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Chen ZH, Guo YW, Li XW. Recent advances on marine mollusk-derived natural products: chemistry, chemical ecology and therapeutical potential. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:509-556. [PMID: 35942896 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011-2021Marine mollusks, which are well known as rich sources of diverse and biologically active natural products, have attracted significant attention from researchers due to their chemical and pharmacological properties. The occurrence of some of these marine mollusk-derived natural products in their preys, predators, and associated microorganisms has also gained interest in chemical ecology research. Based on previous reviews, herein, we present a comprehensive summary of the recent advances of interesting secondary metabolites from marine mollusks, focusing on their structural features, possible chemo-ecological significance, and promising biological activities, covering the literature from 2011 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
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Abdelrahman SM, Patin NV, Hanora A, Aboseidah A, Desoky S, Desoky SG, Stewart FJ, Lopanik NB. The natural product biosynthetic potential of Red Sea nudibranch microbiomes. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10525. [PMID: 33604161 PMCID: PMC7868072 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem that can be ameliorated by the discovery of novel drug candidates. Bacterial associates are often the source of pharmaceutically active natural products isolated from marine invertebrates, and thus, important targets for drug discovery. While the microbiomes of many marine organisms have been extensively studied, microbial communities from chemically-rich nudibranchs, marine invertebrates that often possess chemical defences, are relatively unknown. Methods We applied both culture-dependent and independent approaches to better understand the biochemical potential of microbial communities associated with nudibranchs. Gram-positive microorganisms isolated from nudibranchs collected in the Red Sea were screened for antibacterial and antitumor activity. To assess their biochemical potential, the isolates were screened for the presence of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters, including polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, using PCR. The microbiomes of the nudibranchs were investigated by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. Results In screens against five model microorganisms, 51% of extracts displayed antimicrobial activity against more than one organism, and 19% exhibited antitumor activity against Ehrlich’s ascites carcinoma. Sixty-four percent of isolates contained PKS and NRPS genes, suggesting their genomes contain gene clusters for natural product biosynthesis. Thirty-five percent were positive for more than one class of biosynthetic gene. These strains were identified as belonging to the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, 16S rRNA community amplicon sequencing revealed all bacterial isolates were present in the uncultured host-associated microbiome, although they were a very small percentage of the total community. Taken together, these results indicate that bacteria associated with marine nudibranchs are potentially a rich source of bioactive compounds and natural product biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Abdelrahman
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Nastassia V Patin
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amro Hanora
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Frank J Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Nicole B Lopanik
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Avila C, Angulo-Preckler C. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Heterobranchs. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:657. [PMID: 33371188 PMCID: PMC7767343 DOI: 10.3390/md18120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural products of heterobranch molluscs display a huge variability both in structure and in their bioactivity. Despite the considerable lack of information, it can be observed from the recent literature that this group of animals possesses an astonishing arsenal of molecules from different origins that provide the molluscs with potent chemicals that are ecologically and pharmacologically relevant. In this review, we analyze the bioactivity of more than 450 compounds from ca. 400 species of heterobranch molluscs that are useful for the snails to protect themselves in different ways and/or that may be useful to us because of their pharmacological activities. Their ecological activities include predator avoidance, toxicity, antimicrobials, antifouling, trail-following and alarm pheromones, sunscreens and UV protection, tissue regeneration, and others. The most studied ecological activity is predation avoidance, followed by toxicity. Their pharmacological activities consist of cytotoxicity and antitumoral activity; antibiotic, antiparasitic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activity; and activity against neurodegenerative diseases and others. The most studied pharmacological activities are cytotoxicity and anticancer activities, followed by antibiotic activity. Overall, it can be observed that heterobranch molluscs are extremely interesting in regard to the study of marine natural products in terms of both chemical ecology and biotechnology studies, providing many leads for further detailed research in these fields in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Carlos Angulo-Preckler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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4
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Avila C. Terpenoids in Marine Heterobranch Molluscs. