1
|
Olvera-Vargas H, Trellu C, Nidheesh PV, Mousset E, Ganiyu SO, Martínez-Huitle CA, Zhou M, Oturan MA. Challenges and opportunities for large-scale applications of the electro-Fenton process. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 266:122430. [PMID: 39278119 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
As an electrochemical advanced oxidation process, the electro-Fenton (EF) process has gained significant importance in the treatment of wastewater and persistent organic pollutants in recent years. As recently reported in a bibliometric analysis, the number of scientific publications on EF have increased exponentially since 2002, reaching nearly 500 articles published in 2022 (Deng et al., 2022). The influence of the main operating parameters has been thoroughly investigated for optimization purposes, such as type of electrode materials, reactor design, current density, and type and concentration of catalyst. Even though most of the studies have been conducted at a laboratory scale, focusing on fundamental aspects and their applications to degrade specific pollutants and treat real wastewater, important large-scale attempts have also been made. This review presents and discusses the most recent advances of the EF process with special emphasis on the aspects more closely related to future implementations at the large scale, such as applications to treat real effluents (industrial and municipal wastewaters) and soil remediation, development of large-scale reactors, costs and effectiveness evaluation, and life cycle assessment. Opportunities and perspectives related to the heterogeneous EF process for real applications are also discussed. This review article aims to be a critical and exhaustive overview of the most recent developments for large-scale applications, which seeks to arouse the interest of a large scientific community and boost the development of EF systems in real environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Olvera-Vargas
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IER-UNAM), Morelos 62580, Mexico.
| | - Clément Trellu
- Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, Université Gustave Eiffel, Cedex 2, Marne-la-Vallée 77454, France.
| | | | - Emmanuel Mousset
- Nantes Université, ONIRIS, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F-85000 La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Soliu O Ganiyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Carlos A Martínez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, CEP, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Nankai University, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mehmet A Oturan
- Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement EA 4508, Université Gustave Eiffel, Cedex 2, Marne-la-Vallée 77454, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su ZM, Deng R, Stahl SS. Zinc and manganese redox potentials in organic solvents and their influence on nickel-catalysed cross-electrophile coupling. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01627-5. [PMID: 39242931 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Zinc and manganese are widely used as reductants in synthetic methods, such as nickel-catalysed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) reactions, but their redox potentials are unknown in organic solvents. Here we show how open-circuit potential measurements may be used to determine the thermodynamic potentials of Zn and Mn in different organic solvents and in the presence of common reaction additives. The impact of these Zn and Mn potentials is analysed for a pair of Ni-catalysed reactions, each showing a preference for one of the two reductants. Ni-catalysed coupling of N-alkyl-2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium reagents (Katritzky salts) with aryl halides are then compared under chemical reaction conditions, using Zn or Mn reductants, and under electrochemical conditions performed at applied potentials corresponding to the Zn and Mn reduction potentials and at potentials optimized to achieve the maximum yield. The collective results illuminate the important role of reductant redox potential in Ni-catalysed XEC reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ruohan Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen YX, Wu S, Shen X, Xu DF, Wang Q, Ji SH, Zhu H, Wu G, Sheng C, Cai YR. Two-Phase Electrosynthesis of Dihydroxycoumestans: Discovery of a New Scaffold for Topoisomerase I Poison. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401400. [PMID: 38736421 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Coumestan represents a biologically relevant structural motif distributed in a number of natural products, and the rapid construction of related derivatives as well as the characterization of targets would accelerate lead compound discovery in medicinal chemistry. In this work, a general and scalable approach to 8,9-dihydroxycoumestans via two-electrode constant current electrolysis was developed. The application of a two-phase (aqueous/organic) system plays a crucial role for success, protecting the sensitive o-benzoquinone intermediates from over-oxidation. Based on the structurally diverse products, a primary SAR study on coumestan scaffold was completed, and compound 3 r exhibited potent antiproliferative activities and a robust topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitory activity. Further mechanism studies demonstrates that compound 3 r was a novel Top1 poison, which might open an avenue for the development of Top1-targeted antitumor agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Fang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Hui Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ge Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Rui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lashgari A, Wang X, Krause JA, Sinha S, Jiang JJ. Electrosynthesis of Verdoheme and Biliverdin Derivatives Following Enzymatic Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15955-15964. [PMID: 38814055 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Artificial syntheses of biologically active molecules have been fruitful in many bioinspired catalysis applications. Specifically, verdoheme and biliverdin, bearing polypyrrole frameworks, have inspired catalyst designs to address energy and environmental challenges. Despite