yan JX, Yang RS, Zhang V, Zhong W, DiRocco DA, Morris WJ, Murphy GS, Maloney KM. Engineering Hydroxylase Activity, Selectivity, and Stability for a Scalable Concise Synthesis of a Key Intermediate to Belzutifan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316133. [PMID: 38279624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalytic oxidations are an emerging technology for selective C-H bond activation. While promising for a range of selective oxidations, practical use of enzymes catalyzing aerobic hydroxylation is presently limited by their substrate scope and stability under industrially relevant conditions. Here, we report the engineering and practical application of a non-heme iron and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase for the direct stereo- and regio-selective hydroxylation of a non-native fluoroindanone en route to the oncology treatment belzutifan, replacing a five-step chemical synthesis with a direct enantioselective hydroxylation. Mechanistic studies indicated that formation of the desired product was limited by enzyme stability and product overoxidation, with these properties subsequently improved by directed evolution, yielding a biocatalyst capable of >15,000 total turnovers. Highlighting the industrial utility of this biocatalyst, the high-yielding, green, and efficient oxidation was demonstrated at kilogram scale for the synthesis of belzutifan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua N Kolev
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - John A McIntosh
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Agnieszka A Gil
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Weilan Pan
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Modeling & Informatics, Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Juan E Velásquez
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Rekha Gangam
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Matthew S Winston
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Shasha Li
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Kotoe Abe
- Chemical Commercialization Technologies, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Embarek Alwedi
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Zachary E X Dance
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Haiyang Fan
- API Process Research & Development (Biocatalysis), Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201507, China
| | - Kaori Hiraga
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Jungchul Kim
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Birgit Kosjek
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Diane N Le
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Keith Mattern
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | | | - Karthik Narsimhan
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ajit Vikram
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- API Process Research & Development (Biocatalysis), Shanghai STA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201507, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Yan
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Victoria Zhang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Wendy Zhong
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Daniel A DiRocco
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - William J Morris
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Grant S Murphy
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Kevin M Maloney
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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10
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Carroll C, Manaprasertsak A, Boffelli Castro A, van den Bos H, Spierings DC, Wardenaar R, Bukkuri A, Engström N, Baratchart E, Yang M, Biloglav A, Cornwallis CK, Johansson B, Hagerling C, Arsenian-Henriksson M, Paulsson K, Amend SR, Mohlin S, Foijer F, McIntyre A, Pienta KJ, Hammarlund EU. Drug-resilient Cancer Cell Phenotype Is Acquired via Polyploidization Associated with Early Stress Response Coupled to HIF2α Transcriptional Regulation. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:691-705. [PMID: 38385626 PMCID: PMC10919208 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic resistance and recurrence remain core challenges in cancer therapy. How therapy resistance arises is currently not fully understood with tumors surviving via multiple alternative routes. Here, we demonstrate that a subset of cancer cells survives therapeutic stress by entering a transient state characterized by whole-genome doubling. At the onset of the polyploidization program, we identified an upregulation of key transcriptional regulators, including the early stress-response protein AP-1 and normoxic stabilization of HIF2α. We found altered chromatin accessibility, ablated expression of retinoblastoma protein (RB1), and enrichment of AP-1 motif accessibility. We demonstrate that AP-1 and HIF2α regulate a therapy resilient and survivor phenotype in cancer cells. Consistent with this, genetic or pharmacologic targeting of AP-1 and HIF2α reduced the number of surviving cells following chemotherapy treatment. The role of AP-1 and HIF2α in stress response by polyploidy suggests a novel avenue for tackling chemotherapy-induced resistance in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE In response to cisplatin treatment, some surviving cancer cells undergo whole-genome duplications without mitosis, which represents a mechanism of drug resistance. This study presents mechanistic data to implicate AP-1 and HIF2α signaling in the formation of this surviving cell phenotype. The results open a new avenue for targeting drug-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carroll
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center (SCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Auraya Manaprasertsak
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center (SCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Arthur Boffelli Castro
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center (SCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hilda van den Bos
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Diana C.J. Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - René Wardenaar
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anuraag Bukkuri
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center (SCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niklas Engström
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center (SCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Etienne Baratchart
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center (SCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Minjun Yang
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrea Biloglav
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Bertil Johansson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Catharina Hagerling
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center (SCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie Arsenian-Henriksson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Paulsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sarah R. Amend
- Cancer Ecology Center, the Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sofie Mohlin
- Lund Stem Cell Center (SCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Hypoxia and Acidosis Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- Cancer Ecology Center, the Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emma U. Hammarlund
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center (SCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center (LUCC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Xiong L, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yu M, Huang L, Hou Y, Li G, Wang L, Li Y. Novel small molecule inhibitors targeting renal cell carcinoma: Status, challenges, future directions. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116158. [PMID: 38278080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common renal malignancy with a rapidly increasing morbidity and mortality rate gradually. RCC has a high mortality rate and an extremely poor prognosis. Despite numerous treatment strategies, RCC is resistant to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In addition, the limited clinical efficacy and inevitable resistance of multiple agents suggest an unmet clinical need. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel anti-RCC candidates. Nowadays many promising results have been achieved with the development of novel small molecule inhibitors against RCC. This paper reviews the recent research progress of novel small molecule inhibitors targeting RCC. It is focusing on the structural optimization process and conformational relationships of small molecule inhibitors, as well as the potential mechanisms and anticancer activities for the treatment of RCC. To provide a theoretical basis for promoting the clinical translation of novel small molecule inhibitors, we discussed their application prospects and future development directions. It could be capable of improving the clinical efficacy of RCC and improving the therapy resistance for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Liming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanpei Hou
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Guisen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Mohammadipoor N, Naiebi R, Mazhari SA, Amooei F, Owrang M, Dastghaib S, Shams M, Maleki MH, Dastghaib S. Improved therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma: beta-hydroxybutyrate and quercetin target hypoxia-induced angiogenesis and multidrug resistance. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:379. [PMID: 38429605 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a form of kidney cancer characterized by dysregulated angiogenesis and multidrug resistance. Hypoxia-induced tumor progression plays a crucial role in ccRCC pathogenesis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and quercetin (QCT) have shown potential in targeting angiogenesis and drug resistance in various cancer types. This study investigates the combined effects of BHB and QCT in hypoxia-induced Caki-1 cells. METHODS Caki-1 cells were subjected to normoxic and hypoxic conditions and treated with BHB, QCT, or a combination of both. Cell-viability was assessed using the MTT assay, and mRNA expression levels of key angiogenesis-related genes (HIF-1α/2α, VEGF, Ang-1, Ang-2, and MDR4) were quantified through real-time PCR during 24 and 48 h. RESULTS BHB and QCT treatments, either alone or in combination, significantly reduced cell-viability in Caki-1 cells (p < 0.05). Moreover, the combined therapy demonstrated a potential effect in downregulating the expression of angiogenesis-related genes and MDR4 in hypoxia-induced cells, with a marked reduction in HIF-1α/2α, VEGF, Ang-1, and MDR4 expression (p < 0.05). The expression of Ang-2 increases significantly in presence of BHB combined QCT treatment. CONCLUSION This study highlights the promising potential of a combination therapy involving BHB and QCT in mitigating angiogenesis and MDR4 expression in hypoxia-induced ccRCC cells. These findings support further investigation into the underlying mechanisms and warrant clinical studies to evaluate the therapeutic value of this combined treatment for ccRCC patients. This research provides new insights into addressing the challenges posed by angiogenesis and drug resistance in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mohammadipoor
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raika Naiebi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fateme Amooei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Reproductive Biology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Owrang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Dastghaib
- School of Neurobiology Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Mesbah Shams
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Maleki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71348-45794, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran.