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E162. [PMID: 32183298 PMCID: PMC7143877 DOI: 10.3390/md18030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterobranch molluscs are rich in natural products. As other marine organisms, these gastropods are still quite unexplored, but they provide a stunning arsenal of compounds with interesting activities. Among their natural products, terpenoids are particularly abundant and diverse, including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesterterpenoids, triterpenoids, tetraterpenoids, and steroids. This review evaluates the different kinds of terpenoids found in heterobranchs and reports on their bioactivity. It includes more than 330 metabolites isolated from ca. 70 species of heterobranchs. The monoterpenoids reported may be linear or monocyclic, while sesquiterpenoids may include linear, monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic molecules. Diterpenoids in heterobranchs may include linear, monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic compounds. Sesterterpenoids, instead, are linear, bicyclic, or tetracyclic. Triterpenoids, tetraterpenoids, and steroids are not as abundant as the previously mentioned types. Within heterobranch molluscs, no terpenoids have been described in this period in tylodinoideans, cephalaspideans, or pteropods, and most terpenoids have been found in nudibranchs, anaspideans, and sacoglossans, with very few compounds in pleurobranchoideans and pulmonates. Monoterpenoids are present mostly in anaspidea, and less abundant in sacoglossa. Nudibranchs are especially rich in sesquiterpenes, which are also present in anaspidea, and in less numbers in sacoglossa and pulmonata. Diterpenoids are also very abundant in nudibranchs, present also in anaspidea, and scarce in pleurobranchoidea, sacoglossa, and pulmonata. Sesterterpenoids are only found in nudibranchia, while triterpenoids, carotenoids, and steroids are only reported for nudibranchia, pleurobranchoidea, and anaspidea. Many of these compounds are obtained from their diet, while others are biotransformed, or de novo biosynthesized by the molluscs. Overall, a huge variety of structures is found, indicating that chemodiversity correlates to the amazing biodiversity of this fascinating group of molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
The marine environment encompasses a huge biological diversity and can be considered as an underexplored location for prospecting bioactive molecules. In this review, the current state of art about antimicrobial molecules from marine bacteria has been summarized considering the main phylum and sources evolved in a marine environment. Considering the last two decades, we have found as most studied group of bacteria producers of substances with antimicrobial activity is the Firmicutes phylum, in particular strains of the Bacillus genus. The reason for that can be attributed to the difficult cultivation of typical Actinobacteria from a marine sediment, whose members are the major producers of antimicrobial substances in land environments. However, a reversed trend has been observed in recent years with an increasing number of reports settling on Actinobacteria. Great diversity of chemical structures have been identified, such as fijimicyns and lynamicyns from Actinomycetes and macrolactins produced by Bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Stincone
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Rao P, Hu J, Xuan J, Ding H. Total Synthesis of (−)-Pavidolide B: A Ring Contraction Strategy. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9385-9392. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jialei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Xuan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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He C, Xuan J, Rao P, Xie P, Hong X, Lin X, Ding H. Total Syntheses of (+)‐Sarcophytin, (+)‐Chatancin, (−)‐3‐Oxochatancin, and (−)‐Pavidolide B: A Divergent Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5100-5104. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jun Xuan
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Peirong Rao
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Pei‐Pei Xie
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xufeng Lin
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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Total Syntheses of (+)‐Sarcophytin, (+)‐Chatancin, (−)‐3‐Oxochatancin, and (−)‐Pavidolide B: A Divergent Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Covering: 2016. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2017, 34, 235-294This review covers the literature published in 2016 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 757 citations (643 for the period January to December 2016) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1277 in 432 papers for 2016), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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10
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Nannini LJ, Nemat SJ, Carreira EM. Total Synthesis of (+)‐Sarcophytin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:823-826. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J. Nannini
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Suren J. Nemat
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Abstract
Covering: up to the end of February 2017Nudibranchs have attracted the attention of natural product researchers due to the potential for discovery of bioactive metabolites, in conjunction with the interesting predator-prey chemical ecological interactions that are present. This review covers the literature published on natural products isolated from nudibranchs up to February 2017 with species arranged taxonomically. Selected examples of metabolites obtained from nudibranchs across the full range of taxa are discussed, including their origins (dietary or biosynthetic) if known and biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Dean
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J. Nannini
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Suren J. Nemat
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH Zurich, HCl H335 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Effect of Oxylipins, Terpenoid Precursors and Wounding on Soft Corals' Secondary Metabolism as Analyzed via UPLC/MS and Chemometrics. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122195. [PMID: 29232862 PMCID: PMC6149794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of three oxylipin analogues, a terpenoid intermediate and wounding on the secondary metabolism of the soft corals Sarcophyton glaucum and Lobophyton pauciflorum was assessed. Examined oxylipins included prostaglandin (PG-E1), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and arachidonic acid (AA) in addition to the diterpene precursor geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGP). Post-elicitation, metabolites were extracted from coral heads and analyzed via UPLC-MS followed by multivariate data analyses. Both supervised and unsupervised data analyses were used for sample classification. Multivariate data analysis revealed clear segregation of PG-E1 and MeJA elicited S. glaucum at 24 and 48 h post elicitation from other elicitor samples and unelicited control group. PG-E1 was found more effective in upregulating S. glaucum terpene/sterol levels compared to MeJA. Metabolites showing upregulation in S. glaucum include campestene-triol and a cembranoid, detected at ca. 30- and 2-fold higher levels compared to unelicited corals. Such an elicitation effect was less notable in the other coral species L. pauciflorum, suggesting a differential oxylipin response in soft corals. Compared to MeJA and PG, no elicitation effect was observed for GGP, AA or wounding on the metabolism of either coral species.
