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Farrell LA, O’Rourke MB, Padula MP, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Caramori G, Wark PAB, Dharmage SC, Hansbro PM. The Current Molecular and Cellular Landscape of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Review of Therapies and Efforts towards Personalized Treatment. Proteomes 2024; 12:23. [PMID: 39189263 PMCID: PMC11348234 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes12030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ranks as the third leading cause of global illness and mortality. It is commonly triggered by exposure to respiratory irritants like cigarette smoke or biofuel pollutants. This multifaceted condition manifests through an array of symptoms and lung irregularities, characterized by chronic inflammation and reduced lung function. Present therapies primarily rely on maintenance medications to alleviate symptoms, but fall short in impeding disease advancement. COPD's diverse nature, influenced by various phenotypes, complicates diagnosis, necessitating precise molecular characterization. Omics-driven methodologies, including biomarker identification and therapeutic target exploration, offer a promising avenue for addressing COPD's complexity. This analysis underscores the critical necessity of improving molecular profiling to deepen our comprehension of COPD and identify potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, it advocates for tailoring treatment strategies to individual phenotypes. Through comprehensive exploration-based molecular characterization and the adoption of personalized methodologies, innovative treatments may emerge that are capable of altering the trajectory of COPD, instilling optimism for efficacious disease-modifying interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Farrell
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Inflammation, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Matthew B. O’Rourke
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Inflammation, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | | | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Peter A. B. Wark
- School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Shymali C. Dharmage
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Phillip M. Hansbro
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Inflammation, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
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2
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Cetin M, Saatci O, Rezaeian AH, Rao CN, Beneker C, Sreenivas K, Taylor H, Pederson B, Chatzistamou I, Buckley B, Lessner S, Angel P, McInnes C, Sahin O. A highly potent bi-thiazole inhibitor of LOX rewires collagen architecture and enhances chemoresponse in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Chem Biol 2024:S2451-9456(24)00273-3. [PMID: 39043186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is upregulated in highly stiff aggressive tumors, correlating with metastasis, resistance, and worse survival; however, there are currently no potent, safe, and orally bioavailable small molecule LOX inhibitors to treat these aggressive desmoplastic solid tumors in clinics. Here we discovered bi-thiazole derivatives as potent LOX inhibitors by robust screening of drug-like molecules combined with cell/recombinant protein-based assays. Structure-activity relationship analysis identified a potent lead compound (LXG6403) with ∼3.5-fold specificity for LOX compared to LOXL2 while not inhibiting LOXL1 with a competitive, time- and concentration-dependent irreversible mode of inhibition. LXG6403 shows favorable pharmacokinetic properties, globally changes ECM/collagen architecture, and reduces tumor stiffness. This leads to better drug penetration, inhibits FAK signaling, and induces ROS/DNA damage, G1 arrest, and apoptosis in chemoresistant triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines, PDX organoids, and in vivo. Overall, our potent and tolerable bi-thiazole LOX inhibitor enhances chemoresponse in TNBC, the deadliest breast cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Cetin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ozge Saatci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Abdol-Hossein Rezaeian
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Chintada Nageswara Rao
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Chad Beneker
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kukkamudi Sreenivas
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Harrison Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Bruker-MUSC Center of Excellence, Clinical Glycomics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Breanna Pederson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ioulia Chatzistamou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Small Molecule Screening Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Susan Lessner
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Peggi Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Bruker-MUSC Center of Excellence, Clinical Glycomics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Campbell McInnes
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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3
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Pöstges T, Galster F, Kampschulze J, Hanekamp W, Lehr M. ω-(5-Phenyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)alkyl-substituted glycine amides and related compounds as inhibitors of the amine oxidase vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1). Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 98:117558. [PMID: 38142562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), also known as plasma amine oxidase or semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, is an enzyme that degrades primary amines to aldehydes with the formation of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. Among others, it plays a role in inflammatory processes as it can mediate the migration of leukocytes from the blood to the inflamed tissue. We prepared a series of ω-(5-phenyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)alkyl-substituted glycine amides and related compounds and tested them for inhibition of purified bovine plasma VAP-1. Compounds with submicromolar activity were obtained. Studies on the mechanism of action revealed that the glycine amides are substrate inhibitors, i.e., they are also converted to an aldehyde derivative. However, the reaction proceeds much more slowly than that of the substrate used in the assay, whose conversion is thus blocked. Examination of the selectivity of the synthesized glycine amides with respect to other amine oxidases showed that they inhibited diamine oxidase, which is structurally related to VAP-1, but only to a much lesser extent. In contrast, the activity of monoamine oxidase A and B was not affected. Selected compounds also inhibited VAP-1 in human plasma. The IC50 values measured were higher than those determined with the bovine enzyme. However, the structure-activity relationships obtained with the glycine amides were similar for both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Pöstges
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Galster
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Kampschulze
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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4
