1
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Cao J, Chen X, Ma X, Zhang T, Sun W. Theoretical study on the photophysical properties of thiophene-fused-type BODIPY series molecules in fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:21520-21529. [PMID: 39082090 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01346h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
As a class of photosensitizers (PSs) with dual functions of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence imaging, the relationship between the structure and dual-function of thiophene-fused-type BODIPY dyes has not been studied in depth before. We found that the thiophene-fused-type BODIPY triplet photosensitizer is produced according to the energy level matching rule and the introduction of the thiophene ring significantly reduces the energy gap ΔEST between singlet and triplet states, as revealed by our investigation of the excited state structures and energies of thieno-fused BODIPY dyes. At the same time, a tiny ΔEST also results in a greatly enhanced intersystem crossing (ISC) rate, kISC. The kISC value of MeO-BODIPY, having the highest singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ), is the largest. Substitution with a strong electron donor N,N-dimethylaminophenyl (DMA) leads to the vertical configuration in the T1 state. The small ΔE (0.0029 eV) between the HOMO and HOMO-1 triggers the photo induced electron transfer (PET) of inhibiting ISC and fluorescence. When thieno-fused BODIPYs react with pyrrole, the increase of π-conjugation and smaller ΔEHOMO-LUMO explain the redshift in emission wavelength of thieno-pyrrole-fused BODIPY. The more planar configuration of the S1 state and the stronger oscillator intensity reflect a higher fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF). The extension of π-conjugation can cause molecules to transition to higher-level singlet excited states (Sn states, n ≥ 1) after absorbing energy and reduce the energy level of the excited state, resulting in multiple channels and favoring 1O2 production for thieno-pyrrole-fused BODIPYs with electron-withdrawing groups at the para-position of the phenyl groups. Due to ΔES0-T1 < 0.980 eV, the substitution of electron-donating groups cannot produce 1O2. In this work, we have revealed the mechanism of ISC and the fluorescence emission process in the thiophene-fused-type BODIPY dye, which has provided a theoretical foundation and guidance for the future design of BODIPY-based heavy-atom-free PSs for molecular applications in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, 124221, China.
| | - Xinyu Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, 124221, China.
| | - Xue Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, 124221, China.
| | - Tianci Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, 124221, China.
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, High-tech District, Dalian, 116024, China.
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2
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Nykänen A, Thiessen L, Borrelli EM, Krishna V, Knecht S, Pavošević F. Toward Accurate Calculation of Excitation Energies on Quantum Computers with ΔADAPT-VQE: A Case Study of BODIPY Derivatives. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7111-7117. [PMID: 38954795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Quantum chemistry simulations offer a cost-effective way to computationally design BODIPY photosensitizers. However, accurate predictions of excitation energies pose a challenge for time-dependent density functional theory and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles methods. By contrast, reliable predictions can be achieved by multireference quantum chemistry methods; unfortunately, their computational cost increases exponentially with the number of electrons. Alternatively, quantum computing holds potential for an exact simulation of the photophysical properties in a computationally more efficient way. Herein, we introduce the state-specific ΔUCCSD-VQE (unitary coupled-cluster singles and doubles-variational quantum eigensolver) and ΔADAPT-VQE methods in which the electronically excited state is calculated via a non-Aufbau configuration. We show for six BODIPY derivatives that the proposed methods predict accurate excitation energies that are in good agreement with those from experiments. Due to its performance and simplicity, we believe that ΔADAPT will become a useful approach for the simulation of BODIPY photosensitizers on near-term quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Nykänen
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, FI-00160 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Vijay Krishna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, FI-00160 Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Jiang Q, Li J, Du Z, Li M, Chen L, Zhang X, Tang X, Shen Y, Ma D, Li W, Li L, Alifu N, Hu Q, Liu J. High-Performance NIR-II Fluorescent Type I/II Photosensitizer Enabling Augmented Mild Photothermal Therapy of Tumors by Disrupting Heat Shock Proteins. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400962. [PMID: 38870484 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
NIR-II fluorescent photosensitizers as phototheranostic agents hold considerable promise in the application of mild photothermal therapy (MPTT) for tumors, as the reactive oxygen species generated during photodynamic therapy can effectively disrupt heat shock proteins. Nevertheless, the exclusive utilization of these photosensitizers to significantly augment the MPTT efficacy has rarely been substantiated, primarily due to their insufficient photodynamic performance. Herein, the utilization of high-performance NIR-II fluorescent type I/II photosensitizer (AS21:4) is presented as a simple but effective nanoplatform derived from molecule AS2 to enhance the MPTT efficacy of tumors without any additional therapeutic components. By taking advantage of heavy atom effect, AS21:4 as a type I/II photosensitizer demonstrates superior efficacy in producing 1O2 (1O2 quantum yield = 12.4%) and O2 •- among currently available NIR-II fluorescent photosensitizers with absorption exceeding 800 nm. In vitro and in vivo findings demonstrate that the 1O2 and O2 •- generated from AS21:4 induce a substantial reduction in the expression of HSP90, thereby improving the MPTT efficacy. The remarkable phototheranostic performance, substantial tumor accumulation, and prolonged tumor retention of AS21:4, establish it as a simple but superior phototheranostic agent for NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided MPTT of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zhong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Xunwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Xialian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Yaowei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Dalong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Nuernisha Alifu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Qinglian Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
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4
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Virgili T, Ganzer L, Squeo BM, Calzolari A, Pasini M. Interplay between Theory and Photophysical Characterization in Symmetric α-Substituted Thienyl BODIPY Molecule. Molecules 2024; 29:2625. [PMID: 38893501 PMCID: PMC11173456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-based molecules have emerged as interesting materials for optoelectronic applications due to the possibility to easily fine-tune their photophysical and optical properties, dominated by two main absorption bands in the visible range. However, no studies have been reported on the nature of these spectral features. By means of ultrafast spectroscopy, we detect intramolecular energy transfer in a spin-coated film of di-thieno-phenyl BODIPY (DTPBDP) dispersed in a polystyrene matrix after pumping the high-energy absorption band. The same effect is not present upon pumping the lowest-energy band, which instead allows the achievement of efficient amplified spontaneous emission. Density functional calculations indicate the different nature of the two main absorption bands, explaining their different photophysical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tersilla Virgili
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologia—CNR, IFN—Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologia—CNR, IFN—Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Benedetta Maria Squeo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”—SCITEC—CNR, via Corti, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Arrigo Calzolari
- Istituto Nanoscienze—NANO—CNR, via Campi 213A, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Mariacecilia Pasini
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”—SCITEC—CNR, via Corti, 20132 Milano, Italy;
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5
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Knoll S, Zens C, Maisuradze T, Schmidt H, Kupfer S, Zedler L, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Streb C. Light-Induced Charge Separation in Covalently Linked BODIPY-Quinone-Alkyne Dyads. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303250. [PMID: 38411403 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Visible light-induced charge separation and directional charge transfer are cornerstones for artificial photosynthesis and the generation of solar fuels. Here, we report synthetic access to a series of noble metal-free donor-acceptor dyads based on bodipy light-absorbers and redox-active quinone/anthraquinone charge storage sites. Peripheral functionalization of the quinone/anthraquinone units with alkynes primes the dyads for integration into a range of light-harvesting systems, e. g., by Cu-catalyzed cycloadditions (CLICK chemistry) or Pd-catalyzed C-C cross-coupling reactions. Initial photophysical, electrochemical and theoretical analyses reveal the principal processes during the light-induced charge separation in the reported dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Knoll
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Clara Zens
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tamar Maisuradze