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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13
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Yuan X, Ruan W, Bobrow B, Carmeliet P, Eltzschig HK. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:175-200. [PMID: 38123660 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are highly conserved transcription factors that are crucial for adaptation of metazoans to limited oxygen availability. Recently, HIF activation and inhibition have emerged as therapeutic targets in various human diseases. Pharmacologically desirable effects of HIF activation include erythropoiesis stimulation, cellular metabolism optimization during hypoxia and adaptive responses during ischaemia and inflammation. By contrast, HIF inhibition has been explored as a therapy for various cancers, retinal neovascularization and pulmonary hypertension. This Review discusses the biochemical mechanisms that control HIF stabilization and the molecular strategies that can be exploited pharmacologically to activate or inhibit HIFs. In addition, we examine medical conditions that benefit from targeting HIFs, the potential side effects of HIF activation or inhibition and future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wei Ruan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bentley Bobrow
- Department of Emergency Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis & Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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14
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Shi J, Lv Q, Miao D, Xiong Z, Wei Z, Wu S, Tan D, Wang K, Zhang X. HIF2α Promotes Cancer Metastasis through TCF7L2-Dependent Fatty Acid Synthesis in ccRCC. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0322. [PMID: 38390305 PMCID: PMC10882601 DOI: 10.34133/research.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the notable involvement of the crosstalk between hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF2α) and Wnt signaling components in tumorigenesis. However, the cellular function and precise regulatory mechanisms of HIF2α and Wnt signaling interactions in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remain elusive. To analyze the correlation between HIF2α and Wnt signaling, we utilized the Cancer Genome Atlas - Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-KIRC) public database, HIF2α RNA sequencing data, and conducted luciferase reporter assays. A Wnt-related gene set was employed to identify key regulators of Wnt signaling controlled by HIF2α in ccRCC. Furthermore, we assessed the biological effects of TCF7L2 on ccRCC metastasis and lipid metabolism in both in vivo and in vitro settings. Our outcomes confirm TCF7L2 as a key gene involved in HIF2α-mediated regulation of the canonical Wnt pathway. Functional studies demonstrate that TCF7L2 promotes metastasis in ccRCC. Mechanistic investigations reveal that HIF2α stabilizes TCF7L2 mRNA in a method based on m6A by transcriptionally regulating METTL3. Up-regulation of TCF7L2 enhances cellular fatty acid oxidation, which promotes histone acetylation. This facilitates the transcription of genes connected to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and ultimately enhances metastasis of ccRCC. These outcomes offer a novel understanding into the involvement of lipid metabolism in the signaling pathway regulation, offering valuable implications for targeted treatment in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qingyang Lv
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Daojia Miao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Wei
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Songming Wu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Diaoyi Tan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Keshan Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
- Institute of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, P. R. China
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15
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Musleh Ud Din S, Streit SG, Huynh BT, Hana C, Abraham AN, Hussein A. Therapeutic Targeting of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2060. [PMID: 38396737 PMCID: PMC10888675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the realm of cancer therapeutics, targeting the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway has emerged as a promising strategy. This study delves into the intricate web of HIF-associated mechanisms, exploring avenues for future anticancer therapies. Framing the investigation within the broader context of cancer progression and hypoxia response, this article aims to decipher the pivotal role played by HIF in regulating genes influencing angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and glucose metabolism. Employing diverse approaches such as HIF inhibitors, anti-angiogenic therapies, and hypoxia-activated prodrugs, the research methodologically intervenes at different nodes of the HIF pathway. Findings showcase the efficacy of agents like EZN-2968, Minnelide, and Acriflavine in modulating HIF-1α protein synthesis and destabilizing HIF-1, providing preliminary proof of HIF-1α mRNA modulation and antitumor activity. However, challenges, including toxicity, necessitate continued exploration and development, as exemplified by ongoing clinical trials. This article concludes by emphasizing the potential of targeted HIF therapies in disrupting cancer-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Musleh Ud Din
- Department of Internal Medicine, Memorial Healthcare System, 703 North Flamingo Road, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA
| | - Spencer G. Streit
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Memorial Healthcare System, 703 North Flamingo Road, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (S.G.S.); (C.H.); (A.-N.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Bao Tran Huynh
- Department of Pharmacy, Memorial Healthcare System, 703 North Flamingo Road, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA
| | - Caroline Hana
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Memorial Healthcare System, 703 North Flamingo Road, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (S.G.S.); (C.H.); (A.-N.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Anna-Ninny Abraham
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Memorial Healthcare System, 703 North Flamingo Road, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (S.G.S.); (C.H.); (A.-N.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Atif Hussein
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Memorial Healthcare System, 703 North Flamingo Road, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028, USA; (S.G.S.); (C.H.); (A.-N.A.); (A.H.)