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Liu C, Li S, Zhang C, Jin CH. Recent Advances in Research on Active Compounds Against Hepatic Fibrosis. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2571-2628. [PMID: 37497688 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230727102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all chronic liver diseases cause fibrosis, which can lead to cirrhosis and eventually liver cancer. Liver fibrosis is now considered to be a reversible pathophysiological process and suppression of fibrosis is necessary to prevent liver cancer. At present, no specific drugs have been found that have hepatic anti-fibrotic activity. OBJECTIVE The research progress of anti-hepatic fibrosis compounds in recent ten years was reviewed to provide a reference for the design and development of anti-hepatic fibrosis drugs. METHODS According to the structure of the compounds, they are divided into monocyclic compounds, fused-heterocyclic compounds, and acyclic compounds. RESULTS In this article, the natural products and synthetic compounds with anti-fibrotic activity in recent ten years were reviewed, with emphasis on their pharmacological activity and structure-activity relationship (SAR). CONCLUSION Most of these compounds are natural active products and their derivatives, and there are few researches on synthetic compounds and SAR studies on natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Changhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Cheng-Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
- Interdisciplinary of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
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5
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Löser R, Kuchar M, Wodtke R, Neuber C, Belter B, Kopka K, Santhanam L, Pietzsch J. Lysyl Oxidases as Targets for Cancer Therapy and Diagnostic Imaging. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300331. [PMID: 37565736 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the contribution of the tumour microenvironment to cancer progression and metastasis, in particular the interplay between tumour cells, fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix has grown tremendously over the last years. Lysyl oxidases are increasingly recognised as key players in this context, in addition to their function as drivers of fibrotic diseases. These insights have considerably stimulated drug discovery efforts towards lysyl oxidases as targets over the last decade. This review article summarises the biochemical and structural properties of theses enzymes. Their involvement in tumour progression and metastasis is highlighted from a biochemical point of view, taking into consideration both the extracellular and intracellular action of lysyl oxidases. More recently reported inhibitor compounds are discussed with an emphasis on their discovery, structure-activity relationships and the results of their biological characterisation. Molecular probes developed for imaging of lysyl oxidase activity are reviewed from the perspective of their detection principles, performance and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Kuchar
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Belter
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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6
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Chitty JL, Yam M, Perryman L, Parker AL, Skhinas JN, Setargew YFI, Mok ETY, Tran E, Grant RD, Latham SL, Pereira BA, Ritchie SC, Murphy KJ, Trpceski M, Findlay AD, Melenec P, Filipe EC, Nadalini A, Velayuthar S, Major G, Wyllie K, Papanicolaou M, Ratnaseelan S, Phillips PA, Sharbeen G, Youkhana J, Russo A, Blackwell A, Hastings JF, Lucas MC, Chambers CR, Reed DA, Stoehr J, Vennin C, Pidsley R, Zaratzian A, Da Silva AM, Tayao M, Charlton B, Herrmann D, Nobis M, Clark SJ, Biankin AV, Johns AL, Croucher DR, Nagrial A, Gill AJ, Grimmond SM, Pajic M, Timpson P, Jarolimek W, Cox TR. A first-in-class pan-lysyl oxidase inhibitor impairs stromal remodeling and enhances gemcitabine response and survival in pancreatic cancer. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:1326-1344. [PMID: 37640930 PMCID: PMC10518255 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase family represents a promising target in stromal targeting of solid tumors due to the importance of this family in crosslinking and stabilizing fibrillar collagens and its known role in tumor desmoplasia. Using small-molecule drug-design approaches, we generated and validated PXS-5505, a first-in-class highly selective and potent pan-lysyl oxidase inhibitor. We demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that pan-lysyl oxidase inhibition decreases chemotherapy-induced pancreatic tumor desmoplasia and stiffness, reduces cancer cell invasion and metastasis, improves tumor perfusion and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in the autochthonous genetically engineered KPC model, while also demonstrating antifibrotic effects in human patient-derived xenograft models of pancreatic cancer. PXS-5505 is orally bioavailable, safe and effective at inhibiting lysyl oxidase activity in tissues. Our findings present the rationale for progression of a pan-lysyl oxidase inhibitor aimed at eliciting a reduction in stromal matrix to potentiate chemotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Chitty
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Yam
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lara Perryman
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amelia L Parker
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanna N Skhinas
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yordanos F I Setargew
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellie T Y Mok
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emmi Tran
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rhiannon D Grant
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharissa L Latham
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brooke A Pereira
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shona C Ritchie
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Trpceski
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Pauline Melenec
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elysse C Filipe
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Audrey Nadalini
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sipiththa Velayuthar
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gretel Major
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kaitlin Wyllie
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Papanicolaou
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shivanjali Ratnaseelan
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phoebe A Phillips
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George Sharbeen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janet Youkhana
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alice Russo
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antonia Blackwell
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan F Hastings
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cecilia R Chambers
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel A Reed
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janett Stoehr
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth Pidsley
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew M Da Silva
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Tayao
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David Herrmann
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Intravital Imaging Expertise Center, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan J Clark