remarkable progress in benchtop synthesis of verdoheme and biliverdin derivatives, all reported syntheses, starting from metalloporphyrins or inaccessible biliverdin precursors, require multiple steps to achieve the final desired products. Additionally, such synthetic procedures use multiple reactants/redox agents and involve multistep purification/extraction processes that often lower the yield. However, in a single step using atmospheric oxygen, heme oxygenases selectively generate verdoheme or biliverdin from heme. Motivated by such enzymatic pathways, we report a single-step electrosynthesis of verdoheme or biliverdin derivatives from their corresponding meso-aryl-substituted metalloporphyrin precursors. Our electrosynthetic methods have produced a copper-coordinating verdoheme analog in >80% yield at an applied potential of 0.65 V vs ferrocene/ferrocenium in air-exposed acetonitrile solution with a suitable electrolyte. These electrosynthetic routes reached a maximum product yield within 8 h of electrolysis at room temperature. The major products of verdoheme and biliverdin derivatives were isolated, purified, and characterized using electrospray mass spectrometry, absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques. Furthermore, X-ray crystallographic data were collected for select cobalt (Co)- and Cu-chelating verdoheme and metal-free biliverdin products. Electrosynthesis routes for the selective modification at the macrocycle ring in a single step are not known yet, and therefore, we believe that this report would advance the scopes of electrosynthesis strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Jeanette A Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Soumalya Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim S, Lee S. Electrochemical synthesis of sulfinic and sulfonic esters from sulfonyl hydrazides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4436-4444. [PMID: 38742933 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical synthetic method for the synthesis of sulfinic esters and sulfonic esters from sulfonyl hydrazides was developed. Alkyl sulfinic esters were synthesized by treating sulfonyl hydrazides with trialkyl orthoformate in a DMF solvent at a constant current of 5 mA and then optimizing the reaction conditions. Conversely, alkyl sulfonic esters were exclusively obtained when the reaction was conducted in alkyl alcohol solvents at a constant current of 15 mA. The various substituted arylsulfonyl hydrazides afforded moderate to good yields of the desired sulfinic esters and sulfonic esters. Mechanistic investigations revealed that sulfonyl radicals were formed through electrochemical oxidation and that they react with alkyl radicals or alkoxy radicals to generate the respective ester products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ware SD, Zhang W, Guan W, Lin S, See KA. A guide to troubleshooting metal sacrificial anodes for organic electrosynthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5814-5831. [PMID: 38665512 PMCID: PMC11041367 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of reductive electrosynthetic reactions is often enabled by the oxidation of a sacrificial metal anode, which charge-balances the reductive reaction of interest occurring at the cathode. The metal oxidation is frequently assumed to be straightforward and innocent relative to the chemistry of interest, but several processes can interfere with ideal sacrificial anode behavior, thereby limiting the success of reductive electrosynthetic reactions. These issues are compounded by a lack of reported observations and characterization of the anodes themselves, even when a failure at the anode is observed. Here, we weave lessons from electrochemistry, interfacial characterization, and organic synthesis to share strategies for overcoming issues related to sacrificial anodes in electrosynthesis. We highlight common but underexplored challenges with sacrificial anodes that cause reactions to fail, including detrimental side reactions between the anode or its cations and the components of the organic reaction, passivation of the anode surface by an insulating native surface film, accumulation of insulating byproducts at the anode surface during the reaction, and competitive reduction of sacrificial metal cations at the cathode. For each case, we propose experiments to diagnose and characterize the anode and explore troubleshooting strategies to overcome the challenge. We conclude by highlighting open questions in the field of sacrificial-anode-driven electrosynthesis and by indicating alternatives to traditional sacrificial anodes that could streamline reaction optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skyler D Ware
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Weiyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brachi M, El Housseini W, Beaver K, Jadhav R, Dantanarayana A, Boucher DG, Minteer SD. Advanced Electroanalysis for Electrosynthesis. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:141-187. [PMID: 38585515 PMCID: PMC10995937 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a popular, environmentally friendly substitute for conventional organic methods. It involves using charge transfer to stimulate chemical reactions through the application of a potential or current between two electrodes. In addition to electrode materials and the type of reactor employed, the strategies for controlling potential and current have an impact on the yields, product distribution, and reaction mechanism. In this Review, recent advances related to electroanalysis applied in electrosynthesis were discussed. The first part of this study acts as a guide that emphasizes the foundations of electrosynthesis. These essentials include instrumentation, electrode selection, cell design, and electrosynthesis methodologies. Then, advances in electroanalytical techniques applied in organic, enzymatic, and microbial electrosynthesis are illustrated with specific cases studied in recent literature. To conclude, a discussion of future possibilities that intend to advance the academic and industrial areas is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brachi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Wassim El Housseini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Rohit Jadhav
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Ashwini Dantanarayana
