1
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Kim S, Zhou X, Li Y, Yang Q, Liu X, Graf R, Blom PWM, Ferguson CTJ, Landfester K. Size-Dependent Photocatalytic Reactivity of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404054. [PMID: 38925104 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Particle size is a critical factor for improving photocatalytic reactivity of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) as mass transfer in the porous materials is often the rate-limiting step. However, due to the synthetic challenge of controlling the size of CMPs, the impact of particle size is yet to be investigated. To address this problem, a simple and versatile dispersion polymerization route that can synthesize dispersible CMP nanoparticles with controlled size from 15 to 180 nm is proposed. Leveraging the precise control of the size, it is demonstrated that smaller CMP nanoparticles have dramatically higher photocatalytic reactivity in various organic transformations, achieving more than 1000% enhancement in the reaction rates by decreasing the size from 180 to 15 nm. The size-dependent photocatalytic reactivity is further scrutinized using a kinetic model and transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing that only the initial 5 nm-thick surface layer of CMP nanoparticles is involved in the photocatalytic reactions because of internal mass transfer limitations. This finding substantiates the potential of small CMP nanoparticles to efficiently use photo-generated excitons and improve energy-efficiency of numerous photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xin Zhou
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yungui Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Calum T J Ferguson
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Trienes S, Xu J, Ackermann L. Photoinduced C-H arylation of 1,3-azoles via copper/photoredox dual catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7293-7299. [PMID: 38756807 PMCID: PMC11095366 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The visible light-induced C-H arylation of azoles has been accomplished by dual-catalytic system with the aid of an inexpensive ligand-free copper(i)-catalyst in combination with a suitable photoredox catalyst. An organic photoredox catalyst, 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH), was identified as effective, cost-efficient and environmentally-benign alternative to commonly-used, expensive Ir(iii)-based complexes. The method proved applicable for the C-H arylation of various azole derivatives, including oxazoles, benzoxazoles, thiazoles, benzothiazoles as well as more challenging imidazoles and benzimidazoles. Moreover, the derivatization of complex molecules and the gram scale synthesis of the natural product balsoxin reflected the synthetic utility of the developed strategy. Mechanistic studies were indicative of a single electron transfer-based (SET) mechanism with an aryl radical as key intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Trienes
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Potsdamer Straße 58 10875 Berlin Germany
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Potsdamer Straße 58 10875 Berlin Germany
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3
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Whitaker W, Sazanovich IV, Kwon Y, Jeon W, Kwon MS, Orr-Ewing AJ. Characterization of the Reversible Intersystem Crossing Dynamics of Organic Photocatalysts Using Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10775-10788. [PMID: 38096377 PMCID: PMC10758116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are molecules of interest as homogeneous organic photocatalysts (OPCs) for photoredox chemistry. Here, three classes of OPC candidates are studied in dichloromethane (DCM) or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions, using transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. These OPCs are benzophenones with either carbazole (2Cz-BP and 2tCz-BP) or phenoxazine/phenothiazine (2PXZ-BP and 2PTZ-BP) appended groups and the dicyanobenzene derivative 4DP-IPN. Dual lifetimes of the S1 state populations are observed, consistent with reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and TADF emission. Example fluorescence lifetimes in DCM are (5.18 ± 0.01) ns and (6.22 ± 1.27) μs for 2Cz-BP, (1.38 ± 0.01) ns and (0.32 ± 0.01) μs for 2PXZ-BP, and (2.97 ± 0.01) ns and (62.0 ± 5.8) μs for 4DP-IPN. From ground state bleach recoveries and time-correlated single photon counting measurements, triplet quantum yields in DCM are estimated to be 0.62 ± 0.16, 0.04 ± 0.01, and 0.83 ± 0.02 for 2Cz-BP, 2PXZ-BP, and 4DP-IPN, respectively. 4DP-IPN displays similar photophysical behavior to the previously studied OPC 4Cz-IPN. Independent of the choice of solvent, 4DP-IPN, 2Cz-BP, and 2tCz-BP are shown to be TADF emitters, whereas emission by 2PXZ-BP and 2PTZ-BP depends on the molecular environment, with TADF emission enhanced in aggregates compared to monomers. Behavior of this type is representative of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens).