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amber L Johns
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adnan Nagrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean M Grimmond
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, VCCC, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Thomas R Cox
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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7
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Luangmonkong T, Parichatikanond W, Olinga P. Targeting collagen homeostasis for the treatment of liver fibrosis: Opportunities and challenges. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115740. [PMID: 37567319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is an excessive production, aberrant deposition, and deficit degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Patients with unresolved fibrosis ultimately undergo end-stage liver diseases. To date, the effective and safe strategy to cease fibrosis progression remains an unmet clinical need. Since collagens are the most abundant ECM protein which play an essential role in fibrogenesis, the suitable regulation of collagen homeostasis could be an effective strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview on the dysregulation of ECM homeostasis, focusing on collagens, in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Most importantly, promising therapeutic mechanisms related to biosynthesis, deposition and extracellular interactions, and degradation of collagens, together with preclinical and clinical antifibrotic evidence of drugs affecting each target are orderly criticized. In addition, challenges for targeting collagen homeostasis in the treatment of liver fibrosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerut Luangmonkong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Thailand; Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing (BSHA), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Warisara Parichatikanond
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Thailand; Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing (BSHA), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Vizier R, Garnier AR, Dias A, Moreau M, Claron M, Collin B, Denat F, Bellaye PS, Goncalves V. SPECT Imaging of Lysyl Oxidase-like 2 in a Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37307296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to develop an antibody-based radiotracer targeting Lysyl Oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), an enzyme involved in the fibrogenesis process, for SPECT/CT imaging of pulmonary fibrosis. The bifunctional chelator DOTAGA-PEG4-NH2 was chemoenzymatically conjugated to the murine antibody AB0023 using microbial transglutaminase, resulting in a degree of labeling (number of chelators per antibody) of 2.3. Biolayer interferometry confirmed that the binding affinity of DOTAGA-AB0023 to LOXL2 was preserved with a dissociation constant of 2.45 ± 0.04 nM. DOTAGA-AB0023 was then labeled with 111In and in vivo experiments were carried out in a mice model of progressive pulmonary fibrosis induced by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. [111In]In-DOTAGA-AB0023 was injected in three groups of mice (control, fibrotic, and treated with nintedanib). SPECT/CT images were recorded over 4 days p.i. and an ex vivo biodistribution study was performed by gamma counting. A significant accumulation of the tracer in the lungs of the fibrotic mice was observed at D18 post-bleomycin. Interestingly, the tracer uptake was found selectively upregulated in fibrotic lesions observed on CT scans. Images of mice that received the antifibrotic drug nintedanib from D8 up to D18 showed a decrease in [111In]In-DOTAGA-AB0023 lung uptake associated with a decrease in pulmonary fibrosis measured by CT scan. In conclusion, we report the first radioimmunotracer targeting the protein LOXL2 for nuclear imaging of IPF. The tracer showed promising results in a preclinical model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, with high lung uptake in fibrotic areas, and accounted for the antifibrotic activity of nintedanib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Vizier
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Anaïs-Rachel Garnier
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d'Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Dias
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d'Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Moreau
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Michael Claron
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d'Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Franck Denat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d'Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Victor Goncalves
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France
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9
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Meier AA, Kuczera K, Mure M. A 3D-Predicted Structure of the Amine Oxidase Domain of Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13385. [PMID: 36362176 PMCID: PMC9659206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) has been recognized as an attractive drug target for anti-fibrotic and anti-tumor therapies. However, the structure-based drug design of LOXL2 has been very challenging due to the lack of structural information of the catalytically-competent LOXL2. In this study; we generated a 3D-predicted structure of the C-terminal amine oxidase domain of LOXL2 containing the lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) cofactor from the 2.4Å crystal structure of the Zn2+-bound precursor (lacking LTQ; PDB:5ZE3); this was achieved by molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulation based on our solution studies of a mature LOXL2 that is inhibited by 2-hydrazinopyridine. The overall structures of the 3D-modeled mature LOXL2 and the Zn2+-bound precursor are very similar (RMSD = 1.070Å), and disulfide bonds are conserved. The major difference of the mature and the precursor LOXL2 is the secondary structure of the pentapeptide (His652-Lys653-Ala654-Ser655-Phe656) containing Lys653 (the precursor residue of the LTQ cofactor). We anticipate that this peptide is flexible in solution to accommodate the conformation that enables the LTQ cofactor formation as opposed to the β-sheet observed in 5ZE3. We discuss the active site environment surrounding LTQ and Cu2+ of the 3D-predicted structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A. Meier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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10