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16
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Le DN, Reibarkh M, DiRocco DA, Ji Y. Overcoming Product Inhibition in a Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction. Org Lett 2024; 26:804-808. [PMID: 38232150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The development of a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction for the synthesis of belzutifan and related analogues is disclosed. This classical transformation suffered from reaction stalling, despite prolonged reaction times. Through experimental and mechanistic studies, product inhibition was revealed and rationalized. Herein, we describe our efforts to overcome this synthetic challenge and demonstrate the importance of the judicious choice of the solvent to achieve reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane N Le
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel A DiRocco
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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17
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Zhuang J, Shang Q, Rastinejad F, Wu D. Decoding Allosteric Control in Hypoxia-Inducible Factors. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168352. [PMID: 37935255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian family of basic helix-loop-helix-PER-ARNT-SIM (bHLH-PAS) transcription factors possess the ability to sense and respond to diverse environmental and physiological cues. These proteins all share a common structural framework, comprising a bHLH domain, two PAS domains, and transcriptional activation or repression domain. To function effectively as transcription factors, members of the family must form dimers, bringing together bHLH segments to create a functional unit that allows for DNA response element binding. The significance of bHLH-PAS family is underscored by their involvement in many major human diseases, offering potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. Notably, the clear identification of ligand-binding cavities within their PAS domains enables the development of targeted small molecules. Two examples are Belzutifan, targeting hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α, and Tapinarof, targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), both of which have gained regulatory approval recently. Here, we focus on the HIF subfamily. The crystal structures of all three HIF-α proteins have been elucidated, revealing their bHLH and tandem PAS domains are used to engage their dimerization partner aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT, also called HIF-1β). A broad range of recent findings point to a shared allosteric modulation mechanism among these proteins, whereby small-molecules at the PAS-B domains exert direct influence over the HIF-α transcriptional functions. As our understanding of the architectural and allosteric mechanisms of bHLH-PAS proteins continues to advance, the possibility of discovering new therapeutic drugs becomes increasingly promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhuang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qinghong Shang
- Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Dalei Wu
- Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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18
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Kim H, Liu Y, Kim J, Kim Y, Klouda T, Fisch S, Baek SH, Liu T, Dahlberg S, Hu CJ, Tian W, Jiang X, Kosmas K, Christou HA, Korman BD, Vargas SO, Wu JC, Stenmark KR, Perez VDJ, Nicolls MR, Raby BA, Yuan K. Pericytes contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling via HIF2α signaling. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:616-645. [PMID: 38243138 PMCID: PMC10897382 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is the process of structural alteration and cell rearrangement of blood vessels in response to injury and is the cause of many of the world's most afflicted cardiovascular conditions, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Many studies have focused on the effects of vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during vascular remodeling, but pericytes, an indispensable cell population residing largely in capillaries, are ignored in this maladaptive process. Here, we report that hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) expression is increased in the lung tissues of PAH patients, and HIF2α overexpressed pericytes result in greater contractility and an impaired endothelial-pericyte interaction. Using single-cell RNAseq and hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) models, we show that HIF2α is a major molecular regulator for the transformation of pericytes into SMC-like cells. Pericyte-selective HIF2α overexpression in mice exacerbates PH and right ventricular hypertrophy. Temporal cellular lineage tracing shows that HIF2α overexpressing reporter NG2+ cells (pericyte-selective) relocate from capillaries to arterioles and co-express SMA. This novel insight into the crucial role of NG2+ pericytes in pulmonary vascular remodeling via HIF2α signaling suggests a potential drug target for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbum Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunhye Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Klouda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Fisch
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung Han Baek
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne Dahlberg
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheng-Jun Hu
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wen Tian
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kosmas Kosmas
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen A Christou
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Korman
- Division of Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Sara O Vargas
- Division of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vinicio de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ke Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Daffern N, Radhakrishnan I. Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) Domains in Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)-PAS Transcription Factors and Coactivators: Structures and Mechanisms. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168370. [PMID: 37992889 PMCID: PMC10922228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
PAS domains are ubiquitous in biology. They perform critically important roles in sensing and transducing a wide variety of environmental signals, and through their ability to bind small-molecule ligands, have emerged as targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss our current understanding of PAS domain structure and function in the context of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-PAS transcription factors and coactivators. Unlike the bHLH-PAS domains of transcription factors, those of the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family are poorly characterized. Recent progress for this family and for the broader bHLH-PAS proteins suggest that these domains are ripe for deeper structural and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Daffern
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ishwar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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20
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Golijanin B, Malshy K, Khaleel S, Lagos G, Amin A, Cheng L, Golijanin D, Mega A. Evolution of the HIF targeted therapy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2023; 121:102645. [PMID: 37879247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2023.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, affecting hundreds of thousands of people worldwide and can affect people of any age. The pathogenesis of ccRCC is most commonly due to biallelic loss of the tumor suppressor gene VHL. VHL is the recognition subunit of an E3-ubiquitin-ligase-complex essential for degradation of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) 1α and 2α. Dysfunctional degradation of HIF results in overaccumulation, which is particularly concerning with the HIF2α subunit. This leads to nuclear translocation, dimerization, and transactivation of numerous HIF-regulated genes responsible for cell survival and proliferation in ccRCC. FDA-approved therapies for RCC have primarily focused on targeting downstream effectors of HIF, then incorporated immunotherapeutics, and now, novel approaches are moving back to HIF with a focus on interfering with upstream targets. This review summarizes the role of HIF in the pathogenesis of ccRCC, novel HIF2α-focused therapeutic approaches, and opportunities for ccRCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borivoj Golijanin
- The Minimally Invasive Urology Institute at The Miriam Hospital, Division of Urology, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States.
| | - Kamil Malshy
- The Minimally Invasive Urology Institute at The Miriam Hospital, Division of Urology, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States
| | - Sari Khaleel
- The Minimally Invasive Urology Institute at The Miriam Hospital, Division of Urology, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States
| | - Galina Lagos
- Lifespan Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Miriam Hospital, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States
| | - Ali Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States
| | - Dragan Golijanin
- The Minimally Invasive Urology Institute at The Miriam Hospital, Division of Urology, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States
| | - Anthony Mega
- Lifespan Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Miriam Hospital, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States
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21
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Zhao Y, Xiong W, Li C, Zhao R, Lu H, Song S, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Shi B, Ge J. Hypoxia-induced signaling in the cardiovascular system: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:431. [PMID: 37981648 PMCID: PMC10658171 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, characterized by reduced oxygen concentration, is a significant stressor that affects the survival of aerobic species and plays a prominent role in cardiovascular diseases. From the research history and milestone events related to hypoxia in cardiovascular development and diseases, The "hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) switch" can be observed from both temporal and spatial perspectives, encompassing the occurrence and progression of hypoxia (gradual decline in oxygen concentration), the acute and chronic manifestations of hypoxia, and the geographical characteristics of hypoxia (natural selection at high altitudes). Furthermore, hypoxia signaling pathways are associated with natural rhythms, such as diurnal and hibernation processes. In addition to innate factors and natural selection, it has been found that epigenetics, as a postnatal factor, profoundly influences the hypoxic response and progression within the cardiovascular system. Within this intricate process, interactions between different tissues and organs within the cardiovascular system and other systems in the context of hypoxia signaling pathways have been established. Thus, it is the time to summarize and to construct a multi-level regulatory framework of hypoxia signaling and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases for developing more therapeutic targets and make reasonable advancements in clinical research, including FDA-approved drugs and ongoing clinical trials, to guide future clinical practice in the field of hypoxia signaling in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weidong Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chaofu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ranzun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Bei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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22