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiner Schmidt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Linda Zedler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Pham TC, Cho M, Nguyen VN, Nguyen VKT, Kim G, Lee S, Dehaen W, Yoon J, Lee S. Charge Transfer-Promoted Excited State of a Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizer for Efficient Application of Mitochondria-Targeted Fluorescence Imaging and Hypoxia Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:21699-21708. [PMID: 38634764 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Conventional photosensitizers (PSs) used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) have shown preliminary success; however, they are often associated with several limitations including potential dark toxicity in healthy tissues, limited efficacy under acidic and hypoxic conditions, suboptimal fluorescence imaging capabilities, and nonspecific targeting during treatment. In response to these challenges, we developed a heavy-atom-free PS, denoted as Cz-SB, by incorporating ethyl carbazole into a thiophene-fused BODIPY core. A comprehensive investigation into the photophysical properties of Cz-SB was conducted through a synergistic approach involving experimental and computational investigations. The enhancement of intersystem crossing (kISC) and fluorescence emission (kfl) rate constants was achieved through a donor-acceptor pair-mediated charge transfer mechanism. Consequently, Cz-SB demonstrated remarkable efficiency in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) under acidic and low-oxygen conditions, making it particularly effective for hypoxic cancer PDT. Furthermore, Cz-SB exhibited good biocompatibility, fluorescence imaging capabilities, and a high degree of localization within the mitochondria of living cells. We posit that Cz-SB holds substantial prospects as a versatile PS with innovative molecular design, representing a potential "one-for-all" solution in the realm of cancer phototheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Chung Pham
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Moonyeon Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Van Kieu Thuy Nguyen
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Gyoungmi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Seongman Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
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7
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Fu X, Man Y, Yu C, Sun Y, Hao E, Wu Q, Hu A, Li G, Wang CC, Li J. Unsymmetrical Benzothieno-Fused BODIPYs as Efficient NIR Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4826-4839. [PMID: 38471124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free photosensitizers are potentially suitable for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this contribution, a new family of unsymmetrical benzothieno-fused BODIPYs with reactive oxygen efficiency up to 50% in air-saturated toluene was reported. Their efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) resulted in the generation of both 1O2 and O2-• under irradiation. More importantly, the PDT efficacy of a respective 4-methoxystyryl-modified benzothieno-fused BODIPY in living cells exhibited an extremely high phototoxicity with an ultralow IC50 value of 2.78 nM. The results revealed that the incorporation of an electron-donating group at the α-position of the unsymmetrical benzothieno-fused BODIPY platform might be an effective approach for developing long-wavelength absorbing heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yingxiu Man
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Changjiang Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yingzhu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Anzhi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jiazhu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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8
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Alcázar JJ. Thiophene Stability in Photodynamic Therapy: A Mathematical Model Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2528. [PMID: 38473777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Thiophene-containing photosensitizers are gaining recognition for their role in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the inherent reactivity of the thiophene moiety toward singlet oxygen threatens the stability and efficiency of these photosensitizers. This study presents a novel mathematical model capable of predicting the reactivity of thiophene toward singlet oxygen in PDT, using Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT) and genetic programming. The research combines advanced computational methods, including various DFT techniques and symbolic regression, and is validated with experimental data. The findings underscore the capacity of the model to classify photosensitizers based on their photodynamic efficiency and safety, particularly noting that photosensitizers with a constant rate 1000 times lower than that of unmodified thiophene retain their photodynamic performance without substantial singlet oxygen quenching. Additionally, the research offers insights into the impact of electronic effects on thiophene reactivity. Finally, this study significantly advances thiophene-based photosensitizer design, paving the way for therapeutic agents that achieve a desirable balance between efficiency and safety in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson J Alcázar
- Centro de Química Médica, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7780272, Chile
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9
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Li M, Lu Z, Zhang J, Chen L, Tang X, Jiang Q, Hu Q, Li L, Liu J, Huang W. Near-Infrared-II Fluorophore with Inverted Dependence of Fluorescence Quantum Yield on Polarity as Potent Phototheranostics for Fluorescence-Image-Guided Phototherapy of Tumors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209647. [PMID: 37466631 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic phototheranostics simultaneously having fluorescence in the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) window, and photothermal and photodynamic functions possess great prospects in tumor diagnosis and therapy. However, such phototheranostics generally suffer from low brightness and poor photodynamic performance due to severe solvatochromism. Herein, an organic NIR-II fluorophore AS1, which possesses an inverted dependence of fluorescence quantum yield on polarity, is reported to serve as potent phototheranostics for tumor diagnosis and therapy. After encapsulation of AS1 into nanostructures, the obtained phototheranostics (AS1R ) exhibit high extinction coefficients (e.g., 68200 L mol-1 cm-1 at 808 nm), NIR-II emission with high fluorescence quantum yield up to 4.7% beyond 1000 nm, photothermal conversion efficiency of ≈65%, and 1 O2 quantum yield up to 4.1%. The characterization of photophysical properties demonstrates that AS1R is superior to other types of organic phototheranostics in brightness, photothermal effect, and photodynamic performance at the same mass concentration. The excellent phototheranostic performance of AS1R enables clear visualization and complete elimination of tumors using a single and low injection dose. This study demonstrates the merits and prospects of NIR-II fluorophore with inverted polarity dependence of fluorescence quantum yield as high-performance phototheranostic agents for fluorescence imaging and phototherapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Zhuoting Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Xialian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Quanheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Qinglian Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
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10
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Wu Z, Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhang K, Li X, Li R, Song Y, Fan J, Wang CK, Lin L, Wang Z. Multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules with intramolecular-lock: theoretical design and performance prediction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24406-24416. [PMID: 37621260 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02255b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) molecules with narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) have attracted much attention recently. In this work, 36 borane/amine (B/N) type MR-TADF molecules were theoretically designed by using an intramolecular-lock strategy and systematically studied based on first-principles calculations. It was found that intramolecular-lock at different positions and in different manners could induce different luminescent properties. The calculated oscillator strengths for PXZ-L2 and PTZ-L2 locking systems are weaker than that for 2DPABN (without intramolecular-lock), while the Cz-L1 and TMCZ-L1 locking could result in stronger oscillator strength. Though the calculated FWHM of all the systems with intramolecular-lock is higher than that of 2DPABN, the Cz, TMCz and DMAC locking at L1 or L2 would induce relatively small FWHM which is comparable to that of 2DPABN. Our calculation results indicate that intramolecular-lock could enhance the SOC values and decrease the energy gap between the first singlet excited state and the first triplet excited state, which is quite favorable to reverse intersystem crossing. The Cz, TMCz and DMAC locking systems could realize comparable and higher efficiency than 2DPABN, thus higher quantum efficiency could be obtained. Our calculation results indicate that the intramolecular-lock strategy is an effective method to realize the design of highly efficient MR-TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Qun Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Yuzhi Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Lili Lin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
| | - Zhongjie Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
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11
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Oliden-Sánchez A, Alvarado-Martínez E, Ramírez-Ornelas DE, Vázquez MA, Avellanal-Zaballa E, Bañuelos J, Peña-Cabrera E. Extended BODIPYs as Red-NIR Laser Radiation Sources with Emission from 610 nm to 750 nm. Molecules 2023; 28:4750. [PMID: 37375305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthetic access to a set of π-extended BODIPYs featuring a penta-arylated (phenyl and/or thiophene) dipyrrin framework. We take advantage of the full chemoselective control of 8-methylthio-2,3,5,6-tetrabromoBODIPY when we conduct the Liebeskind-Srogl cross-coupling (LSCC) to functionalize exclusively the meso-position, followed by the tetra-Suzuki reaction to arylate the halogenated sites. All these laser dyes display absorption and emission bands in the red edge of the visible spectrum reaching the near-infrared with thiophene functionalization. The emission efficiency, both fluorescence and laser, of the polyphenylBODIPYs can be enhanced upon decoration of the peripheral phenyls with electron donor/acceptor groups at para positions. Alternatively, the polythiopheneBODIPYs show an astonishing laser performance despite the charge transfer character of the emitting state. Therefore, these BODIPYs are suitable as a palette of stable and bright laser sources covering the spectral region from 610 nm to 750 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Oliden-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Aptado 644, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Enrique Alvarado-Martínez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Diana E Ramírez-Ornelas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Vázquez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Edurne Avellanal-Zaballa