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Zhang M, Zhang B, Wang X, Song J, Tong M, Dong Z, Xu J, Liu M, Jiang Y, Wang N, Wang Y, Du Z, Liu Y, Zhang R, Xu C. LncRNA CFAR promotes cardiac fibrosis via the miR-449a-5p/LOXL3/mTOR axis. SCIENCE CHINA LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 66:783-799. [PMID: 36334219 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is one of the crucial pathological factors in the heart, and various cardiac conditions associated with excessive fibrosis can eventually lead to heart failure. However, the exact molecular mechanism of cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. In the present study, we show that a novel lncRNA that we named cardiac fibrosis-associated regulator (CFAR) is a profibrotic factor in the heart. CFAR was upregulated in cardiac fibrosis and its knockdown attenuated the expression of fibrotic marker genes and the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts, thereby ameliorating cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, CFAR acted as a ceRNA sponge for miR-449a-5p and derepressed the expression of LOXL3, which we experimentally established as a target gene of miR-449a-5p. In contrast to CFAR, miR-449a-5p was found to be significantly downregulated in cardiac fibrosis, and artificial knockdown of miR-449a-5p exacerbated fibrogenesis, whereas overexpression of miR-449a-5p impeded fibrogenesis. Furthermore, we found that LOXL3 mimicked the fibrotic factor TGF-β1 to promote cardiac fibrosis by activating mTOR. Collectively, our study established CFAR as a new profibrotic factor acting through a novel miR-449a-5p/LOXL3/mTOR axis in the heart and therefore might be considered as a potential molecular target for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis and associated heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jiahang Song
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jiaonan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Center of Chronic Diseases and Drug Research of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, China
| | - Zhimin Du
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Zhuhai People's Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Chaoqian Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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11
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Foot JS, Buson A, Deodhar M, Findlay AD, Robertson AD, Turner CI, Yow T, Zhou W, Jarolimek W. Combining monoamine oxidase B and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase enzyme inhibition to address inflammatory disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 74:128942. [PMID: 35973549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a dual MAO-B/SSAO inhibitor PXS-5131 is reported. The compound offers a compact and rigid three-dimensional structure with superior selectivity over MAO-A. Potency and selectivity are linked to both the double bond geometry and stereochemistry of the allylamine moiety, highlighting the importance of optimal set up of these features in the class of amine oxidase inhibitors. PXS-5131 possesses an attractive preclinical pharmacokinetic profile and has anti-inflammatory properties in models of acute inflammation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Foot
- Pharmaxis Ltd., 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW 2086, Australia.
| | - Alberto Buson
- Pharmaxis Ltd., 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW 2086, Australia
| | - Mandar Deodhar
- Pharmaxis Ltd., 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW 2086, Australia
| | - Alison D Findlay
- Pharmaxis Ltd., 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW 2086, Australia
| | - Alan D Robertson
- Pharmaxis Ltd., 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW 2086, Australia
| | - Craig I Turner
- Pharmaxis Ltd., 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW 2086, Australia
| | - Tin Yow
- Pharmaxis Ltd., 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW 2086, Australia
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Pharmaxis Ltd., 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, NSW 2086, Australia
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12
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Topical application of an irreversible small molecule inhibitor of lysyl oxidases ameliorates skin scarring and fibrosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5555. [PMID: 36138009 PMCID: PMC9500072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Scarring is a lifelong consequence of skin injury, with scar stiffness and poor appearance presenting physical and psychological barriers to a return to normal life. Lysyl oxidases are a family of enzymes that play a critical role in scar formation and maintenance. Lysyl oxidases stabilize the main component of scar tissue, collagen, and drive scar stiffness and appearance. Here we describe the development and characterisation of an irreversible lysyl oxidase inhibitor, PXS-6302. PXS-6302 is ideally suited for skin treatment, readily penetrating the skin when applied as a cream and abolishing lysyl oxidase activity. In murine models of injury and fibrosis, topical application reduces collagen deposition and cross-linking. Topical application of PXS-6302 after injury also significantly improves scar appearance without reducing tissue strength in porcine injury models. PXS-6302 therefore represents a promising therapeutic to ameliorate scar formation, with potentially broader applications in other fibrotic diseases.
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13
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Arndt S, Kohlpaintner PJ, Donsbach K, Waldvogel SR. Synthesis and Applications of Periodate for Fine Chemicals and Important Pharmaceuticals. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Arndt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp J. Kohlpaintner
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai Donsbach
- Virginia Commonwealth University, College of Engineering, Medicines for All Institute, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Fang S, Chen W, Jiang H, Ma R, Wu W. Palladium-catalyzed oxidative C-H activation/annulation of N-alkylanilines with bromoalkynes: access to functionalized 3-bromoindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9666-9669. [PMID: 35946388 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward approach to the synthesis of 3-bromoindoles via palladium-catalyzed oxidative C-H activation/annulation of N-alkylanilines with bromoalkynes has been described. This protocol features high atom economy, excellent chemo- and regioselectivities, and good functional group tolerance. Moreover, the resultant 3-bromoindoles can be transformed to various functionalized indole derivatives, which demonstrates the practicability of this method in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjia Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wenhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ruize Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wanqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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15
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Ortiz-Zapater E, Signes-Costa J, Montero P, Roger I. Lung Fibrosis and Fibrosis in the Lungs: Is It All about Myofibroblasts? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061423. [PMID: 35740444 PMCID: PMC9220162 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the lungs, fibrosis is a growing clinical problem that results in shortness of breath and can end up in respiratory failure. Even though the main fibrotic disease affecting the lung is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which affects the interstitial space, there are many fibrotic events that have high and dangerous consequences for the lungs. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), excessive allergies, clearance of infection or COVID-19, all are frequent diseases that show lung fibrosis. In this review, we describe the different kinds of fibrosis and analyse the main types of cells involved-myofibroblasts and other cells, like macrophages-and review the main fibrotic mechanisms. Finally, we analyse present treatments for fibrosis in the lungs and highlight potential targets for anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine-IIS INCLIVA, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.); (I.R.)