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Sheikhi N, Bahraminejad M, Saeedi M, Mirfazli SS. A review: FDA-approved fluorine-containing small molecules from 2015 to 2022. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115758. [PMID: 37657268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing small molecules have occupied a special position in drug discovery research. The successful clinical use of fluorinated corticosteroids in the 1950s and fluoroquinolones in the 1980s led to an ever-increasing number of approved fluorinated compounds over the last 50 years. They have shown various biological properties such as antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Fluoro-pharmaceuticals have been considered a strong and practical tool in the rational drug design approach due to their benefits from potency and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) points of view. Herein, approved fluorinated drugs from 2015 to 2022 were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Sheikhi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahraminejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyedeh Sara Mirfazli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Figg WD, Fiorini G, Chowdhury R, Nakashima Y, Tumber A, McDonough MA, Schofield CJ. Structural basis for binding of the renal carcinoma target hypoxia-inducible factor 2α to prolyl hydroxylase domain 2. Proteins 2023; 91:1510-1524. [PMID: 37449559 PMCID: PMC10952196 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl-hydroxylases (human PHD1-3) catalyze prolyl hydroxylation in oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domains of HIFα isoforms, modifications that signal for HIFα proteasomal degradation in an oxygen-dependent manner. PHD inhibitors are used for treatment of anemia in kidney disease. Increased erythropoietin (EPO) in patients with familial/idiopathic erythrocytosis and pulmonary hypertension is associated with mutations in EGLN1 (PHD2) and EPAS1 (HIF2α); a drug inhibiting HIF2α activity is used for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) treatment. We report crystal structures of PHD2 complexed with the C-terminal HIF2α-ODD in the presence of its 2-oxoglutarate cosubstrate or N-oxalylglycine inhibitor. Combined with the reported PHD2.HIFα-ODD structures and biochemical studies, the results inform on the different PHD.HIFα-ODD binding modes and the potential effects of clinically observed mutations in HIFα and PHD2 genes. They may help enable new therapeutic avenues, including PHD isoform-selective inhibitors and sequestration of HIF2α by the PHDs for ccRCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Figg
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos OxfordInstitute for Antimicrobial Research, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Giorgia Fiorini
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos OxfordInstitute for Antimicrobial Research, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos OxfordInstitute for Antimicrobial Research, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos OxfordInstitute for Antimicrobial Research, University of OxfordOxfordUK
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos OxfordInstitute for Antimicrobial Research, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Michael A. McDonough
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos OxfordInstitute for Antimicrobial Research, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos OxfordInstitute for Antimicrobial Research, University of OxfordOxfordUK
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24
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Qin Q, Nein E, Flaten A, Zhang T. Toxicity Management of Systemic Kidney Cancer Therapies. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:993-1003. [PMID: 37353375 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Systemic treatments for metastatic renal cell carcinoma have expanded to include antiangiogenic agents targeting either vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, immune checkpoint inhibitors against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, or programmed cell death 1 pathways, and combinations of these treatments. The hypoxia inducible factor-2 inhibitors are emerging, whereas mammalian target of rapamycin (inhibitors) role is fading. To sustain optimal efficacy of these agents, potential toxicities must be recognized early and clinically managed. Here, the authors discuss the adverse events attributable to these treatments and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8852, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Ellen Nein
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8852, USA
| | - Andrea Flaten
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8852, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Tian Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8852, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center.
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25
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Shirole NH, Kaelin WG. von-Hippel Lindau and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor at the Center of Renal Cell Carcinoma Biology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:809-825. [PMID: 37270382 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The most common form of kidney cancer is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Biallelic VHL tumor suppressor gene inactivation is the usual initiating event in both hereditary (VHL Disease) and sporadic ccRCCs. The VHL protein, pVHL, earmarks the alpha subunits of the HIF transcription factor for destruction in an oxygen-dependent manner. Deregulation of HIF2 drives ccRCC pathogenesis. Drugs inhibiting the HIF2-responsive growth factor VEGF are now mainstays of ccRCC treatment. A first-in-class allosteric HIF2 inhibitor was recently approved for treating VHL Disease-associated neoplasms and appears active against sporadic ccRCC in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin H Shirole
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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26
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Saliby RM, Saad E, Labaki C, Xu W, Braun DA, Viswanathan SR, Bakouny Z. Novel Targeted Therapies for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Building on the Successes of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and mTOR Inhibition. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:1015-1026. [PMID: 37385938 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The VHL/HIF pathway is responsible for the regulation of oxygen homeostasis and is frequently altered in RCC. Targeting this pathway as well as the mTOR pathway have yielded remarkable advances in the treatment of RCC. Here, we review the most promising novel targeted therapies for the treatment of RCC, including HIF2α, MET, metabolic targeting, and epigenomic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Maria Saliby
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 6400, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Eddy Saad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chris Labaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenxin Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Braun
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Suite 6400, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Srinivas R Viswanathan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ziad Bakouny
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Hu Y, Zhao Y, Li P, Lu H, Li H, Ge J. Hypoxia and panvascular diseases: exploring the role of hypoxia-inducible factors in vascular smooth muscle cells under panvascular pathologies. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1954-1974. [PMID: 37541793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging discipline, panvascular diseases are a set of vascular diseases with atherosclerosis as the common pathogenic hallmark, which mostly affect vital organs like the heart, brain, kidney, and limbs. As the major responser to the most common stressor in the vasculature (hypoxia)-hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and the primary regulator of pressure and oxygen delivery in the vasculature-vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), their own multifaceted nature and their interactions with each other are fascinating. Abnormally active VSMCs (e.g., atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension) or abnormally dysfunctional VSMCs (e.g., aneurysms, vascular calcification) are associated with HIFs. These widespread systemic diseases also reflect the interdisciplinary nature of panvascular medicine. Moreover, given the comparable proliferative characteristics exhibited by VSMCs and cancer cells, and the delicate equilibrium between angiogenesis and cancer progression, there is a pressing need for more accurate modulation targets or combination approaches to bolster the effectiveness of HIF targeting therapies. Based on the aforementioned content, this review primarily focused on the significance of integrating the overall and local perspectives, as well as temporal and spatial balance, in the context of the HIF signaling pathway in VSMC-related panvascular diseases. Furthermore, the review discussed the implications of HIF-targeting drugs on panvascular disorders, while considering the trade-offs involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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28
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Ahmed R, Ornstein MC. Targeting HIF-2 Alpha in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1183-1198. [PMID: 37403008 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Current treatment options for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) are limited to immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies that inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEFG-R) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Despite significantly improved outcomes over the last few decades, most patients with mRCC will ultimately develop resistance to these therapies, thus highlighting the critical need for novel treatment options. As part of the VHL-HIF-VEGF axis that rests at the foundation of RCC pathogenesis, hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) has been identified as a rationale target for mRCC treatment. Indeed, one such agent (belzutifan) is already approved for VHL-associated RCC and other VHL-associated neoplasms. Early trials of belzutifan indicate encouraging efficacy and good tolerability in sporadic mRCC as well. The potential inclusion of belzutifan and other HIF-2α inhibitors into the mRCC treatment armamentarium either as a single agent or as combination therapy would be a welcome addition for patients with mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Ahmed
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Moshe C Ornstein
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, 9500 Euclid Ave, CA-60, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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29
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Davis DA, Shrestha P, Yarchoan R. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and disease pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29071. [PMID: 37665216 PMCID: PMC10502919 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi sarcoma and several other tumors and hyperproliferative diseases seen predominantly in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and other immunocompromised persons. There is an increasing body of evidence showing that hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play important roles in the biology of KSHV and in the pathogenesis of KSHV-induced diseases. Hypoxia and HIFs can induce lytic activation of KSHV and KSHV can in turn lead to a hypoxic-like state in infected cells. In this review, we describe the complex interactions between KSHV biology, the cellular responses to hypoxia, and the pathogenesis of KSHV-induced diseases. We also describe how interference with HIFs can lead to decreased tumor growth and/or death of infected cells and KSHV-induced tumors. Finally, we show how these observations may lead to novel strategies for the treatment of KSHV-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Davis
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Prabha Shrestha
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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30
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Shabir G, Saeed A, Zahid W, Naseer F, Riaz Z, Khalil N, Muneeba, Albericio F. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Fluorinated Drugs Approved by the FDA (2016-2022). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1162. [PMID: 37631077 PMCID: PMC10458641 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorine is characterized by high electronegativity and small atomic size, which provide this molecule with the unique property of augmenting the potency, selectivity, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics of drugs. Fluorine (F) substitution has been extensively explored in drug research as a means of improving biological activity and enhancing chemical or metabolic stability. Selective F substitution onto a therapeutic or diagnostic drug candidate can enhance several pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties such as metabolic stability and membrane permeation. The increased binding ability of fluorinated drug target proteins has also been reported in some cases. An emerging line of research on F substitution has been addressed by using 18F as a radiolabel tracer atom in the extremely sensitive methodology of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. This review aims to report on the fluorinated drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 2016 to 2022. It cites selected examples from a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic drugs. FDA-approved drugs in this period have a variety of heterocyclic cores, including pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, pyridine, pyridone, pyridazine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, triazine, purine, indole, benzimidazole, isoquinoline, and quinoline appended with either F-18 or F-19. Some fluorinated oligonucleotides were also authorized by the FDA between 2019 and 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Shabir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Wajeeha Zahid
- Department of Chemistry, Government Graduate College Toba Tek Singh, Punjab 36050, Pakistan; (W.Z.); (F.N.); (Z.R.); (N.K.); (M.)