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Affiliation(s)
- William Whitaker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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4
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Yang S, Hu H, Chen M. Photoinduced Palladium-Catalyzed Regio- and Chemoselective Elimination of Primary Alkyl Bromides: A Mild Route to Synthesize Unactivated Terminal Olefins. Org Lett 2023; 25:7968-7973. [PMID: 37888796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Presented is a highly efficient method for visible-light-induced regio- and chemoselective elimination of alkyl halides yielding unactivated terminal olefins vital in organic synthesis. Achieved through ligand control, the reaction exhibits remarkable regioselectivity and suppresses undesired side reactions, particularly 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The process favors primary alkyl halides while preserving secondary and tertiary alkyl bromides, thereby enabling the incorporation of terminal olefins in complex molecules for late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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5
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Puffer KO, Corbin DA, Miyake GM. Impact of Alkyl Core Substitution Kinetics in Diaryl Dihydrophenazine Photoredox Catalysts on Properties and Performance in O-ATRP. ACS Catal 2023; 13:14042-14051. [PMID: 38883439 PMCID: PMC11178316 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) is a controlled radical polymerization method mediated by organic photoredox catalysts (PCs) for producing polymers with well-defined structures. While N,N-diaryl dihydrophenazine PCs have successfully produced polymers with low dispersity (Đ < 1.3) in O-ATRP, low initiator efficiencies (I* ~ 60-80%) indicate an inability to achieve targeted molecular weights and have been attributed to the addition of radicals to the PC core. In this work, we measure the rates of alkyl core substitution (AkCS) to gain insight into why PCs differing in N-aryl group connectivity exhibit differences in polymerization control. Additionally, we evaluate how PC properties evolve during O-ATRP when a non-core-substituted PC is used. PC 1 with 1-naphthyl groups in the N-aryl position resulted in faster AkCS (k 1 = 1.21 ± 0.16 × 10-3 s-1, k 2 = 2.04 ± 0.11 × 10-3 s-1) and better polymerization control at early reaction times as indicated by plots of molecular weight (number average molecular weight = M n) vs conversion compared to PC 2 with 2-naphthyl groups (k 1 = 6.28 ± 0.38 × 10-4 s-1, k 2 = 1.15 ± 0.07 × 10-3 s-1). The differences in rates indicate that N-aryl connectivity can influence polymerization control by changing the rate of AkCS PC formation. The rate of AkCS increased from the initial to the second substitution, suggesting that PC properties are modified by AkCS. Increased PC radical cation (PC•+) oxidation potentials (E 1/2 = 0.26-0.27 V vs SCE) or longer triplet excited-state lifetimes (τ T1 = 1.4-33 μs) for AkCS PCs 1b and 2b compared to parent PCs 1 and 2 (E 1/2 = 0.21-0.22 V vs SCE, τ T1 = 0.61-3.3 μs) were observed and may explain changes to PC performance with AkCS. Insight from evaluation of the formation, properties, and performance of AkCS PCs will facilitate their use in O-ATRP and in other PC-driven organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine O Puffer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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6
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Roy S, Panja S, Sahoo SR, Chatterjee S, Maiti D. Enroute sustainability: metal free C-H bond functionalisation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2391-2479. [PMID: 36924227 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01466d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The term "C-H functionalisation" incorporates C-H activation followed by its transformation. In a single line, this can be defined as the conversion of carbon-hydrogen bonds into carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds. The catalytic functionalisation of C-H bonds using transition metals has emerged as an atom-economical technique to engender new bonds without activated precursors which can be considered as a major drawback while attempting large-scale synthesis. Replacing the transition-metal-catalysed approach with a metal-free strategy significantly offers an alternative route that is not only inexpensive but also environmentally benign to functionalize C-H bonds. Recently metal free synthetic approaches have been flourishing to functionalize C-H bonds, motivated by the search for greener, cost-effective, and non-toxic catalysts. In this review, we will highlight the comprehensive and up-to-date discussion on recent examples of ground-breaking research on green and sustainable metal-free C-H bond functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Sumeet Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Sagnik Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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7
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Weinhold TD, Reece NA, Ribeiro K, Lopez Ocasio M, Watson N, Hanson K, Longstreet AR. Assessing Carbazole Derivatives as Single-Electron Photoreductants. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16928-16936. [PMID: 36472491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The electron-donating capabilities of carbazoles have stimulated interest in their use as photoinduced single-electron reductants. Due to the modularity of the carbazole, a further broadening and understanding of their reactivity could be achieved by manipulating the structure. Herein, eight carbazole derivatives were synthesized, characterized, and assessed as single-electron photoreductants in the hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides and the arylation of N-methylpyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Weinhold
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 33606, United States
| | - Natalie A Reece
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 33606, United States
| | - Kevin Ribeiro
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 33606, United States
| | - Maredh Lopez Ocasio
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 33606, United States
| | - Noelle Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ashley R Longstreet
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 33606, United States