| | - Inés Roger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.); (I.R.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Meier AA, Go EP, Moon HJ, Desaire H, Mure M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Disulfide Mapping of Lysyl Oxidase-like 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5879. [PMID: 35682561 PMCID: PMC9180022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysines and hydroxylysines to promote extracellular matrix remodeling. Aberrant activity of LOXL2 has been associated with organ fibrosis and tumor metastasis. The lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) cofactor is derived from Lys653 and Tyr689 in the amine oxidase domain via post-translational modification. Based on the similarity in hydrodynamic radius and radius of gyration, we recently proposed that the overall structures of the mature LOXL2 (containing LTQ) and the precursor LOXL2 (no LTQ) are very similar. In this study, we conducted a mass spectrometry-based disulfide mapping analysis of recombinant LOXL2 in three forms: a full-length LOXL2 (fl-LOXL2) containing a nearly stoichiometric amount of LTQ, Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2 (SRCR1 and SRCR2 are truncated) in the precursor form, and Δ1-3SRCR-LOXL2 (SRCR1, SRCR2, SRCR3 are truncated) in a mixture of the precursor and the mature forms. We detected a set of five disulfide bonds that is conserved in both the precursor and the mature recombinant LOXL2s. In addition, we detected a set of four alternative disulfide bonds in low abundance that is not associated with the mature LOXL2. These results suggest that the major set of five disulfide bonds is retained post-LTQ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heather Desaire
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (E.P.G.); (H.-J.M.)
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (E.P.G.); (H.-J.M.)
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17
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Pan-Lysyl Oxidase Inhibitor PXS-5505 Ameliorates Multiple-Organ Fibrosis by Inhibiting Collagen Crosslinks in Rodent Models of Systemic Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105533. [PMID: 35628342 PMCID: PMC9146019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterised by progressive multiple organ fibrosis leading to morbidity and mortality. Lysyl oxidases play a vital role in the cross-linking of collagens and subsequent build-up of fibrosis in the extracellular matrix. As such, their inhibition provides a novel treatment paradigm for SSc. A novel small molecule pan-lysyl oxidase inhibitor, PXS-5505, currently in clinical development for myelofibrosis treatment was evaluated using in vivo rodent models resembling the fibrotic conditions in SSc. Both lysyl oxidase and lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) expression were elevated in the skin and lung of SSc patients. The oral application of PXS-5505 inhibited lysyl oxidase activity in the skin and LOXL2 activity in the lung. PXS-5505 exhibited anti-fibrotic effects in the SSc skin mouse model, reducing dermal thickness and α-smooth muscle actin. Similarly, in the bleomycin-induced mouse lung model, PXS-5505 reduced pulmonary fibrosis toward normal levels, mediated by its ability to normalise collagen/elastin crosslink formation. PXS-5505 also reduced fibrotic extent in models of the ischaemia-reperfusion heart, the unilateral ureteral obstruction kidney, and the CCl4-induced fibrotic liver. PXS-5505 consistently demonstrates potent anti-fibrotic efficacy in multiple models of organ fibrosis relevant to the pathogenesis of SSc, suggesting that it may be efficacious as a novel approach for treating SSc.
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18
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Sun B, Gao J, Yang L, Huang S, Cao X. Depletion of LOXL2 improves respiratory capacity: From air-breathing fish to mammal under hypoxia. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:563-575. [PMID: 35413319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Air-breathing fish are fascinating because of their ability to survive under hypoxia for a long time by using air-breathing organs (ABOs). Fish ABOs are thought to resemble the mammal lung all along. However, the link between the two has not been studied in depth. Here, we reported a markedly improved respiratory capacity in mice under hypoxia by inhibiting lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), inspired from the intestinal air-breathing of loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Moreover, a posterior intestine (an ABO) transcriptome analysis revealed that the deletion of Loxl2b obviously inhibited PI3K-AKT and TGF-β signaling, meanwhile, induced VEGF signaling, which could cause vasodilation and angiogenesis to improve the air-breathing ability of loach. The same phenomenon was found in LOXL2-inhibition mice under hypoxia, which significantly prolonged their living period relative to wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, compared with WT loach, Loxl2b-/- loach presented enhanced anaerobic metabolism, which could also make itself to better survive in hypoxic environment. This should be the magic of air-breathing fish! Supplied from air-breathing fish, this study provides a novel means of improving respiratory capacity in mammal under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Songqian Huang
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Xiaojuan Cao
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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19
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Targeting extracellular matrix stiffness and mechanotransducers to improve cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:34. [PMID: 35331296 PMCID: PMC8943941 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer microenvironment is critical for tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The extracellular matrix (ECM) interacts with tumor and stromal cells to promote cancer cells proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and immune evasion. Both ECM itself and ECM stiffening-induced mechanical stimuli may activate cell membrane receptors and mechanosensors such as integrin, Piezo1 and TRPV4, thereby modulating the malignant phenotype of tumor and stromal cells. A better understanding of how ECM stiffness regulates tumor progression will contribute to the development of new therapeutics. The rapidly expanding evidence in this research area suggests that the regulators and effectors of ECM stiffness represent potential therapeutic targets for cancer. This review summarizes recent work on the regulation of ECM stiffness in cancer, the effects of ECM stiffness on tumor progression, cancer immunity and drug resistance. We also discuss the potential targets that may be druggable to intervene ECM stiffness and tumor progression. Based on these advances, future efforts can be made to develop more effective and safe drugs to interrupt ECM stiffness-induced oncogenic signaling, cancer progression and drug resistance.