| | - Fatima Naseer
- Department of Chemistry, Government Graduate College Toba Tek Singh, Punjab 36050, Pakistan; (W.Z.); (F.N.); (Z.R.); (N.K.); (M.)
| | - Zainab Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, Government Graduate College Toba Tek Singh, Punjab 36050, Pakistan; (W.Z.); (F.N.); (Z.R.); (N.K.); (M.)
| | - Nafeesa Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, Government Graduate College Toba Tek Singh, Punjab 36050, Pakistan; (W.Z.); (F.N.); (Z.R.); (N.K.); (M.)
| | - Muneeba
- Department of Chemistry, Government Graduate College Toba Tek Singh, Punjab 36050, Pakistan; (W.Z.); (F.N.); (Z.R.); (N.K.); (M.)
| | - Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Formica V, Riondino S, Morelli C, Guerriero S, D'Amore F, Di Grazia A, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Sica G, Arkenau HT, Monteleone G, Roselli M. HIF2α, Hepcidin and their crosstalk as tumour-promoting signalling. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:222-236. [PMID: 37081189 PMCID: PMC10338631 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Not all aspects of the disruption of iron homeostasis in cancer have been fully elucidated. Iron accumulation in cancer cells is frequent for many solid tumours, and this is often accompanied by the contemporary rise of two key iron regulators, HIF2α and Hepcidin. This scenario is different from what happens under physiological conditions, where Hepcidin parallels systemic iron concentrations while HIF2α levels are inversely associated to Hepcidin. The present review highlights the increasing body of evidence for the pro-tumoral effect of HIF2α and Hepcidin, discusses the possible imbalance in HIF2α, Hepcidin and iron homeostasis during cancer, and explores therapeutic options relying on these pathways as anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Formica
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Riondino
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Morelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
- PhD Program in Systems and Experimental Medicine (XXXV cycle), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Guerriero
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica D'Amore
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Grazia
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Sica
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Roselli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
An analysis of 156 published clinical candidates from the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry between 2018 and 2021 was conducted to identify lead generation strategies most frequently employed leading to drug candidates. As in a previous publication, the most frequent lead generation strategies resulting in clinical candidates were from known compounds (59%) followed by random screening approaches (21%). The remainder of the approaches included directed screening, fragment screening, DNA-encoded library screening (DEL), and virtual screening. An analysis of similarity was also conducted based on Tanimoto-MCS and revealed most clinical candidates were distant from their original hits; however, most shared a key pharmacophore that translated from hit-to-clinical candidate. An examination of frequency of oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and sulfur incorporation in clinical candidates was also conducted. The three most similar and least similar hit-to-clinical pairs from random screening were examined to provide perspective on changes that occur that lead to successful clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean G Brown
- Jnana Therapeutics, One Design Center Pl Suite 19-400, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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Zhu H, Wang X, Lu S, Ou K. Metabolic reprogramming of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1195500. [PMID: 37347113 PMCID: PMC10280292 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1195500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a malignancy that exhibits metabolic reprogramming as a result of genetic mutations. This reprogramming accommodates the energy and anabolic needs of the cancer cells, leading to changes in glucose, lipid, and bio-oxidative metabolism, and in some cases, the amino acid metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that ccRCC may be classified as a metabolic disease. The metabolic alterations provide potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions or biomarkers for monitoring tumor growth and prognosis. This literature review summarized recent discoveries of metabolic alterations in ccRCC, including changes in glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. The development of metabolic drugs targeting these metabolic pathways was also discussed, such as HIF-2α inhibitors, fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitors, glutaminase (GLS) inhibitors, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors, and arginine depletion. Future trends in drug development are proposed, including the use of combination therapies and personalized medicine approaches. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the metabolic alterations in ccRCC and highlights the potential for developing new treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shihao Lu
- Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kongbo Ou
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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34
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Monteiro JRB, Rodrigues RP, Mazzuco AC, de Cassia Ribeiro Gonçalves R, Bernardino AF, Kuster RM, Kitagawa RR. In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Red Algae Laurencia obtusa Anticancer Activity. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:318. [PMID: 37367643 DOI: 10.3390/md21060318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies estimate that nearly 2 million new cases of gastric cancer will occur worldwide during the next two decades, which will increase mortality associated with cancer and the demand for new treatments. Marine algae of the Laurencia genus have secondary metabolites known for their cytotoxic action, such as terpenes and acetogenins. The species Laurencia obtusa has demonstrated cytotoxicity against many types of tumors in previous analyses. In this study, we determined the structure of terpenes, acetogenins, and one fatty acid of Laurencia using mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR/MS). In vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed with adenocarcinoma gastric cells (AGS) to select the most cytotoxic fraction of the crude extract of L. obtusa. The Hex:AcOEt fraction was the most cytotoxic, with IC50 9.23 µg/mL. The selectivity index of 15.56 shows that the Hex:AcOEt fraction is selective to cancer cells. Compounds obtained from L. obtusa were tested by the analysis of crystallographic complexes. Molecular docking calculations on the active site of the HIF-2α protein showed the highest affinity for sesquiterpene chermesiterpenoid B, identified from HEX:AcOEt fraction, reaching a score of 65.9. The results indicate that L. obtusa presents potential compounds to be used in the treatment of neoplasms, such as gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Pereira Rodrigues
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29047-105, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Mazzuco
- Department of Oceanography and Ecology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil
| | | | - Angelo Fraga Bernardino
- Department of Oceanography and Ecology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Machado Kuster
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29047-105, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Chemistry, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rezende Kitagawa
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29047-105, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Chemistry, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil
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35
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Ali S, Zhou J. Highlights on U.S. FDA-approved fluorinated drugs over the past five years (2018-2022). Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115476. [PMID: 37207534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide an update on the fluorine-containing drugs approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the span of past five years (2018-2022). The agency accepted a total of fifty-eight fluorinated entities to diagnose, mitigate and treat a plethora of diseases. Among them, thirty drugs are for therapy of various types of cancers, twelve for infectious diseases, eleven for CNS disorders, and six for some other diseases. These are categorized and briefly discussed based on their therapeutic areas. In addition, this review gives a glimpse about their trade name, date of approval, active ingredients, company developers, indications, and drug mechanisms. We anticipate that this review may inspire the drug discovery and medicinal chemistry community in both industrial and academic settings to explore the fluorinated molecules leading to the discovery of new drugs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Ali
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, 77555, United States.