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8
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Cui HL, Chen XH. Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,1- a]isoquinolines through Cu-Catalyzed Condensation/Addition/Oxidation/Cyclization Cascade. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15435-15447. [PMID: 36315447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a copper-catalyzed synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines with terminal alkynes, aldehydes, and tetrahydroisoquinolines. A variety of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines have been prepared in 17-69% yield via a condensation/Mannich-type addition/oxidation/cyclization cascade sequence. Modifications through simple chemical transformations provided highly functionalized molecules containing a privileged framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Avenue, Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
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9
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Eisenreich F, Palmans ARA. Direct C-H Trifluoromethylation of (Hetero)Arenes in Water Enabled by Organic Photoredox-Active Amphiphilic Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201322. [PMID: 35730657 PMCID: PMC9544737 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox-catalyzed chemical conversions are predominantly operated in organic media to ensure good compatibility between substrates and catalysts. Yet, when conducted in aqueous media, they are an attractive, mild, and green way to introduce functional groups into organic molecules. We here show that trifluoromethyl groups can be readily installed into a broad range of organic compounds by using water as the reaction medium and light as the energy source. To bypass solubility obstacles, we developed robust water-soluble polymeric nanoparticles that accommodate reagents and photocatalysts within their hydrophobic interior under high local concentrations. By taking advantage of the high excited state reduction potential of N-phenylphenothiazine (PTH) through UV light illumination, the direct C-H trifluoromethylation of a wide array of small organic molecules is achieved selectively with high substrate conversion. Key to our approach is slowing down the production of CF3 radicals during the chemical process by reducing the catalyst loading as well as the light intensity, thereby improving effectiveness and selectivity of this aqueous photocatalytic method. Furthermore, the catalyst system shows excellent recyclability and can be fueled by sunlight. The method we propose here is versatile, widely applicable, energy efficient, and attractive for late-stage introduction of trifluoromethyl groups into biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Eisenreich
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryInstitute of Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhoven (TheNetherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryInstitute of Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhoven (TheNetherlands
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10
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Pavlovska T, Král Lesný D, Svobodová E, Hoskovcová I, Archipowa N, Kutta RJ, Cibulka R. Tuning Deazaflavins Towards Highly Potent Reducing Photocatalysts Guided by Mechanistic Understanding - Enhancement of the Key Step by the Internal Heavy Atom Effect. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200768. [PMID: 35538649 PMCID: PMC9541856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Deazaflavins are well suited for reductive chemistry acting via a consecutive photo-induced electron transfer, in which their triplet state and semiquinone - the latter is formed from the former after electron transfer from a sacrificial electron donor - are key intermediates. Guided by mechanistic investigations aiming to increase intersystem crossing by the internal heavy atom effect and optimising the concentration conditions to avoid unproductive excited singlet reactions, we synthesised 5-aryldeazaflavins with Br or Cl substituents on different structural positions via a three-component reaction. Bromination of the deazaisoalloxazine core leads to almost 100 % triplet yield but causes photo-instability and enhances unproductive side reactions. Bromine on the 5-phenyl group in ortho position does not affect the photostability, increases the triplet yield, and allows its efficient usage in the photocatalytic dehalogenation of bromo- and chloroarenes with electron-donating methoxy and alkyl groups even under aerobic conditions. Reductive powers comparable to lithium are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Pavlovska
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology, PragueTechnická 5166 28Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - David Král Lesný
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology, PragueTechnická 5166 28Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Eva Svobodová
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology, PragueTechnická 5166 28Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Irena Hoskovcová
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology, PragueTechnická 5166 28Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Archipowa
- Institute for Biophysics and Physical BiochemistryUniversity of RegensburgD-93053RegensburgGermany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgD-93053RegensburgGermany
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology, PragueTechnická 5166 28Prague 6Czech Republic
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11
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Rocker J, Opatz T. Alternatives to Iridium: A Polyaza[7]helicene as a Strongly Reductive Visible Light Photoredox Catalyst. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:415-421. [PMID: 36855668 PMCID: PMC9955290 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of a readily accessible polyazahelicene as a strongly reducing metal-free alternative to the commonly used precious metal based photoredox catalysts is demonstrated. An improved two-step synthesis of the catalyst is described, and its photophysical properties with respect to its use as a photoredox catalyst are evaluated. Its activity under visible light irradiation is proven by application in two double radical light-driven multicomponent reactions. The azahelicene gave comparable results to an iridium-based catalyst originally used for the same transformations.