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Böhringer N, Fisch KM, Schillo D, Bara R, Hertzer C, Grein F, Eisenbarth JH, Kaligis F, Schneider T, Wägele H, König GM, Schäberle TF. Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria Associated with Marine Sea Slugs from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1092. [PMID: 28659904 PMCID: PMC5469899 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nudibranchia, marine soft-bodied organisms, developed, due to the absence of a protective shell, different strategies to protect themselves against putative predators and fouling organisms. One strategy is to use chemical weapons to distract predators, as well as pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, these gastropods take advantage of the incorporation of chemical molecules. Thereby the original source of these natural products varies; it might be the food source, de novo synthesis from the sea slug, or biosynthesis by associated bacteria. These bioactive molecules applied by the slugs can become important drug leads for future medicinal drugs. To test the potential of the associated bacteria, the latter were isolated from their hosts, brought into culture and extracts were prepared and tested for antimicrobial activities. From 49 isolated bacterial strains 35 showed antibiotic activity. The most promising extracts were chosen for further testing against relevant pathogens. In that way three strains showing activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and one strain with activity against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, respectively, were identified. The obtained results indicate that the sea slug associated microbiome is a promising source for bacterial strains, which hold the potential for the biotechnological production of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Böhringer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Katja M Fisch
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of GiessenGiessen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schillo
- Centre of Molecular Biodiversity, Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonn, Germany
| | - Robert Bara
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi UniversityManado, Indonesia
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Grein
- German Center for Infection Research Partner Site Bonn-CologneBonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Eisenbarth
- Centre of Molecular Biodiversity, Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonn, Germany
| | - Fontje Kaligis
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Sam Ratulangi UniversityManado, Indonesia
| | - Tanja Schneider
- German Center for Infection Research Partner Site Bonn-CologneBonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Centre of Molecular Biodiversity, Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Till F Schäberle
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of GiessenGiessen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of BonnBonn, Germany
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Bogdanov A, Hertzer C, Kehraus S, Nietzer S, Rohde S, Schupp PJ, Wägele H, König GM. Secondary metabolome and its defensive role in the aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum, (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia). Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:502-519. [PMID: 28405231 PMCID: PMC5372768 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllodesmium longicirrum is the largest aeolidoidean species known to date, and extremely rich in terpenoid chemistry. Herein we report the isolation of a total of 19 secondary metabolites from a single specimen of this species, i.e., steroids 1-4, cembranoid diterpenes 5-13, complex biscembranoids 14 and 15, and the chatancin-type diterpenes 16-19. These compounds resemble those from soft corals of the genus Sarcophyton, of which to date, however, only S. trocheliophorum is described as a food source for P. longicirrum. Fish feeding deterrent activity was determined using the tropical puffer fish Canthigaster solandri, and showed activity for (2S)-isosarcophytoxide (10), cembranoid bisepoxide 12 and 4-oxochatancin (16). Determining the metabolome of P. longicirrum and its bioactivity, makes it evident that this seemingly vulnerable soft bodied animal is well protected from fish by its chemical arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bogdanov
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Kehraus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl-von-Ossietzki University Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Heike Wägele
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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