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Aptado 644, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Aptado 644, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Peña-Cabrera
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Guanajuato 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
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12
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Wang D, Wang X, Zhou S, Gu P, Zhu X, Wang C, Zhang Q. Evolution of BODIPY as triplet photosensitizers from homogeneous to heterogeneous: The strategies of functionalization to various forms and their recent applications. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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13
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Prejanò M, Alberto ME, De Simone BC, Marino T, Toscano M, Russo N. Sulphur- and Selenium-for-Oxygen Replacement as a Strategy to Obtain Dual Type I/Type II Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073153. [PMID: 37049916 PMCID: PMC10095929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect on the photophysical properties of sulfur- and selenium-for-oxygen replacement in the skeleton of the oxo-4-dimethylaminonaphthalimide molecule (DMNP) has been explored at the density functional (DFT) level of theory. Structural parameters, excitation energies, singlet–triplet energy gaps (ΔES-T), and spin–orbit coupling constants (SOC) have been computed. The determined SOCs indicate an enhanced probability of intersystem crossing (ISC) in both the thio- and seleno-derivatives (SDMNP and SeDMNP, respectively) and, consequently, an enhancement of the singlet oxygen quantum yields. Inspection of Type I reactions reveals that the electron transfer mechanisms leading to the generation of superoxide is feasible for all the compounds, suggesting a dual Type I/Type II activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Prejanò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Marta Erminia Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Bruna Clara De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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14
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Huang L, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Tang X, Liang X, Zhang L, He Y, Li H. Molecular modification effects on the electrochromic and photochromic properties of diarylethene with intramolecular isomerization behavior. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114701. [PMID: 36948809 DOI: 10.1063/5.0141644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) is one of the most widely used functional units for electrochromic or photochromic materials. To better understand the molecular modification effects on the electrochromic and photochromic properties of DAE, two modification strategies, substitution with functional groups or heteroatoms, were investigated theoretically by density functional theory calculations. It is found that red-shifted absorption spectra caused by a decreased highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy gap and S0 → S1 transition energy during the ring-closing reaction become more significant by adding different functional substituents. In addition, for two isomers, the energy gap and S0 → S1 transition energy decreased by heteroatom substitution of S atoms with O or NH, while they increased by replacing two S atoms with CH2. For intramolecular isomerization, one-electron excitation is the most effective way to trigger the closed-ring (O → C) reaction, while the open-ring (C → O) reaction occurs most readily in the presence of one-electron reduction. Moreover, it is confirmed that substitution with strong electron donating groups (-OCH3/-NH2) or with one O/two CH2 heteroatoms leads to a more favorable closed-ring (O → C) reaction. Functionalized with strong electron-withdrawing groups (-NO2 and -COOH) or one/two NH heteroatom substitutions, the open-ring (C → O) reaction is easier. Our results confirmed that the photochromic and electrochromic properties of DAE can be tuned effectively by molecular modifications, which provides theoretical guidance for the design of new DAE-based photochromic/electrochromic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyan Huang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Yongze Zhao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Zehua Huang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Xinyuan Tang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Yan He
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
| | - Huifang Li
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266061, China
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15
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Pang E, Zhao S, Wang B, Niu G, Song X, Lan M. Strategies to construct efficient singlet oxygen-generating photosensitizers. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Evolution of BODIPY/aza-BODIPY dyes for organic photoredox/energy transfer catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Nag P, Bera A, Vennapusa SR. Rapid Intersystem Crossing Induced by Ultrafast Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer in 3-Mercaptopyran-4-one. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6407-6415. [PMID: 36069738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Investigation into the photoinduced processes of 3-mercaptopyran-4-one is carried out using trajectory-based surface hopping simulations. Excitation into the near-degenerate higher singlet excited states reveals rapid internal conversion (IC) into S1 on a sub-50 fs timescale. Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) also takes place simultaneously with IC. We observe that following tautomerization, the molecule has multiple relaxation pathways. A channel exists for it to nonradiatively decay into the tautomer ground-state or undergo rapid intersystem crossing (ISC) into the close-lying higher triplet state, which ultimately decays into T1. The simulations show that ISC is significantly enhanced after ESIPT, which is studied by tracking the changes in energy gaps and associated spin-orbit coupling elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Probal Nag
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Anshuman Bera
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Sivaranjana Reddy Vennapusa
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
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18
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Alberto ME, De Simone BC, Marino T, Toscano M, Russo N. Chalcogen Effects in the Photophysical Properties of Dimethylamino-1,8-naphthalimide Dyes Revealed by DFT Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5167-5172. [PMID: 35894928 PMCID: PMC9376948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Thionation of carbonyl groups of known dyes is a rapidly
emerging
strategy to propose an advance toward heavy-atom-free photosensitizers
to be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The sulfur-for-oxygen replacement
has recently proved to enhance the singlet oxygen quantum yield of
some existing fluorophores and to shift the absorption band at longer
wavelengths. Drawing inspiration from this challenging evidence, the
effect of both sulfur- and selenium-for-oxygen replacement in the
skeleton of the oxo-4-dimethylamino-1,8-naphthalimide molecule (DMN)
has been analyzed by means of a DFT study. The thio- and seleno-derivatives
(SDMN and SeDMN, respectively) have been shown to offer the possibility
to access a multitude of ISC (intersystem crossing) pathways involved
in the triplet deactivation mechanisms with a consequent enhancement
of the singlet oxygen production, also arising from the change of
orbital type involved in the radiationless 1nπ* → 3ππ* transitions. Moreover, the change in nature
from a 1ππ* to a 1nπ* observed
in the SeDMN has been revealed to be crucial to reach more clinically
useful regions of the spectrum suggesting that the selenium-for-oxygen
replacement can be proposed as a strategy to achieve more suitable
PDT agents while proposing an advance toward heavy-atom-free PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Erminia Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Bruna Clara De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
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19
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Sia RCE, Arellano-Reyes RA, Keyes TE, Guthmuller J. Radiative lifetime of a BODIPY dye as calculated by TDDFT and EOM-CCSD methods: solvent and vibronic effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26324-26335. [PMID: 34787616 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03775g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The radiative emission lifetime and associated S1 excited state properties of a BODIPY dye are investigated with TDDFT and EOM-CCSD calculations. The effects of a solvent are described with the polarizable continuum model using the linear response (LR) approach as well as state-specific methods. The Franck-Condon (FC), Herzberg-Teller (HT) and Duschinsky vibronic effects are evaluated for the absorption and emission spectra, and for the radiative lifetime. The transition energies, spectra shapes and radiative lifetime are assessed with respect to experimental results. It is found that the TDDFT transition energies are overestimated by about 0.4-0.5 eV, whereas EOM-CCSD improves the vertical emission energy by about 0.1 eV in comparison to TDDFT. The solvatochromic and Stokes shifts are better reproduced by the state-specific solvation methods, which show that these methods are more suited than the LR model to describe the solvent effects on the BODIPY dye. The vibronic effects lead to an increase of the radiative lifetime of about 0.4 to 1.0 ns depending on the theoretical approach, which highlights the importance of such effects. Moreover, the HT effects are negligible on both the spectra and lifetime, which demonstrates that the FC approximation is accurate for the BODIPY dye. Finally, the comparison with experimental data shows that the radiative lifetimes predicted by EOM-CCSD and TDDFT have comparable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengel Cane E Sia