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20
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Salimova EV, Parfenova LV. Fischer Reaction in the Synthesis of New Triterpene Indoles of the Fusidane Series. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Qin R, Zhao Q, Han B, Zhu HP, Peng C, Zhan G, Huang W. Indole-Based Small Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:845892. [PMID: 35250597 PMCID: PMC8888875 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole alkaloids are widely distributed in nature and have been particularly studied because of their diverse biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant activities. Many kinds of indole alkaloids have been applied to clinical practice, proving that indole alkaloids are beneficial scaffolds and occupy a crucial position in the development of novel agents. Fibrosis is an end-stage pathological condition of most chronic inflammatory diseases and is characterized by excessive deposition of fibrous connective tissue components, ultimately resulting in organ dysfunction and even failure with significant morbidity and mortality. Indole alkaloids and indole derivatives can alleviate pulmonary, myocardial, renal, liver, and islet fibrosis through the suppression of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, TGF-β/Smad pathway, and other signaling pathways. Natural indole alkaloids, such as isorhynchophylline, evodiamine, conophylline, indirubin, rutaecarpine, yohimbine, and vincristine, are reportedly effective in organ fibrosis treatment. In brief, indole alkaloids with a wide range of pharmacological bioactivities are important candidate drugs for organ fibrosis treatment. The present review discusses the potential of natural indole alkaloids, semi-synthetic indole alkaloids, synthetic indole derivatives, and indole-contained metabolites in organ fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Gu Zhan,
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang, ; Gu Zhan,
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22
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Meier AA, Moon HJ, Toth R, Folta-Stogniew E, Kuczera K, Middaugh CR, Mure M. Oligomeric States and Hydrodynamic Properties of Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121846. [PMID: 34944490 PMCID: PMC8699698 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target against metastatic/invasive tumors and organ and tissue fibrosis. LOXL2 catalyzes the oxidative deamination of lysine and hydroxylysine residues in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to promote crosslinking of these proteins, and thereby plays a major role in ECM remodeling. LOXL2 secretes as 100-kDa full-length protein (fl-LOXL2) and then undergoes proteolytic cleavage of the first two scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains to yield 60-kDa protein (Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2). This processing does not affect the amine oxidase activity of LOXL2 in vitro. However, the physiological importance of this cleavage still remains elusive. In this study, we focused on characterization of biophysical properties of fl- and Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2s (e.g., oligomeric states, molecular weights, and hydrodynamic radii in solution) to gain insight into the structural role of the first two SRCR domains. Our study reveals that fl-LOXL2 exists predominantly as monomer but also dimer to the lesser extent when its concentration is <~1 mM. The hydrodynamic radius (Rh) determined by multi-angle light scattering coupled with size exclusion chromatography (SEC-MALS) indicates that fl-LOXL2 is a moderately asymmetric protein. In contrast, Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2 exists solely as monomer and its Rh is in good agreement with the predicted value. The Rh values calculated from a 3D modeled structure of fl-LOXL2 and the crystal structure of the precursor Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2 are within a reasonable margin of error of the values determined by SEC-MALS for fl- and Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2s in mature forms in this study. Based on superimposition of the 3D model and the crystal structure of Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2 (PDB:5ZE3), we propose a configuration of fl-LOXL2 that explains the difference observed in Rh between fl- and Δ1-2SRCR-LOXL2s in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A. Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (H.-J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (H.-J.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Ronald Toth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.IV); (C.R.M.)
| | - Ewa Folta-Stogniew
- W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Krzysztof Kuczera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (H.-J.M.); (K.K.)
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - C. Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA; (R.T.IV); (C.R.M.)