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Dylan G. Boucher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 United States
- Kummer
Institute Center for Resource Sustainability, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Garbini M, Brunetti A, Pedrazzani R, Monari M, Marcaccio M, Bertuzzi G, Bandini M. Reductive cyclodimerization of chalcones: exploring the "self-adaptability" of galvanostatic electrosynthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:404-407. [PMID: 38084060 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04920e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The "self-adaptability" of galvanostatic electrolysis was shown to assist a multistage unprecedented chemo- and diastereoselective electrochemically promoted cyclodimerization of chalcones. The process, all involving the reductive events, delivered densely functionalized cyclopentanes featuring five contiguous stereocenters (25 examples, yields of up to 95%, dr values up to >20 : 1). Dedicated and combined experimental as well as electrochemical investigation revealed the key role of a dynamic kinetic resolution of the aldol intermediate for the reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Garbini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pedrazzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 85, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shukla G, Singh M, Kumar Yadav A, Shankar Singh M. Aromatic C(sp 2 )-H Functionalization by Consecutive Paired Electrolysis: Dibromination of Aryl Amines with Dibromoethane at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2023:e202303179. [PMID: 38078727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a facile and efficient electrochemical method for the dibromination of aryl amines by double functionalization of aromatic C(sp2 )-H (both para and ortho) under metal- and external oxidant-free conditions at room temperature for the first time. The reaction is demonstrated using 1,2-dibromoethane to dibrominate a wide range of N-substituted aryl amines in a simple setup with C(+)/Pt(-) electrodes under mild reaction conditions. This transformation proceeds smoothly with a broad substrate scope affording the valuable and versatile N-substituted 2,4-dibromoanilines in moderate to excellent yields with high regioselectivity. In this paired electrolysis, cathodic reduction of 1,2-DBE followed by anodic oxidation generates bromonium intermediates, which then couple with anilines to furnish the dibrominated products. It represents a distinctive approach to challenging redox-neutral reactions. The versatility of the electrochemical ortho-, para-dibromination was reflected by unique regioselectivities for challenging aryl amines and gram-scale electrosynthesis without the use of a stoichiometric oxidant or an activating agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Malkeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rein J, Zacate SB, Mao K, Lin S. A tutorial on asymmetric electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8106-8125. [PMID: 37910160 PMCID: PMC10842033 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful means to enable redox transformations in modern chemical synthesis. This tutorial review delves into the unique advantages of electrochemistry in the context of asymmetric catalysis. While electrochemistry has historically been used as a green and mild alternative for established enantioselective transformations, in recent years asymmetric electrocatalysis has been increasingly employed in the discovery of novel asymmetric methodologies based on reaction mechanisms unique to electrochemistry. This tutorial review first provides a brief tutorial introduction to electrosynthesis, then explores case studies on homogenous small molecule asymmetric electrocatalysis. Each case study serves to highlight a key advance in the field, starting with the historic electrification of known asymmetric transformations and culminating with modern methods relying on unique electrochemical mechanistic sequences. Finally, we highlight case studies in the emerging reasearch areas at the interface of asymmetric electrocatalysis with biocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samson B Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kaining Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Punchihewa BT, Minda V, Gutheil WG, Rafiee M. Electrosynthesis and Microanalysis in Thin Layer: An Electrochemical Pipette for Rapid Electrolysis and Mechanistic Study of Electrochemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312048. [PMID: 37669353 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents unique approaches for the promotion and mechanistic study of chemical reactions and has garnered increasing attention in different areas of chemistry. This expansion necessitates the enhancement of the traditional electrochemical cells that are intrinsically constrained by mass transport limitations. Herein, we present an approach for designing an electrochemical cell by limiting the reaction chamber to a thin layer of solution, comparable to the thickness of the diffusion layer. This thin layer electrode (TLE) provides a modular platform to bypass the constraints of traditional electrolysis cells and perform electrolysis reactions in the timescale of electroanalytical techniques. The utility of the TLE for electrosynthetic applications benchmarked using NHPI-mediated electrochemical C-H functionalization. The application of microscale electrolysis for the study of drug metabolites was showcased by elucidating the oxidation pathways of the paracetamol drug. Moreover, hosting a microelectrode in the TLE, was shown to enable real-time probing of the profiles of redox-active components of these rapid electrosynthesis reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Buwanila T Punchihewa
- Division of Energy, Matter and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MI 64110, USA
| | - Vidit Minda
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MI 64108, USA
| | - William G Gutheil