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36
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Eid M, Foukal J, Sochorová D, Tuček Š, Starý K, Kala Z, Mayer J, Němeček R, Trna J, Kunovský L. Management of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: Review of current diagnosis and treatment options. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37145019 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. When these tumors have an extra-adrenal location, they are called paragangliomas (PGLs) and arise from sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, particularly of the para-aortic location. Up to 25% of PCCs/PGLs are associated with inherited genetic disorders. The majority of PCCs/PGLs exhibit indolent behavior. However, according to their affiliation to molecular clusters based on underlying genetic aberrations, their tumorigenesis, location, clinical symptomatology, and potential to metastasize are heterogenous. Thus, PCCs/PGLs are often associated with diagnostic difficulties. In recent years, extensive research revealed a broad genetic background and multiple signaling pathways leading to tumor development. Along with this, the diagnostic and therapeutic options were also expanded. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge and recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of PCCs/PGLs with respect to the underlying gene alterations while also discussing future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Eid
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Foukal
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Sochorová
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Tuček
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Starý
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kala
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Mayer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Němeček
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Trna
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lumír Kunovský
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology and Geriatrics, University Hospital Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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37
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Yazdani B, Sirous H, Enguita FJ, Brogi S, Wing PAC, Fassihi A. Discovery of novel direct small-molecule inhibitors targeting HIF-2α using structure-based virtual screening, molecular dynamics simulation, and MM-GBSA calculations. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10650-6. [PMID: 37120484 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the main regulatory factors implicated in the adaptation of cancer cells to hypoxic stress, which has provoked much interest as an attractive target for the design of promising chemotherapeutic agents. Since indirect HIF inhibitors (HIFIs) lead to the occurrence of various side effects, the need of the hour is to develop direct HIFIs, physically interacting with important functional domains within the HIF protein structure. Accordingly, in the present study, it was attempted to develop an exhaustive structure-based virtual screening (VS) process coupled with molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, and MM-GBSA calculations for the identification of novel direct inhibitors against the HIF-2α subunit. For this purpose, a focused library of over 200,000 compounds from the NCI database was used for VS against the PAS-B domain of the target protein, HIF-2α. This domain was suggested to be a possible ligand-binding site, which is characterized by a large internal hydrophobic cavity, unique to the HIF-2α subunit. The top-ranked compounds, NSC106416, NSC217021, NSC217026, NSC215639, and NSC277811 with the best docking scores were taken up for the subsequent in silico ADME properties and PAINS filtration. The selected drug-like hits were employed for carrying out MD simulation which was followed by MM-GBSA calculations to retrieve the candidates showing the highest in silico binding affinity towards the PAS-B domain of HIF-2α. The analysis of results indicated that all molecules, except the NSC277811, fulfilled necessary drug-likeness properties. Four selected drug-like candidates, NSC106416, NSC217021, NSC217026, and NSC215639 were found to expose the stability profiles within the cavity located inside the PAS-B domain of HIF-2α over simulation time. Finally, the results of the MM-GBSA rescoring method were indicative of the highest binding affinity of NSC217026 for the binding site of the HIF-2α PAS-B domain among selected final hits. Consequently, the hit NSC217026 could serve as a promising scaffold for further optimization toward the design of direct HIF-2α inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Yazdani
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Hajar Sirous
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Simone Brogi
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
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38
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Chandra G, Singh DV, Mahato GK, Patel S. Fluorine-a small magic bullet atom in the drug development: perspective to FDA approved and COVID-19 recommended drugs. CHEMICKE ZVESTI 2023; 77:1-22. [PMID: 37362786 PMCID: PMC10099028 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
During the last twenty years, organic fluorination chemistry established itself as an important tool to get a biologically active compound. This belief can be supported by the fact that every year, we are getting fluorinated drugs in the market in extremely significant numbers. Last year, also ten fluorinated drugs have been approved by FDA and during the COVID-19 pandemic, fluorinated drugs played a very crucial role to control the disease and saved many lives. In this review, we surveyed all ten fluorinated drugs approved by FDA in 2021 and all fluorinated drugs which were directly-indirectly used during the COVID-19 period, and emphasis has been given particularly to their synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and development process. Out of ten approved drugs, one drug pylarify, a radioactive diagnostic agent for cancer was approved for use in positron emission tomography imaging. Also, very briefly outlined the significance of fluorinated drugs through their physical, and chemical properties and their effect on drug development. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur Road, Gaya, Bihar 824236 India
| | - Durg Vijay Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Earth Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur Road, Gaya, Bihar 824236 India
| | - Gopal Kumar Mahato
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur Road, Gaya, Bihar 824236 India
| | - Samridhi Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya Panchanpur Road, Gaya, Bihar 824236 India
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39
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Quan Y, Dai J, Zhou S, Zhao L, Jin L, Long Y, Liu S, Hu Y, Liu Y, Zhao J, Ding Z. HIF2α-induced upregulation of RNASET2 promotes triglyceride synthesis and enhances cell migration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:638-654. [PMID: 36728187 PMCID: PMC10068329 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common malignant subtype of renal cell carcinoma, is characterized by the accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. RNASET2 is a protein coding gene with a low expression level in ovarian cancers, but it is overexpressed in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. There is a correlation between RNASET2 upregulation and triglyceride expression levels in human serum but is unknown whether such an association is a factor contributing to lipid accumulation in ccRCC. Herein, we show that RNASET2 expression levels in ccRCC tissues and cell lines are significantly higher than those in both normal adjacent tissues and renal tubular epithelial cells. Furthermore, its upregulation is associated with increases in ccRCC malignancy and declines in patient survival. We also show that an association exists between increases in both cytoplasmic lipid accumulation and HIF-2α transcription factor upregulation, and increases in both RNASET2 and triglyceride expression levels in ccRCC tissues. In addition, DGAT1 and DGAT2, two key enzymes involved in triglyceride synthesis, are highly expressed in ccRCC tissues. By contrast, RNASET2 knockdown inhibited their expression levels and lowered lipid droplet accumulation, as well as suppressing in vitro cell proliferation, cell invasion, and migration. In conclusion, our data suggest HIF2α upregulates RNASET2 transcription in ccRCC cells, which promotes both the synthesis of triglycerides and ccRCC migration. As such, RNASET2 may have the potential as a biomarker or target for the diagnosis and treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Quan
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Sian Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Lingyi Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Lixing Jin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yijing Long
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Siwei Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yanqin Hu
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Juping Zhao
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Zhide Ding
- Department of Histology, Embryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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40
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Choi WW, Boland JL, Kalola A, Lin J. Belzutifan (MK-6482): Biology and Clinical Development in Solid Tumors. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:123-129. [PMID: 36630072 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the biology, drug development, and clinical data regarding the efficacy and safety of belzutifan (MK-6482), a small molecule inhibitor of HIF-2α. RECENT FINDINGS Belzutifan, a second-generation HIF-2α inhibitor, was shown to provide clinically meaningful benefit in the treatment of VHL-associated tumors (including ccRCC, pancreatic lesions as well as neuroendocrine tumor, and CNS hemangioblastomas). The recommended dose of belzutifan is 120 mg orally daily and half-life is 14 h. In pretreated ccRCC, belzutifan achieved disease control rate of 80% in phase I trial. The most common side effects include anemia and hypoxia related symptoms. Investigation into the important role HIF-2α plays in the expression of genes associated with angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, carcinogenesis, and progression of tumors and the discovery of structural vulnerability within HIF-2α have resulted in the development of a new therapy that has demonstrated efficacy and safety in recent clinical trials. Further research is ongoing to optimize therapeutic benefits from this new exciting therapeutic modality and to improve the outcome of HIF-2α-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- WonSeok W Choi
- George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Julia L Boland
- George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Akshar Kalola
- George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jianqing Lin
- George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Suite 1-208, Washington DC, 20037, USA.