- Institute of Physics and Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Ruben Arturo Arellano-Reyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Institute of Physics and Computer Science, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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20
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Wang D, Kuzma ML, Tan X, He TC, Dong C, Liu Z, Yang J. Phototherapy and optical waveguides for the treatment of infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114036. [PMID: 34740763 PMCID: PMC8665112 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant microbes, it is imperative to seek alternative means for infection control. Optical waveguides are an auspicious delivery method for precise administration of phototherapy. Studies have shown that phototherapy is promising in fighting against a myriad of infectious pathogens (i.e. viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) including biofilm-forming species and drug-resistant strains while evading treatment resistance. When administered via optical waveguides, phototherapy can treat both superficial and deep-tissue infections while minimizing off-site effects that afflict conventional phototherapy and pharmacotherapy. Despite great therapeutic potential, exact mechanisms, materials, and fabrication designs to optimize this promising treatment option are underexplored. This review outlines principles and applications of phototherapy and optical waveguides for infection control. Research advances, challenges, and outlook regarding this delivery system are rigorously discussed in a hope to inspire future developments of optical waveguide-mediated phototherapy for the management of infection and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michelle Laurel Kuzma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xinyu Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Academy of Orthopedics, Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510280, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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21
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Pham TC, Nguyen VN, Choi Y, Lee S, Yoon J. Recent Strategies to Develop Innovative Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13454-13619. [PMID: 34582186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a robust strategy to design photosensitizers (PSs) for various species. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical-based treatment approach that involves the use of light combined with a light-activated chemical, referred to as a PS. Attractively, PDT is one of the alternatives to conventional cancer treatment due to its noninvasive nature, high cure rates, and low side effects. PSs play an important factor in photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Although the concept of photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy has been widely adopted for clinical trials and bioimaging, until now, to our surprise, there has been no relevant review article on rational designs of organic PSs for PDT. Furthermore, most of published review articles in PDT focused on nanomaterials and nanotechnology based on traditional PSs. Therefore, this review aimed at reporting recent strategies to develop innovative organic photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy, with each example described in detail instead of providing only a general overview, as is typically done in previous reviews of PDT, to provide intuitive, vivid, and specific insights to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Chung Pham
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yeonghwan Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.,Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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22
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Kang Z, Lv F, Wu Q, Li H, Li Z, Wu FX, Wang Z, Jiao L, Hao E. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Strategy for Direct and Regioselective Oligomerization of BODIPY Dyes. Org Lett 2021; 23:7986-7991. [PMID: 34606282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A family of directly β,γ-linked BODIPY oligomers up to pentamers were regioselectively prepared via Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidative C-H cross-coupling. The structural integrity of β,γ-linked dimers was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography. These structurally unprecedented oligomers showed red-shifted absorptions and near-infrared emissions along with efficient intersystem crossing, giving ΦΔ in the range of 12-43%, for potential use as heavy-atom-free photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Kang
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Fan Lv
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Heng Li
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zhongxin Li
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Feng-Xi Wu
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
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23
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Gong Q, Wu Q, Guo X, Li W, Wang L, Hao E, Jiao L. Strategic Construction of Sulfur-Bridged BODIPY Dimers and Oligomers as Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers. Org Lett 2021; 23:7220-7225. [PMID: 34463517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An efficient strategy for building sulfur-bridged oligo-BODIPYs based on the SNAr reaction is described. These oligo-BODIPYs showed broadband and strong visible-near-infrared (NIR) light absorption, strong intramolecular exciton coupling, and efficient intersystem crossing (ISC). Generation of 1O2 as well as O2•- under irradiation was found to give high reactive oxygen species generation efficiencies for those oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbao Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xing Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Wanwan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Long Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Erhong Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
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24
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Postils V, Ruipérez F, Casanova D. Mild Open-Shell Character of BODIPY and Its Impact on Singlet and Triplet Excitation Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:5825-5838. [PMID: 34517706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes and rationalizes the electronic structure of BODIPY combining a large variety of quantum chemistry methods and computational tools. Examination of the obtained results using state-of-the-art electronic structure analyses provides a new and complete interpretation of the nature of low-lying electronic states in BODIPY and elucidates the limitations of excited-state methods in the computation of T1 and S1 energies, that is, systematic under- and overestimation of time-dependent density functional theory energies, respectively, and a large overestimation of the T1/S1 energy gap. Our analysis identifies the important role and physical origin of the mild open-shell character in the BODIPY ground state, that is, strong highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital exchange interactions. The study provides guidelines for the accurate quantification of the T1/S1 gap, which is extremely relevant for the computational investigation of the photophysical properties of BODIPY and its derivatives. These conclusions should be taken into consideration in order to predict and interpret conspicuous photoactivated phenomena such as intersystem crossing, singlet fission, and triplet-triplet annihilation. Moreover, we believe that our study might provide new ideas and strategies for the analysis of other molecular chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verònica Postils
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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25
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Cetindere S, Clausing ST, Anjass M, Luo Y, Kupfer S, Dietzek B, Streb C. Covalent Linkage of BODIPY-Photosensitizers to Anderson-Type Polyoxometalates Using CLICK Chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:17181-17187. [PMID: 34519409 PMCID: PMC9292257 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of molecular photosensitizers (PS) to polyoxometalates (POMs) opens new pathways to PS‐POM dyads for light‐driven charge‐transfer and charge‐storage. Here, we report a synthetic route for the covalent linkage of BODIPY‐dyes to Anderson‐type polyoxomolybdates by using CLICK chemistry (i. e. copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition, CuAAC). Photophysical properties of the dyad were investigated by combined experimental and theoretical methods and highlight the role of both sub‐components for the charge‐separation properties. The study demonstrates how CLICK chemistry can be used for the versatile linkage of organic functional units to molecular metal oxide clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Cetindere
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Simon T Clausing
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Montaha Anjass
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yusen Luo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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26
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Xu N, Xiao Y, Ni Z, Gai L, Zhou Z, Lu H. Rationalizing the effect of benzo-fusion at [a] and [b] positions of BODIPY on fluorescence yields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17402-17407. [PMID: 34350928 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03160k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The origin of the large difference of fluorescence yields between benzo[a] and benzo[b] BODIPY derivatives was investigated. The benzo[a]-BODIPY chromophore shows high fluorescence yields while the totally quenched fluorescence of benzo[b]-BODIPYs is observed. Quantum calculations indicated that larger spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and smaller singlet-triplet energy gaps result in non-fluorescence for benzo[b]-BODIPY. Benzo[b]-fusion makes a partial contribution to the HOMO but a full contribution to the HOMO-1, and thus the S1→ S0 and T2→ S0 transitions, involved in HOMO-LUMO and HOMO-1-LUMO, have different characteristics, which leads to spin flipping for intersystem crossing (ISC) and increases the SOC to 1.70 cm-1. However, benzo[a] contributes to HOMO and HOMO-1 equally, and minimizes the SOC between S1 and T2, leading to slow ISC from S1, thus possessing strong fluorescence. These results are useful for the rational design of heavy-atom-free triplet organic chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.