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (A.A.M.); (H.-J.M.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Findlay A, Turner C, Schilter H, Deodhar M, Zhou W, Perryman L, Foot J, Zahoor A, Yao Y, Hamilton R, Brock M, Raso C, Stolp J, Galati M, Hamprecht D, Charlton B, Jarolimek W. An activity-based bioprobe differentiates a novel small molecule inhibitor from a LOXL2 antibody and provides renewed promise for anti-fibrotic therapeutic strategies. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e572. [PMID: 34841699 PMCID: PMC8571951 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Turner
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Wenbin Zhou
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lara Perryman
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Foot
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amna Zahoor
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yimin Yao
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross Hamilton
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mary Brock
- Quanterix, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jessica Stolp
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Galati
- Pharmaxis, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
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24
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Base-promoted relay reaction of heterocyclic ketene aminals with o-difluorobenzene derivatives for the highly site-selective synthesis of functionalized indoles. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Dinca SC, Greiner D, Weidenfeld K, Bond L, Barkan D, Jorcyk CL. Novel mechanism for OSM-promoted extracellular matrix remodeling in breast cancer: LOXL2 upregulation and subsequent ECM alignment. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:56. [PMID: 34011405 PMCID: PMC8132418 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is a serious problem for patients as it metastasizes, decreasing 5-year patient survival from > 95 to ~ 27%. The breast tumor microenvironment (TME) is often saturated with proinflammatory cytokines, such as oncostatin M (OSM), which promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) in IDC and increased metastasis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) also plays an important role in promoting invasive and metastatic potential of IDC. Specifically, the reorganization and alignment of collagen fibers in stromal ECM leads to directed tumor cell motility, which promotes metastasis. Lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) catalyzes ECM remodeling by crosslinking of collagen I in the ECM. We propose a novel mechanism whereby OSM induces LOXL2 expression, mediating stromal ECM remodeling of the breast TME. METHODS Bioinformatics was utilized to determine survival and gene correlation in patients. IDC cell lines were treated with OSM (also IL-6, LIF, and IL-1β) and analyzed for LOXL2 expression by qRT-PCR and immunolabelling techniques. Collagen I contraction assays, 3D invasion assays, and confocal microscopy were performed with and without LOXL2 inhibition to determine the impact of OSM-induced LOXL2 on the ECM. RESULTS Our studies demonstrate that IDC patients with high LOXL2 and OSM co-expression had worse rates of metastasis-free survival than those with high levels of either, individually, and LOXL2 expression is positively correlated to OSM/OSM receptor (OSMR) expression in IDC patients. Furthermore, human IDC cells treated with OSM resulted in a significant increase in LOXL2 mRNA, which led to upregulated protein expression of secreted, glycosylated, and enzymatically active LOXL2. The expression of LOXL2 in IDC cells did not affect OSM-promoted EMT, and LOXL2 was localized to the cytoplasm and/or secreted. OSM-induced LOXL2 promoted an increase in ECM collagen I fiber crosslinking, which led to significant fiber alignment between cells and increased IDC cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS Aligned collagen fibers in the ECM provide pathways for tumor cells to migrate more easily through the stroma to nearby vasculature and tissue. These results provide a new paradigm through which proinflammatory cytokine OSM promotes tumor progression. Understanding the nuances in IDC metastasis will lead to better potential therapeutics to combat against the possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simion C. Dinca
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, MS1515, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Daniel Greiner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, MS1515, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Keren Weidenfeld
- Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Laura Bond
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, MS1515, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Dalit Barkan
- Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Cheryl L. Jorcyk
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, MS1515, Boise, ID 83725 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, MS1515, Boise, ID 83725 USA
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26
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Liu G, Philp AM, Corte T, Travis MA, Schilter H, Hansbro NG, Burns CJ, Eapen MS, Sohal SS, Burgess JK, Hansbro PM. Therapeutic targets in lung tissue remodelling and fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107839. [PMID: 33774068 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural changes involving tissue remodelling and fibrosis are major features of many pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is a key factor in the development of tissue remodelling that results in symptoms and impaired lung function in these diseases. Tissue remodelling in the lungs is complex and differs between compartments. Some pathways are common but tissue remodelling around the airways and in the parenchyma have different morphologies. Hence it is critical to evaluate both common fibrotic pathways and those that are specific to different compartments; thereby expanding the understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrosis and remodelling in the airways and parenchyma in asthma, COPD and IPF with a view to developing therapeutic strategies for each. Here we review the current understanding of remodelling features and underlying mechanisms in these major respiratory diseases. The differences and similarities of remodelling are used to highlight potential common therapeutic targets and strategies. One central pathway in remodelling processes involves transforming growth factor (TGF)-β induced fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation that increases ECM production. The current treatments and clinical trials targeting remodelling are described, as well as potential future directions. These endeavours are indicative of the renewed effort and optimism for drug discovery targeting tissue remodelling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashleigh M Philp
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tamera Corte
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A Travis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Schilter
- Pharmaxis Ltd, 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris J Burns
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mathew S Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder S Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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27
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Targeting Lysyl Oxidase Family Meditated Matrix Cross-Linking as an Anti-Stromal Therapy in Solid Tumours. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030491. [PMID: 33513979 PMCID: PMC7865543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To improve efficacy of solid cancer treatment, efforts have shifted towards targeting both the cancer cells and the surrounding tumour tissue they grow in. The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes underpin the fibrotic remodeling of the tumour microenvironment to promote both cancer growth, spread throughout the body and modulate response to therapies. This review examines how the lysyl oxidase family is involved in tumour development, how they can be targeted, and their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in solid tumours. Abstract The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes are a major driver in the biogenesis of desmoplastic matrix at the primary tumour and secondary metastatic sites. With the increasing interest in and development of anti-stromal therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes of cancer patients, the Lox family has emerged as a potentially powerful clinical target. This review examines how lysyl oxidase family dysregulation in solid cancers contributes to disease progression and poor patient outcomes, as well as an evaluation of the preclinical landscape of LOX family targeting therapeutics. We also discuss the suitability of the LOX family as a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in solid tumours.