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MI 64108, USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Division of Energy, Matter and Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MI 64110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sitter JD, Lemus-Rivera EE, Vannucci AK. Insights into reactivity trends for electrochemical C-N bond formations. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4290-4296. [PMID: 37158009 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00236e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis techniques are currently of great interest due to the possibility of synthesizing products while limiting reactant and energy input and providing potentially unique selectivity. Our group has previously reported the development of the "anion pool" synthesis method. As this is a new method for organic synthesis and the coupling of C-N bonds, it is important to understand the reactivity trends and limitations this method provides. In this report we explore the reactivity trends of a series of nitrogen-containing heterocycles under reductive electrochemical conditions. The results show that anionic nitrogen heterocycles are stable at room temperature in acetonitrile/electrolyte solutions up to a parent N-H pKa value up to 23. Addition of carbon electrophiles to solutions containing the electrochemically generated anionic nitrogen heterocycles led to the C-N cross-coupling reactivity. Product yields tracked linearly with the pKa value of the N-H bond of the heterocycles over 4 orders of acidity magnitude. Both benzylic halides and perfluorinated aromatics were found suitable for undergoing C-N cross-coupling with the anionic nitrogen heterocycles with product yields as high as 90%. It is also shown that the stability and reactivity of the anions are affected by the choice of electrolyte and temperature. Additionally, this procedure compares well to green chemistry processes in atom economy and PMI values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Sitter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Edgar E Lemus-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Aaron K Vannucci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wei CY, Pan SY, Lin YI, Cao TND. Anaerobic swine digestate valorization via energy-efficient electrodialysis for nutrient recovery and water reclamation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119066. [PMID: 36099763 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of cost-effective and energy-efficient technologies to recover nutrients from digestate is important. Anaerobic digestate can be concentrated into bio-nutrient products through an electrodialysis (ED) process in an energy-efficient manner. Despite recent advances, the operation modes of ED for nutrient recovery from swine digestate are yet to be systematically evaluated from the perspective of energy-water efficiencies, and the determination of optimal operations in ED units is still ambiguous. In this study, two different operating modes of electrodialysis, i.e., constant voltage and constant current, are designed to evaluate the energy efficiency and effectiveness of nutrient recovery from anaerobic swine digestate. The ion removal ratio and current efficiency of the different modes and their associated electromigration performance (e.g., rate constants) are evaluated. The results indicate that the maximum removal efficiency (in terms of electrical conductivity) is 92.8% at a cell voltage of 2.4 V/cell using the constant voltage operation. The current efficiencies of NH4+ (43‒65%) are higher than that of other ions, such as K+ (12‒19%), Cl- (4‒7%), and PO43- (0.1‒1.5%). For nitrogen recovery, the required energy consumption was about 0.24‒15.2 kWh/kg-N (0.86‒54.7 kJ/g-N), corresponding to a removal ratio of ammonium from 70.8% to 99.1%. Based on the experimental data, the optimal operating conditions are identified using response surface models by considering process energy consumption and productivity to deliver energy-efficient nutrient separation. One candidate of the ideal conditions to achieve the total ion removal of ∼93% should be operated at a constant cell voltage of 1.15 V, corresponding to a productivity of 5.24 gal/hr/m2 at an energy consumption of 0.44 kWh/m3. Last, a conceptual design of cascading separation processes is proposed for digestate valorization as biofertilizers, nutrients, organic acids, and reclaimed water. A preliminary benefit-cost evaluation is then performed to evaluate the engineering and economic performance of the developed process for nutrient recovery from swine digestate. This article provides insight into practical large-scale applications of digestate valorization through energy-efficient separation, thereby realizing a circular economy system and a decarbonizing supply chain of bio-nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Wei
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yuan Pan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-I Lin
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Thanh Ngoc-Dan Cao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Goes SL, Nutting JE, Hill NJ, Stahl SS, Rafiee M. Exploring Electrosynthesis: Bulk Electrolysis and Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis of the Shono Oxidation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2022; 99:3242-3248. [PMID: 36277842 PMCID: PMC9580565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As electrochemistry continues to gain broader acceptance and use within the organic chemistry community, it is important that advanced undergraduate students are exposed to fundamental and practical knowledge of electrochemical applications for chemical synthesis. Herein, we describe the development of an undergraduate laboratory experience that introduces synthetic and analytical electrochemistry concepts to an advanced organic chemistry class. Experiments focus on the electrooxidative α-functionalization of carbamates, more generally known as the Shono oxidation, and include cyclic voltammetry analysis of two cyclic carbamates and a constant current bulk electrolysis reaction. The exercise offers students an authentic experience in organic electrochemistry, lays a practical and theoretical foundation for future engagement with concepts in electrochemistry and redox chemistry, and strengthens fundamental organic chemistry skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Goes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jordan E. Nutting