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27
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Wang J, Boens N, Jiao L, Hao E. Aromatic [b]-fused BODIPY dyes as promising near-infrared dyes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:4135-4156. [PMID: 32441725 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Far-red and near-infrared (NIR) absorbing/emitting dyes have found diverse applications in biomedicine and material science. However, the absorption and emission of classical BODIPY chromophores at short wavelength hamper their applications. Several strategies have been adopted to modify the structure of the BODIPY core to design NIR dyes. Among these, the most efficient approach to expand the π-conjugation of the BODIPY core is via fusion of aromatic rings. So far, many novel BODIPY skeletons fused to aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocycles at the b bond have been reported. This review comprehensively describes the recent advances regarding the development of aromatic [b]-fused BODIPY dyes with the focus on the design and synthesis, the relationships between their photophysical/spectroscopic properties and molecular structures, and the potential applications in bioassays and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China. and Department of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Noël Boens
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Erhong Hao
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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Ansteatt S, Meares A, Ptaszek M. Amphiphilic Near-IR-Emitting 3,5- Bis(2-Pyrrolylethenyl)BODIPY Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Comparison with Other (Hetero)Arylethenyl-Substituted BODIPYs. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8755-8765. [PMID: 34129326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,5-bis(hetero)arylethenyl-substituted BODIPY derivatives have been prepared by Knoevenagel-type condensation of alkyl-substituted BODIPY with the corresponding aldehydes. 2-Pyrrolylethenyl-substituted derivatives feature near-IR emission (λem > 700 nm) with a high fluorescence quantum yield. Both the emission maxima and fluorescence quantum yields are relatively insensitive to solvent polarity, contrary to the corresponding near-IR-emitting 4-(N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)ethenyl derivatives. Alkylation at the N-pyrrolic position of the ethenyl substituent allows for the installation of the hydrophilic PEG group and afforded amphiphilic BODIPY derivatives. Overall, 2-pyrrolylethenyl-substituted BODIPY derivatives appear to be versatile fluorophores with potential applications in near-IR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ansteatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore 21250, Maryland, United States
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore 21250, Maryland, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore 21250, Maryland, United States
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29
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Photochemical Properties and Stability of BODIPY Dyes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136735. [PMID: 34201648 PMCID: PMC8267640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is devoted to the combined experimental and theoretical description
of the photophysical properties and photodegradation of the new boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)
derivatives obtained recently for biomedical applications, such as bacteria photoinactivation
(Piskorz et al., Dyes and Pigments 2020, 178, 108322). Absorption and emission spectra for a wide
group of solvents of different properties for the analyzed BODIPY derivatives were investigated
in order to verify their suitability for photopharmacological applications. Additionally, the photostability
of the analyzed systems were thoroughly determined. The exposition to the UV light was
found first to cause the decrease in the most intensive absorption band and the appearance of the
hypsochromically shifted band of similar intensity. On the basis of the chromatographic and computational
study, this effect was assigned to the detachment of the iodine atoms from the BODIPY core.
After longer exposition to UV light, photodegradation occurred, leading to the disappearance of the
intensive absorption bands and the emergence of small intensity signals in the strongly blue-shifted
range of the spectrum. Since the most intensive bands in original dyes are ascribed to the molecular
core bearing the BF2 moiety, this result can be attributed to the significant cleavage of the BF2 ring. In
order to fully characterize the obtained molecules, the comprehensive computational chemistry study
was performed. The influence of the intermolecular interactions for their absorption in solution was
analyzed. The theoretical data entirely support the experimental outcomes.
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30
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Dong Y, Taddei M, Doria S, Bussotti L, Zhao J, Mazzone G, Di Donato M. Torsion-Induced Nonradiative Relaxation of the Singlet Excited State of meso-Thienyl Bodipy and Charge Separation, Charge Recombination-Induced Intersystem Crossing in Its Compact Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyads. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4779-4793. [PMID: 33929843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We prepared a series of meso-thienyl boron-dipyrromethene (Bodipy) derivatives to investigate the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). The photophysical properties of the compounds were studied by steady-state and femtosecond/nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, as well as density functional theory (DFT) computations. Different from the meso-phenyl Bodipy analogues, the meso-thienyl Bodipy are weakly fluorescent. Based on femtosecond transient absorption and DFT computations, we propose that the torsion of the thienyl group and the distortion of the Bodipy core (19.7 ps) in the S1 state lead to a conical intersection on the potential energy surface as an efficient nonradiative decay channel (408 ps), which is responsible for the observed weak fluorescence as compared to the meso-phenyl analogue. The increased fluorescence quantum yield (from 5.5 to 14.5%) in viscous solvents supports this hypothesis. With the electron donor 4'-hydroxylphenyl moiety attached to the meso-thienyl unit, the fast charge separation (CS, 15.3 ps) and charge recombination (CR, 238 ps) processes outcompete the torsion-induced nonradiative decay and induce fast ISC through the SOCT-ISC mechanism. The triplet quantum yield of the electron donor/acceptor dyad is highly dependent on solvent polarity (ΦT = 1.9-45%), which supports the SOCT-ISC mechanism, and the triplet-state lifetime is up to 247.3 μs. Using the electron donor-acceptor dyad showing SOCT-ISC as a triplet photosensitizer, efficient triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion was observed with a quantum yield of up to 6.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sandra Doria
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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31
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Bassan E, Gualandi A, Cozzi PG, Ceroni P. Design of BODIPY dyes as triplet photosensitizers: electronic properties tailored for solar energy conversion, photoredox catalysis and photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6607-6628. [PMID: 34040736 PMCID: PMC8132938 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00732g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BODIPYs are renowned fluorescent dyes with strong and tunable absorption in the visible region, high thermal and photo-stability and exceptional fluorescence quantum yields. Transition metal complexes are the most commonly used triplet photosensitisers, but, recently, the use of organic dyes has emerged as a viable and more sustainable alternative. By proper design, BODIPY dyes have been turned from highly fluorescent labels into efficient triplet photosensitizers with strong absorption in the visible region (from green to orange). In this perspective, we report three design strategies: (i) halogenation of the dye skeleton, (ii) donor-acceptor dyads and (iii) BODIPY dimers. We compare pros and cons of these approaches in terms of optical and electrochemical properties and synthetic viability. The potential applications of these systems span from energy conversion to medicine and key examples are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bassan
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna Italy
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32
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Dong Y, Kumar P, Maity P, Kurganskii I, Li S, Elmali A, Zhao J, Escudero D, Wu H, Karatay A, Mohammed OF, Fedin M. Twisted BODIPY derivative: intersystem crossing, electron spin polarization and application as a novel photodynamic therapy reagent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8641-8652. [PMID: 33876025 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00948f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a heavy atom-free BODIPY derivative with a twisted π-conjugated framework were studied. Efficient intersystem crossing (ISC quantum yield: 56%) and an exceptionally long-lived triplet state were observed (4.5 ms in solid polymer film matrix and 197.5 μs in solution). Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy and DFT computations confirmed the delocalization of the triplet state on the whole twisted π-conjugated framework and the zero-field-splitting (ZFS) D parameter of D = -69.5 mT, which is smaller than that of 2,6-diiodoBODIPY (D = -104.6 mT). The electron spin polarization (ESP) phase pattern of the triplet state TREPR spectrum of the twisted BODIPY is (a, a, e, a, e, e), which is different from that of 2,6-diiodo BODIPY (e, e, e, a, a, a), indicating that the electron spin selectivity of the ISC of the twisted structure is different from that of the spin orbital coupling effect. According to the computed spin-orbit coupling matrix elements (0.154-1.964 cm-1), together with the matched energy of the S1/Tn states, ISC was proposed to occur via S1→T2/T3. The computational results were consistent with TREPR results on the electron spin selectivity (the overpopulation of the TY sublevel of the T1 state). The advantage of the long-lived triplet state of the twisted BODIPY was demonstrated by its efficient singlet oxygen (1O2) photosensitizing (ΦΔ = 50.0%) even under a severe hypoxia atmosphere (pO2 = 0.2%, v/v). A high light toxicity (EC50 = 1.0 μM) and low dark toxicity (EC50 = 78.5 μM) were observed for the twisted BODIPY, and thus the cellular studies demonstrate its potential as a novel potent heavy atom-free photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China.