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41
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Motzer RJ, Schmidinger M, Eto M, Suarez C, Figlin R, Liu Y, Perini R, Zhang Y, Heng DY. LITESPARK-011: belzutifan plus lenvatinib vs cabozantinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma after anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Future Oncol 2023; 19:113-121. [PMID: 36752726 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-in-class, small molecule HIF-2α inhibitor, belzutifan, has demonstrated promising antitumor activity in previously treated patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). HIF-2α also regulates VEGF expression and is involved in resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. This study describes the rationale and design for a randomized, phase III study evaluating efficacy and safety of belzutifan plus the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) lenvatinib versus the TKI cabozantinib in patients with advanced RCC progressing after anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in the first- or second-line setting or as adjuvant therapy. Considering the unmet need for effective and tolerable treatment of advanced RCC following immune checkpoint inhibitors, belzutifan plus lenvatinib may have a positive benefit/risk profile. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04586231 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Motzer
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Masatoshi Eto
- Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Cristina Suarez
- Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Robert Figlin
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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42
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Zhang J, Hu Z, Horta CA, Yang J. Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by tumor microenvironmental signals and its implication in cancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 88:46-66. [PMID: 36521737 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in various aspects of tumor development, including tumor invasion and metastasis, cancer stemness, and therapy resistance. Diverse stroma cell types along with biochemical and biophysical factors in the tumor microenvironment impinge on the EMT program to impact tumor progression. Here we provide an in-depth review of various tumor microenvironmental signals that regulate EMT in cancer. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of EMT in therapy resistance and highlight new therapeutic approaches targeting the tumor microenvironment to impact EMT and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhimin Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Calista A Horta
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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43
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Chen Y, Cattoglio C, Dailey GM, Zhu Q, Tjian R, Darzacq X. Mechanisms governing target search and binding dynamics of hypoxia-inducible factors. eLife 2022; 11:e75064. [PMID: 36322456 PMCID: PMC9681212 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are classically attributed a modular construction, containing well-structured sequence-specific DNA-binding domains (DBDs) paired with disordered activation domains (ADs) responsible for protein-protein interactions targeting co-factors or the core transcription initiation machinery. However, this simple division of labor model struggles to explain why TFs with identical DNA-binding sequence specificity determined in vitro exhibit distinct binding profiles in vivo. The family of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) offer a stark example: aberrantly expressed in several cancer types, HIF-1α and HIF-2α subunit isoforms recognize the same DNA motif in vitro - the hypoxia response element (HRE) - but only share a subset of their target genes in vivo, while eliciting contrasting effects on cancer development and progression under certain circumstances. To probe the mechanisms mediating isoform-specific gene regulation, we used live-cell single particle tracking (SPT) to investigate HIF nuclear dynamics and how they change upon genetic perturbation or drug treatment. We found that HIF-α subunits and their dimerization partner HIF-1β exhibit distinct diffusion and binding characteristics that are exquisitely sensitive to concentration and subunit stoichiometry. Using domain-swap variants, mutations, and a HIF-2α specific inhibitor, we found that although the DBD and dimerization domains are important, another main determinant of chromatin binding and diffusion behavior is the AD-containing intrinsically disordered region (IDR). Using Cut&Run and RNA-seq as orthogonal genomic approaches, we also confirmed IDR-dependent binding and activation of a specific subset of HIF target genes. These findings reveal a previously unappreciated role of IDRs in regulating the TF search and binding process that contribute to functional target site selectivity on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical & Health Sciences, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Claudia Cattoglio
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical & Health Sciences, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Gina M Dailey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical & Health Sciences, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Qiulin Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical & Health Sciences, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Robert Tjian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical & Health Sciences, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Xavier Darzacq
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical & Health Sciences, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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44
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Yuan S, Wang DS, Liu H, Zhang SN, Yang WG, Lv M, Zhou YX, Zhang SY, Song J, Liu HM. New drug approvals for 2021: Synthesis and clinical applications. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Narayan V, Jonasch E. Systemic Therapy Development in Von Hippel-Lindau Disease: An Outsized Contribution from an Orphan Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5313. [PMID: 36358730 PMCID: PMC9658616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last several decades, an improved understanding of von Hippel-Lindau disease and its underlying biology has informed the successful development of numerous anti-cancer agents, particularly for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Most recently, this has culminated in the first regulatory approval for a systemic therapy for VHL disease-associated neoplasms. This review will trace the clinical development of systemic therapies for VHL disease and additionally highlight anticipated challenges and opportunities for future VHL systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Narayan
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric Jonasch
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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46
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Hu Y, Lu H, Li H, Ge J. Molecular basis and clinical implications of HIFs in cardiovascular diseases. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:916-938. [PMID: 36208988 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen maintains the homeostasis of an organism in a delicate balance in different tissues and organs. Under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are specific and dominant factors in the spatiotemporal regulation of oxygen homeostasis. As the most basic functional unit of the heart at the cellular level, the cardiomyocyte relies on oxygen and nutrients delivered by the microvasculature to keep the heart functioning properly. Under hypoxic stress, HIFs are involved in acute and chronic myocardial pathology because of their spatiotemporal specificity, thus granting them therapeutic potential. Most adult animals lack the ability to regenerate their myocardium entirely following injury, and complete regeneration has long been a goal of clinical treatment for heart failure. The precise manipulation of HIFs (considering their dynamic balance and transformation) and the development of HIF-targeted drugs is therefore an extremely attractive cardioprotective therapy for protecting against myocardial ischemic and hypoxic injury, avoiding myocardial remodeling and heart failure, and promoting recovery of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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47