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri–Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Rd., Kansas City, MO 1064110, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bertuzzi G, Ombrosi G, Bandini M. Regio- and Stereoselective Electrochemical Alkylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adducts. Org Lett 2022; 24:4354-4359. [PMID: 35700274 PMCID: PMC9237826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is effectively employed in a general regio- and stereoselective alkylation of Morita-Baylis-Hillman compounds. The exposition of N-acyloxyphthalimides (redox-active esters) to galvanostatic electroreductive conditions, following the sacrificial-anode strategy, is proved an efficient and practical method to access densely functionalized cinnamate and oxindole derivatives. High yields (up to 80%) and wide functional group tolerance characterized the methodology. A tentative mechanistic sketch is proposed based on dedicated control experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giamician Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiotum − Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Chemical Catalysis -C3-, Alma Mater
Studiotum − Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Ombrosi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giamician Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiotum − Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Giamician Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiotum − Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Chemical Catalysis -C3-, Alma Mater
Studiotum − Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lawrence JMIA, Floreancig PE. Kinetics-Based Approach to Developing Electrocatalytic Variants of Slow Oxidations: Application to Hydride Abstraction-Initiated Cyclization Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200335. [PMID: 35254690 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidant regeneration is challenging in reactions that have a slow redox step because the steady-state concentration of the reduced oxidant is low, causing difficulties in maintaining sufficient current or preventing potential spikes. This work shows that applying an understanding of the relationship between intermediate cation stability, oxidant strength, overpotential, and concentration on reaction kinetics delivers a method for electrochemical oxoammonium ion regeneration in hydride abstraction-initiated cyclization reactions, resulting in the development of an electrocatalytic variant of a process that has a high oxidation transition state free energy. This approach should be applicable to expanding the scope of electrocatalysis to include additional slow redox processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul E Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu L, Zhang W, Xu C, He J, Xu Z, Yang Z, Ling F, Zhong W. Electrosynthesis of CF
3
‐Substituted Polycyclic Quinazolinones via Cascade Trifluoromethylation/Cyclization of Unactivated Alkene. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Wangqin Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhui Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Zehui Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Weihui Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cantillo D. Synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients using electrochemical methods: keys to improve sustainability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:619-628. [PMID: 34951414 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry is receiving renewed attention as a green and cost-efficient synthetic technology. Electrochemical methods promote redox transformations by electron exchange between electrodes and species in solution, thus avoiding the use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing or reducing agents. The rapid development of electroorganic synthesis over the past decades has enabled the preparation of molecules of increasing complexity. Redox steps that involve hazardous or waste-generating reagents during the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates can be substituted by electrochemical procedures. In addition to enhance sustainability, increased selectivity toward the target compound has been achieved in some cases. Electroorganic synthesis can be safely and readily scaled up to production quantities. For this pupose, utilization of flow electrolysis cells is fundamental. Despite these advantages, the application of electrochemical methods does not guarantee superior sustainability when compared with conventional protocols. The utilization of large amounts of supporting electrolytes, enviromentally unfriendly solvents or sacrificial electrodes may turn electrochemistry unfavorable in some cases. It is therefore crucial to carefully select and optimize the electrolysis conditions and carry out green metrics analysis of the process to ensure that turning a process electrochemical is advantageous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Park JK, Oh J, Lee S. Electrochemical Synthesis of Sulfonyl Fluorides from Sulfonyl Hydrazides. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00651k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides via the reaction of sulfonyl hydrazides and Et3N3HF under electrochemical conditions is reported. Various sulfonyl fluorides were obtained in good yields under a constant current...
Collapse
|
20
|
Deprez NR, Clausen DJ, Yan JX, Peng F, Zhang S, Kong J, Bai Y. Selective Electrochemical Oxidation of Functionalized Pyrrolidines. Org Lett 2021; 23:8834-8837. [PMID: 34730984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for the selective electrochemical aminoxyl-mediated Shono-type oxidation of pyrrolidines to pyrrolidinones is described. These transformations show the high selectivity and functional group compatibility. This chemistry also demonstrates the use of an operationally simple ElectraSyn 2.0 and cost-effective stainless-steel electrode for the electrochemical oxidation of functionalized pyrrolidines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Deprez
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dane J Clausen
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jia-Xuan Yan
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jongrock Kong
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yanguang Bai
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| |
Collapse
|