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Zhu SE, Zhang JH, Gong Y, Dou LF, Mao LH, Lu HD, Wei CX, Chen H, Wang XF, Yang W. Broadband Visible Light-Absorbing [70]Fullerene-BODIPY-Triphenylamine Triad: Synthesis and Application as Heavy Atom-Free Organic Triplet Photosensitizer for Photooxidation. Molecules 2021; 26:1243. [PMID: 33669144 PMCID: PMC7956457 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A broadband visible light-absorbing [70]fullerene-BODIPY-triphenylamine triad (C70-B-T) has been synthesized and applied as a heavy atom-free organic triplet photosensitizer for photooxidation. By attaching two triphenylmethyl amine units (TPAs) to the π-core of BODIPY via ethynyl linkers, the absorption range of the antenna is extended to 700 nm with a peak at 600 nm. Thus, the absorption spectrum of C70-B-T almost covers the entire UV-visible region (270-700 nm). The photophysical processes are investigated by means of steady-state and transient spectroscopies. Upon photoexcitation at 339 nm, an efficient energy transfer (ET) from TPA to BODIPY occurs both in C70-B-T and B-T, resulting in the appearance of the BODIPY emission at 664 nm. Direct or indirect (via ET) excitation of the BODIPY-part of C70-B-T is followed by photoinduced ET from the antenna to C70, thus the singlet excited state of C70 (1C70*) is populated. Subsequently, the triplet excited state of C70 (3C70*) is produced via the intrinsic intersystem crossing of C70. The photooxidation ability of C70-B-T was studied using 1,5-dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN) as a chemical sensor. The photooxidation efficiency of C70-B-T is higher than that of the individual components of C70-1 and B-T, and even higher than that of methylene blue (MB). The photooxidation rate constant of C70-B-T is 1.47 and 1.51 times as that of C70-1 and MB, respectively. The results indicate that the C70-antenna systems can be used as another structure motif for a heavy atom-free organic triplet photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-E Zhu
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Jian-Hui Zhang
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Yu Gong
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Li-Feng Dou
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Li-Hua Mao
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Hong-Dian Lu
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Chun-Xiang Wei
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Xue-Fei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
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Roque JA, Barrett PC, Cole HD, Lifshits LM, Bradner E, Shi G, von Dohlen D, Kim S, Russo N, Deep G, Cameron CG, Alberto ME, McFarland SA. Os(II) Oligothienyl Complexes as a Hypoxia-Active Photosensitizer Class for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16341-16360. [PMID: 33126792 PMCID: PMC7669743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia presents a challenge to anticancer therapy, reducing the efficacy of many available treatments. Photodynamic therapy is particularly susceptible to hypoxia, given that its mechanism relies on oxygen. Herein, we introduce two new osmium-based polypyridyl photosensitizers that are active in hypoxia. The lead compounds emerged from a systematic study of two Os(II) polypyridyl families derived from 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmb) as coligands combined with imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligands tethered to n = 0-4 thiophenes (IP-nT). The compounds were characterized and investigated for their spectroscopic and (photo)biological activities. The two hypoxia-active Os(II) photosensitizers had n = 4 thiophenes, with the bpy analogue 1-4T being the most potent. In normoxia, 1-4T had low nanomolar activity (half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 1-13 nM) with phototherapeutic indices (PI) ranging from 5500 to 55 000 with red and visible light, respectively. A sub-micromolar potency was maintained even in hypoxia (1% O2), with light EC50 and PI values of 732-812 nM and 68-76, respectively -currently among the largest PIs for hypoxic photoactivity. This high degree of activity coincided with a low-energy, long-lived (0.98-3.6 μs) mixed-character intraligand charge-transfer (3ILCT)/ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (3LLCT) state only accessible in quaterthiophene complexes 1-4T and 2-4T. The coligand identity strongly influenced the photophysical and photobiological results in this study, whereby the bpy coligand led to longer lifetimes (3.6 μs) and more potent photo-cytotoxicity relative to those of dmb. The unactivated compounds were relatively nontoxic both in vitro and in vivo. The maximum tolerated dose for 1-4T and 2-4T in mice was greater than or equal to 200 mg kg-1, an excellent starting point for future in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Patrick C. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Liubov M. Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Evan Bradner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1×5, Canada
| | - David von Dohlen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, 27402 USA
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157 USA
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, 27157 USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
| | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Italy
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 76019 USA
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Xu Z, Huang Y, Cao Y, Jin T, Miller KA, Kaledin AL, Musaev DG, Lian T, Egap E. Enhanced intersystem crossing of boron dipyrromethene by TEMPO radical. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:154201. [PMID: 33092372 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical enhanced intersystem crossing (EISC) of organic chromophores is an important approach to generate a long-lived triplet state for various electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, structural factors and design rules to promote EISC are not entirely clear. In this work, we report a series of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives covalently linked with a 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) radical with varying distances and topologies. We show that the incorporation of the TEMPO radical to BODIPY results in strong fluorescence quenching by up to 85% as a result of EISC and enhanced internal conversion. In BDP-2AR [2-(4-methyleneamino-TEMPO) BODIPY], a dyad with the shortest BODIPY-TEMPO through-bond distance, we observe the fastest EISC rate (τisc = 1.4 ns) and the longest triplet excited state lifetime (τT = 32 µs) compared to other distance and geometry variations. Contrary to previous reports and a general presumption, the BODIPY-TEMPO through-bond distance in this system does not play a significant role on the triplet formation rate and yield. Density functional theory suggests a folding of the TEMPO radical to form a sandwich-like structure with a BODIPY ring that leads to a decrease in the through-space distance, providing a new and an interesting insight for the radical enhanced intersystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yiming Huang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Yulei Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Kristen A Miller
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Alexey L Kaledin
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Deckers J, Cardeynaels T, Penxten H, Ethirajan A, Ameloot M, Kruk M, Champagne B, Maes W. Near‐Infrared BODIPY‐Acridine Dyads Acting as Heavy‐Atom‐Free Dual‐Functioning Photosensitizers. Chemistry 2020; 26:15212-15225. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Deckers
- UHasselt-Hasselt University Institute for Materials Research (IMO) Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS) Agoralaan 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- IMEC Associated Lab IMOMEC Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tom Cardeynaels
- UHasselt-Hasselt University Institute for Materials Research (IMO) Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS) Agoralaan 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- IMEC Associated Lab IMOMEC Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- UNamur-University of Namur Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LTC) Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit Namur Institute of Structured Matter Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Huguette Penxten