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28
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Yang N, Cao DF, Yin XX, Zhou HH, Mao XY. Lysyl oxidases: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110791. [PMID: 33152948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of extracellular proteins has attracted huge attention in treating human diseases. The lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are a family of secreted copper-dependent enzymes which initiate the covalent crosslinking of collagen and elastin fibers in the extracellular microenvironment, thereby facilitating extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and ECM homeostasis. Apart from ECM-dependent roles, LOXs are also involved in other biological processes such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and transcriptional regulation, especially following hypoxic stress. Dysregulation of LOXs is found to underlie the onset and progression of multiple pathologies, such as carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis, fibrotic diseases, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we make a comprehensive summarization of clinical and experimental evidences that support roles of for LOXs in disease pathology and points out LOXs as promising therapeutic targets for improving prognosis. Additionally, we also propose that LOXs reshape cell-ECM interaction or cell-cell interaction due to ECM-dependent and ECM-independent roles for LOXs. Therapeutic intervention of LOXs may have advantages in the maintenance of communication between ECM and cell or intercellular signaling, finally recovering organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Dan-Feng Cao
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Xi-Xi Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
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29
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Deng Z, Fear MW, Suk Choi Y, Wood FM, Allahham A, Mutsaers SE, Prêle CM. The extracellular matrix and mechanotransduction in pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 126:105802. [PMID: 32668329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterised by excessive scarring in the lung which leads to compromised lung function, serious breathing problems and in some diseases, death. It includes several lung disorders with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) the most common and most severe. Pulmonary fibrosis is considered to be perpetuated by aberrant wound healing which leads to fibroblast accumulation, differentiation and activation, and deposition of excessive amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, in particular, collagen. Recent studies have identified the importance of changes in the composition and structure of lung ECM during the development of pulmonary fibrosis and the interaction between ECM and lung cells. There is strong evidence that increased matrix stiffness induces changes in cell function including proliferation, migration, differentiation and activation. Understanding how changes in the ECM microenvironment influence cell behaviour during fibrogenesis, and the mechanisms regulating these changes, will provide insight for developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Deng
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Mark W Fear
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia; Institute for Respiratory Health, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia; Burns Service of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Amira Allahham
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Steven E Mutsaers
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre for Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Cecilia M Prêle
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre for Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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30
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Xiong W, Shi F, Cheng R, Zhu B, Wang L, Chen P, Lou H, Wu W, Qi C, Lei M, Jiang H. Palladium-Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Hydrocarboxylation of Alkynes with Carbon Dioxide. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fuxing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruixiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Baiyao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Pengquan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongming Lou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chaorong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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31
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Romero FA, Jones CT, Xu Y, Fenaux M, Halcomb RL. The Race to Bash NASH: Emerging Targets and Drug Development in a Complex Liver Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5031-5073. [PMID: 31930920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular damage. NASH is a serious condition that can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The association of NASH with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia has led to an emerging picture of NASH as the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Although diet and exercise can dramatically improve NASH outcomes, significant lifestyle changes can be challenging to sustain. Pharmaceutical therapies could be an important addition to care, but currently none are approved for NASH. Here, we review the most promising targets for NASH treatment, along with the most advanced therapeutics in development. These include targets involved in metabolism (e.g., sugar, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism), inflammation, and fibrosis. Ultimately, combination therapies addressing multiple aspects of NASH pathogenesis are expected to provide benefit for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anthony Romero
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Christopher T Jones
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yingzi Xu
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Randall L Halcomb
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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32
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Targeting the lysyl oxidases in tumour desmoplasia. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1661-1678. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20190098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental component of tissue microenvironments and its dysregulation has been implicated in a number of diseases, in particular cancer. Tumour desmoplasia (fibrosis) accompanies the progression of many solid cancers, and is also often induced as a result of many frontline chemotherapies. This has recently led to an increased interest in targeting the underlying processes. The major structural components of the ECM contributing to desmoplasia are the fibrillar collagens, whose key assembly mechanism is the enzymatic stabilisation of procollagen monomers by the lysyl oxidases. The lysyl oxidase family of copper-dependent amine oxidase enzymes are required for covalent cross-linking of collagen (as well as elastin) molecules into the mature ECM. This key step in the assembly of collagens is of particular interest in the cancer field since it is essential to the tumour desmoplastic response. LOX family members are dysregulated in many cancers and consequently the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting their enzymatic activity has been initiated by many groups. Development of specific small molecule inhibitors however has been hindered by the lack of crystal structures of the active sites, and therefore alternate indirect approaches to target LOX have also been explored. In this review, we introduce the importance of, and assembly steps of the ECM in the tumour desmoplastic response focussing on the role of the lysyl oxidases. We also discuss recent progress in targeting this family of enzymes as a potential therapeutic approach.
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