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Zhuang JJ, Liu Q, Wu DL, Tie L. Current strategies and progress for targeting the "undruggable" transcription factors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2474-2481. [PMID: 35132191 PMCID: PMC9525275 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) specifically bind to DNA, recruit cofactor proteins and modulate target gene expression, rendering them essential roles in the regulation of numerous biological processes. Meanwhile, mutated or dysregulated TFs are involved in a variety of human diseases. As multiple signaling pathways ultimately converge at TFs, targeting these TFs directly may prove to be more specific and cause fewer side effects, than targeting the upfront conventional targets in these pathways. All these features together endue TFs with great potential and high selectivity as therapeutic drug targets. However, TFs have been historically considered "undruggable", mainly due to their lack of structural information, especially about the appropriate ligand-binding sites and protein-protein interactions, leading to relatively limited choices in the TF-targeting drug design. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of TF-targeting drugs and highlight certain strategies used for targeting TFs, with a number of representative drugs that have been approved or in the clinical trials as examples. Various approaches in targeting TFs directly or indirectly have been developed. Common direct strategies include aiming at defined binding pockets, proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC), and mutant protein reactivation. In contrast, the indirect ones comprise inhibition of protein-protein interactions between TF and other proteins, blockade of TF expression, targeting the post-translational modifications, and targeting the TF-DNA interactions. With more comprehensive structural information about TFs revealed by the powerful cryo-electron microscopy technology and predicted by machine-learning algorithms, plus more efficient compound screening platforms and a deeper understanding of TF-disease relationships, the development of TF-targeting drugs will certainly be accelerated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhuang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
- Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Da-Lei Wu
- Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Ren X, Diao X, Zhuang J, Wu D. Structural basis for the allosteric inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2 by belzutifan. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:MOLPHARM-AR-2022-000525. [PMID: 36167425 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α and its obligate heterodimerization partner aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), are both members of the basic helix-loop-helix-PER-ARNT-SIM (bHLH-PAS) transcription factor family. Previous studies have identified HIF-2α as a key oncogenic driver in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), rendering it a promising drug target for this type of kidney cancer. Belzutifan is the first HIF-2α inhibitor approved for treating ccRCC and other cancers associated with the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. However, the detailed inhibitory mechanism of belzutifan at molecular level is still unclear. Here we obtained the crystal structure of HIF-2α-ARNT heterodimer in complex with belzutifan at 2.75 Å resolution. The complex structure shows that belzutifan binds into the PAS-B pocket of HIF-2α, and it destabilizes the dimerization of HIF-2α and ARNT through allosteric effects mainly mediated by the key residue M252 of HIF-2α near the dimer interface. We further explored the inhibitory effects of belzutifan using biochemical and functional assays. The time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET)-based binding assay showed that belzutifan disrupts the dimerization of HIF-2α and ARNT with a Ki value of 20 nM. The luciferase reporter assay indicated that belzutifan can efficiently inhibit the transcriptional activity of HIF-2α with an IC50 value of 17 nM. Besides, the real-time PCR assay illustrated that belzutifan can reduce the expression of HIF-2α downstream genes in 786-O kidney cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Our work reveals the molecular mechanism by which belzutifan allosterically inhibits HIF-2α and provides valuable information for the subsequent drug development targeting HIF-2α. Significance Statement The bHLH-PAS family of transcription factors are an emerging group of small-molecule drug targets. Belzutifan, originally developed by Peloton Therapeutics, is the first FDA-approved drug directly binding to a bHLH-PAS protein, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α. Based on the protein-drug complex structure, biochemical binding assays, and functional profiling of downstream gene expression, this study reveals the regulatory mechanism of how belzutifan allosterically destabilizes HIF-2α's heterodimerization with its obligate partner protein, thus reducing their transcriptional activity that links to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, China
| | - Xiaotong Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, China
| | | | - Dalei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, China
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The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Isoforms in Breast Cancer and Perspectives on Their Inhibition in Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184518. [PMID: 36139678 PMCID: PMC9496909 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In many types of cancers, the activity of the hypoxia-inducible factors enhances hallmarks such as suppression of the immune response, altered metabolism, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and more. As a result of observing these features, HIFs became attractive targets in designing anticancer therapy. The lack of effective breast treatment based on HIFs inhibitors and the elusive role of those factors in this type of cancer raises the concern wheter targeting hypoxia-inducible factors is the right path. Results of the study on breast cancer cell lines suggest the need to consider aspects like HIF-1α versus HIF-2α isoforms inhibition, double versus singular isoform inhibition, different hormone receptors status, metastases, and perhaps different not yet investigated issues. In other words, targeting hypoxia-inducible factors in breast cancers should be preceded by a better understanding of their role in this type of cancer. The aim of this paper is to review the role, functions, and perspectives on hypoxia-inducible factors inhibition in breast cancer. Abstract Hypoxia is a common feature associated with many types of cancer. The activity of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), the critical element of response and adaptation to hypoxia, enhances cancer hallmarks such as suppression of the immune response, altered metabolism, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and more. The HIF-1α and HIF-2α isoforms show similar regulation characteristics, although they are active in different types of hypoxia and can show different or even opposite effects. Breast cancers present several unique ways of non-canonical hypoxia-inducible factors activity induction, not limited to the hypoxia itself. This review summarizes different effects of HIFs activation in breast cancer, where areas such as metabolism, evasion of the immune response, cell survival and death, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, cancer stem cells, and hormone receptors status have been covered. The differences between HIF-1α and HIF-2α activity and their impacts are given special attention. The paper also discusses perspectives on using hypoxia-inducible factors as targets in anticancer therapy, given current knowledge acquired in molecular studies.
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Hypoxia signaling in human health and diseases: implications and prospects for therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:218. [PMID: 35798726 PMCID: PMC9261907 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is linked to several biological processes, including pathogenic microbe infection, metabolic adaptation, cancer, acute and chronic diseases, and other stress responses. The mechanism underlying cells respond to oxygen changes to mediate subsequent signal response is the central question during hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) sense hypoxia to regulate the expressions of a series of downstream genes expression, which participate in multiple processes including cell metabolism, cell growth/death, cell proliferation, glycolysis, immune response, microbe infection, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Importantly, hypoxia signaling also interacts with other cellular pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of hypoxia signaling activation, the control of HIF signaling, and the function of HIF signaling in human health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic targets involved in HIF signaling to balance health and diseases are summarized and highlighted, which would provide novel strategies for the design and development of therapeutic drugs.
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