- UHasselt-Hasselt University Institute for Materials Research (IMO) Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS) Agoralaan 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Anitha Ethirajan
- IMEC Associated Lab IMOMEC Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- UHasselt-Hasselt University Institute for Materials Research (IMO) Nano-Biophysics and Soft Matter Interfaces (NSI) Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- UHasselt-Hasselt University Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) Agoralaan 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Mikalai Kruk
- Belarusian State Technological University Sverdlov Str., 13a 220006 Minsk Belarus
| | - Benoît Champagne
- UNamur-University of Namur Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry (LTC) Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit Namur Institute of Structured Matter Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- UHasselt-Hasselt University Institute for Materials Research (IMO) Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS) Agoralaan 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
- IMEC Associated Lab IMOMEC Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
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Yakubov S, Barham JP. Photosensitized direct C-H fluorination and trifluoromethylation in organic synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2151-2192. [PMID: 32952732 PMCID: PMC7476599 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of fluorinated products in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry has necessitated the development of synthetic fluorination methods, of which direct C-H fluorination is among the most powerful. Despite the challenges and limitations associated with the direct fluorination of unactivated C-H bonds, appreciable advancements in manipulating the selectivity and reactivity have been made, especially via transition metal catalysis and photochemistry. Where transition metal catalysis provides one strategy for C-H bond activation, transition-metal-free photochemical C-H fluorination can provide a complementary selectivity via a radical mechanism that proceeds under milder conditions than thermal radical activation methods. One exciting development in C-F bond formation is the use of small-molecule photosensitizers, allowing the reactions i) to proceed under mild conditions, ii) to be user-friendly, iii) to be cost-effective and iv) to be more amenable to scalability than typical photoredox-catalyzed methods. In this review, we highlight photosensitized C-H fluorination as a recent strategy for the direct and remote activation of C-H (especially C(sp3)-H) bonds. To guide the readers, we present the developing mechanistic understandings of these reactions and exemplify concepts to assist the future planning of reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Li F, Li M, Fan J, Song Y, Wang CK, Lin L. Theoretical Study on Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters in White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes: Emission Mechanism and Molecular Design. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7526-7537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Muzhen Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yuzhi Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing & Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technical Center of Light Manipulations, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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Thomson CG, Lee AL, Vilela F. Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1495-1549. [PMID: 32647551 PMCID: PMC7323633 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between photocatalysis and continuous flow chemical reactors has shifted the paradigms of photochemistry, opening new avenues of research with safer and scalable processes that can be readily implemented in academia and industry. Current state-of-the-art photocatalysts are homogeneous transition metal complexes that have favourable photophysical properties, wide electrochemical redox potentials, and photostability. However, these photocatalysts present serious drawbacks, such as toxicity, limited availability, and the overall cost of rare transition metal elements. This reduces their long-term viability, especially at an industrial scale. Heterogeneous photocatalysts (HPCats) are an attractive alternative, as the requirement for the separation and purification is largely removed, but typically at the cost of efficiency. Flow chemical reactors can, to a large extent, mitigate the loss in efficiency through reactor designs that enhance mass transport and irradiation. Herein, we review some important developments of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials and their application in flow reactors for sustainable organic synthesis. Further, the application of continuous flow heterogeneous photocatalysis in environmental remediation is briefly discussed to present some interesting reactor designs that could be implemented to enhance organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
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Qi S, Kwon N, Yim Y, Nguyen VN, Yoon J. Fine-tuning the electronic structure of heavy-atom-free BODIPY photosensitizers for fluorescence imaging and mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6479-6484. [PMID: 34094113 PMCID: PMC8152625 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostics that combines both diagnosis and therapy into a single platform has recently emerged as a promising biomedical approach for cancer treatment; however, the development of efficient theranostic agents with excellent optical properties remains a challenge. Here, we report novel mitochondria-targeting BODIPY photosensitizers (R-BODs) that possess considerable singlet oxygen generation capabilities and good fluorescence properties for imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT). The incorporation of sulfur atoms into the π-conjugated skeleton of BODIPY along with the introduction of different functional groups at the meso-position of the BODIPY core is essential for tuning the photophysical and photosensitizing properties. Notably, the MeOPh-substituted thiophene-fused BODIPY (MeO-BOD, R = p-methoxyphenyl) displayed the highest singlet oxygen generation capability (Φ Δ ≈ 0.85 in air-saturated acetonitrile) and a moderate fluorescence quantum yield (Φ f = 17.11). Furthermore, MeO-BOD showed good biocompatibility, low dark toxicity and superior fluorescence imaging properties in living cells. More importantly, the PDT efficacy of mitochondria-specific anchoring of MeO-BOD was remarkably amplified with an extremely low half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 95 nM. We believe that the incorporation of an electron-donating group at the meso-position of the thiophene-fused BODIPY platform may be an effective approach for developing theranostic agents for precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Yubin Yim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University Da Nang 550000 Vietnam
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
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41
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Thomson CG, Jones CMS, Rosair G, Ellis D, Marques-Hueso J, Lee AL, Vilela F. Continuous-flow synthesis and application of polymer-supported BODIPY Photosensitisers for the generation of singlet oxygen; process optimised by in-line NMR spectroscopy. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCommercial polystyrene Merrifield-type resins have been post-synthetically functionalised with BODIPY photosensitisers via a novel aryl ester linking strategy in continuous-flow. A unique synthetic advantage of post-synthetically modifying heterogeneous materials in flow was identified. The homogeneous analogues of the polymer-supported BODIPYs were synthesised and used as reference to assess photophysical properties altered by the polymer-support and linker. The homogeneous and polymer-supported BODIPYs were applied in visible-light photosensitisation of singlet oxygen for the conversion of α-terpinene to ascaridole. Materials produced in flow were superior to batch in terms of functional loading and photosensitisation efficiency. Flow photochemical reactions generally outperformed batch by a factor of 4 with respect to rate of reaction. The polymer-supported BODIPY resins could be irradiated for 96 h without loss of photosensitising ability. Additional material synthetic modification and conditions optimisation using an in-line NMR spectrometer resulted in a 24-fold rate enhancement from the initial material and conditions.
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42
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Lee Y, Malamakal RM, Chenoweth DM, Anna JM. Halogen Bonding Facilitates Intersystem Crossing in Iodo-BODIPY Chromophores. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:877-884. [PMID: 31931562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BODIPY chromophores can serve as organic-based triplet photosensitizers for a wide range of applications. To perform this function, the formation of the triplet state is critical, and a better understanding of how to modulate the formation of the triplet state could lead to further advances in BODIPY-based sensitizers for solar energy conversion and photodynamic therapy. In this work we investigate the ability of halogen bonding, a noncovalent solvent interaction, to facilitate intersystem crossing in a diiodo-BODIPY. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy is applied to diiodo-BODIPY in the presence of pyridine-based halogen bonding solvent molecules to determine the rate constants for intersystem crossing. We find that halogen bonding facilitates the formation of the triplet state by increasing the intersystem crossing rate constant of diiodo-BODIPY. The results are interpreted in terms of the Marcus expression for intersystem crossing. Quantum chemical calculations show that halogen bonding acts to alter both the spin-orbit coupling terms and the relative energetics of the singlet and triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Lee
- University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34 Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 United States
| | - Roy M Malamakal
- University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34 Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 United States
| | - David M Chenoweth
- University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34 Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 United States
| | - Jessica M Anna
- University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34 Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 United States
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43
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Wang C, Qian Y. A novel BODIPY-based photosensitizer with pH-active singlet oxygen generation for photodynamic therapy in lysosomes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 17:8001-8007. [PMID: 31410437 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01242g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel photosensitizer BDPI-lyso has been developed for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The photosensitizer BDPI-lyso showed a high singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ = 0.95) and low fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF = 0.05) in EtOH. Different singlet oxygen quantum yields were found in acidic solution (pH = 5, ΦΔ = 0.51) and in neutral solution (pH = 7, ΦΔ = 0.38). DFT and TD-DFT calculations of BDPI-lyso and its protonated product BDPI-lysoH+ indicated that the S1/T3 transition was responsible for the intersystem crossing (ISC) enhancement which would promote the production of singlet oxygen. The negligible dark cytotoxicity toward the hepatoma cell line Bel-7402 was confirmed by MTT assay, AO/EB dual staining, and cell images. Upon exposure to a low dose of light illumination, the disruption of the cell plasma membrane and the calculated half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.4 μM showed a high phototoxicity of the photosensitizer BDPI-lyso. The light-induced intracellular ROS generation was verified as the PDT mechanism of BDPI-lyso. Colocalization experiments of LysoTracker Green and BDPI-lyso in the dark indicated the good lysosome-targeting ability of BDPI-lyso. The images of cells costained with LysoTracker Green and BDPI-lyso, and the appearance of intracellular and extracellular blebs with green fluorescence after light illumination revealed the light-induced dysfunction of lysosomes and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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44
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Cardeynaels T, Paredis S, Deckers J, Brebels S, Vanderzande D, Maes W, Champagne B. Finding the optimal exchange–correlation functional to describe the excited state properties of push–pull organic dyes designed for thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:16387-16399. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02409k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In view of designing organic dyes for TADF, TD-DFT calculations are performed on 10 prototypical donor-acceptor compounds and are benchmarked against riCC2 calculations, demonstrating that modified range-separated hybrids perform best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cardeynaels
- University of Namur
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry
- Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit
- Namur Institute of Structured Matter
- 5000 Namur
| | - Simon Paredis
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC)
- Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS)
- 3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Jasper Deckers
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC)
- Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS)
- 3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Sonny Brebels
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC)
- Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS)
- 3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderzande
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC)
- Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS)
- 3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- Hasselt University
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC)
- Design & Synthesis of Organic Semiconductors (DSOS)
- 3590 Diepenbeek
- Belgium
| | - Benoît Champagne
- University of Namur
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry
- Theoretical and Structural Physical Chemistry Unit
- Namur Institute of Structured Matter
- 5000 Namur
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45
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Kim H, Scholes GD. Configuration mixing upon reorganization of dihedral angle induces rapid intersystem crossing in organic photoredox catalyst. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13292-13298. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A long excited state lifetime is a desirable quality of photocatalysts because it enables a higher probability of energy or electron transfer from the photocatalyst to a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University
- Princeton
- USA
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46
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Zhang R, Duan Y, Liu B. Recent advances of AIE dots in NIR imaging and phototherapy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19241-19250. [PMID: 31544188 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are indispensable tools for imaging and therapy. Organic dots with aggregation-induced emission characteristics (AIE dots) have emerged as a new nanolight for their ultra-brightness, excellent photostability and biocompatibility. Due to the rotor structures, most of the reported AIE luminogens show short wavelength absorption and emission, an intrinsic disadvantage for their biomedical applications. Recently, more exciting examples reveal that properly designed AIE dots can easily reach NIR emission, excitable by near-infrared (NIR) light via multiphoton processes, which also have great potentials in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and phototherapy. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of AIE nanomaterials for NIR fluorescence imaging, PAI, image-guided photodynamic and photothermal therapy (PDT and PTT). We highlight various strategies to improve the energy conversion efficiency of AIE dots through controlling different energy decay pathways. With this review, we hope to encourage more precise design of organic nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhang
- Institute of Biosensing, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Yukun Duan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576.
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576.
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47
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Triplet BODIPY and AzaBODIPY Derived Donor‐acceptor Dyads: Competitive Electron Transfer versus Intersystem Crossing upon Photoexcitation. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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48
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Ponte F, Alberto ME, De Simone BC, Russo N, Sicilia E. Photophysical Exploration of Dual-Approach PtII–BODIPY Conjugates: Theoretical Insights. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9882-9889. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fortuna Ponte
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Marta E. Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Bruna C. De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Ramu V, Gautam S, Kondaiah P, Chakravarty AR. Diplatinum(II) Catecholate of Photoactive Boron-Dipyrromethene for Lysosome-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy in Red Light. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9067-9075. [PMID: 31268715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The binuclear platinum(II) boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) complex [{Pt(dach)}2(μ-Dcrb)] (DP), where dach is 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and H4Dcrb is a morpholine-conjugated BODIPY-linked dicatechol bridging ligand, was prepared for lysosome organelle targeting and near-IR (NIR) light (600-720 nm) induced photocytotoxic activity. The platinum complex [Pt(dach)(cat)] (CP), where H2cat is catechol, was synthesized and used as a control complex without bearing the BODIPY unit. The complex DP displayed a band at 660 nm (ε = 2.1 × 104 M-1 cm-1) in the red region of the UV-visible spectrum recorded in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide/Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMSO/DMEM, pH 7.2). The complex DP and the BODIPY ligand displayed emission in 10% DMSO-DMEM (pH 7.2) giving an λem value of 668 nm (λex = 650 nm) with a ΦF value of 0.02 for DP and 0.16 for H4Dcrb (ΦF, fluorescence quantum yield). Titration experiments using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) indicated that the complex DP and H4Dcrb on irradiation with near-IR light of 600-720 nm generated singlet oxygen (1O2) as the ROS (reactive oxygen species). The complex DP showed significant lysosomal localization and remarkable apoptotic photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects, giving half-maximal inhibitory concentration values (IC50) within 0.6-3.4 μM in HeLa cervical cancer, A549 lung cancer, and MDA-MB231 multidrug resistant cancer cells, while being essentially nontoxic in the dark and in the HPL1D immortalized lung epithelial normal cells. The acridine orange assay using A549 cells showed lysosomal membrane permeabilization by the complex DP under near-IR light (600-720 nm). This complex on near-IR light (600-720 nm) activation in A549 cells induced apoptotic cell death, as observed from an Annexin-V FITC assay.
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Jiang J, Qian Y, Xu Z, Lv Z, Tao P, Xie M, Liu S, Huang W, Zhao Q. Enhancing singlet oxygen generation in semiconducting polymer nanoparticles through fluorescence resonance energy transfer for tumor treatment. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5085-5094. [PMID: 31183060 PMCID: PMC6524665 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05501g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitizers (PSs) are of particular importance for efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT). Challenges for PSs simultaneously possessing strong light-absorbing ability, high 1O2 generation by effective intersystem crossing from the singlet to the triplet state, good water-solubility and excellent photostability still exist. Reported here are a new kind of dual-emissive semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) containing fluorescent BODIPY derivatives and near-infrared (NIR) phosphorescent iridium(iii) complexes. In the SPNs, the BODIPY units serve as the energy donors in the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process for enhancing the light absorption of the SPNs. The NIR emissive iridium(iii) complexes are chosen as the energy acceptors and efficient photosensitizers. The ionized semiconducting polymers can easily self-assemble to form hydrophilic nanoparticles and homogeneously disperse in aqueous solution. Meanwhile, the conjugated backbone of SPNs provides effective shielding for the two luminophores from photobleaching. Thus, an excellent overall performance of the SPN-based PSs has been realized and the high 1O2 yield (0.97) resulting from the synergistic effect of BODIPY units and iridium(iii) complexes through the FRET process is among the best reported for PSs. In addition, owing to the phosphorescence quenching of iridium(iii) complexes caused by 3O2, the SPNs can also be utilized for O2 mapping in vitro and in vivo, which assists in the evaluation of the PDT process and provides important instructions in early-stage cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Zihan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Zhuang Lv
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Peng Tao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Mingjuan Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ;
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) , Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) , Xi'an 710072 , Shaanxi , China .
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays , Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT) , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ;
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