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12
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Intramolecular Arylation of 2‐Bromobenzenesulfonamides Using DMSO/HCOONa ⋅ 2H
2
O System: An Access To Dibenzosultams. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Solvent as photoreductant for dehalogenation of α-haloketones under catalyst-free conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Jiménez-Almarza A, López-Magano A, Mas-Ballesté R, Alemán J. Tuning the Activity-Stability Balance of Photocatalytic Organic Materials for Oxidative Coupling Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16258-16268. [PMID: 35348315 PMCID: PMC9011354 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three materials containing a photoactive unit, 10-phenyl phenothiazine (PTH), have been studied for the visible light-mediated oxidative coupling of amines. In particular, the materials considered are assembled through the condensation of extended polyimine, polyhydrazone, or polytriazine frameworks. These three materials present different stabilities in the presence of strong nucleophiles such as amines, which is a key factor for efficient catalytic performance. In the series of materials reported herein, the triazine-based material shows the optimal compromise between activity and stability when studied for the oxidative coupling of amines, achieving imine products. Accordingly, while significant leaching of molecular active fragments is ruled out for triazine-based polymers, other materials of the series show a significant chemical erosion as a result of the reaction with the amine substrates. Consequently, only a triazine-based material allows performing several catalytic cycles (up to seven) with yields higher than 80%. The applicability of this heterogeneous catalyst has been proven with a variety of substrates, confirming its stability and obtaining diverse imine coupling products with excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Jiménez-Almarza
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry (Module 7), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto López-Magano
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry (Module 7), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Mas-Ballesté
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry (Module 7), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry (Module 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines occur frequently in a large number of bioactive natural products and pharmaceutically important molecules. The synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline derivatives is an easy and useful way to produce artificial molecules with potential applications. A huge number of excellent methodologies for constructing pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines have been reported in the last decade. This review summarizes the recent advances in this research field covering from 2011 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, PR China.
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16
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Xia W, Zhou ZA, Lv J, Xiang SH, Wang YB, Tan B. Facile synthesis of N-aryl phenothiazines and phenoxazines via Brønsted acid catalyzed C-H amination of arenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1613-1616. [PMID: 35019918 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06730c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
N-Aryl phenothiazines and phenoxazines are of significant importance in various disciplines throughout academia and industry. The conventional synthetic strategy for the construction of these structures centers on the transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl halides with phenothiazines or phenoxazines. Here we present an organocatalytic approach to access N-naphthyl phenothiazine and phenoxazine scaffolds through a straightforward C-H amination of arenes as enabled by an azo group. This reaction features operational simplicity, adequate substrate generality and excellent functional group compatibility. Notably, the efficiency of the catalyst could be perfectly preserved after 5 catalytic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zi-An Zhou
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jie Lv
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shao-Hua Xiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China. .,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong-Bin Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Bin Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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17
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Jheng NY, Ishizaka Y, Naganawa Y, Minami Y, Sekiguchi A, Iizuka K, Nakajima Y. Radical Hydrodehalogenation of Aryl Halides with H2 Catalyzed by a Phenanthroline-Based PNNP Cobalt(I) Complex. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yuan Jheng
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishizaka
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yuki Naganawa
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasunori Minami
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Akira Sekiguchi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kosuke Iizuka
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry (IRC3), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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18
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Pezzetta C, Folli A, Matuszewska O, Murphy D, Davidson RWM, Bonifazi D. peri
‐Xanthenoxanthene (PXX): a Versatile Organic Photocatalyst in Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristofer Pezzetta
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Dr. Reddy's Laboratories (EU) 410 Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0PE United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Folli
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
| | - Oliwia Matuszewska
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
| | - Damien Murphy
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. M. Davidson
- Dr. Reddy's Laboratories (EU) 410 Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0PE United Kingdom
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Vienna Austria
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19
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Eisenreich F, Kuster THR, van Krimpen D, Palmans ARA. Photoredox-Catalyzed Reduction of Halogenated Arenes in Water by Amphiphilic Polymeric Nanoparticles. Molecules 2021; 26:5882. [PMID: 34641426 PMCID: PMC8512223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of organic photoredox catalysts provides new ways to perform metal-free reactions controlled by light. While these reactions are usually performed in organic media, the application of these catalysts at ambient temperatures in aqueous media is of considerable interest. We here compare the activity of two established organic photoredox catalysts, one based on 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH) and one based on an acridinium dye (ACR), in the light-activated dehalogenation of aromatic halides in pure water. Both PTH and ACR were covalently attached to amphiphilic polymers that are designed to form polymeric nanoparticles with hydrodynamic diameter DH ranging between 5 and 11 nm in aqueous solution. Due to the hydrophobic side groups that furnish the interior of these nanoparticles after hydrophobic collapse, water-insoluble reagents can gather within the nanoparticles at high local catalyst and substrate concentrations. We evaluated six different amphiphilic polymeric nanoparticles to assess the effect of polymer length, catalyst loading and nature of the catalyst (PTH or ACR) in the dechlorination of a range of aromatic chlorides. In addition, we investigate the selectivity of both catalysts for reducing different types of aryl-halogen bonds present in one molecule, as well as the activity of the catalysts for C-C cross-coupling reactions. We find that all polymer-based catalysts show high activity for the reduction of electron-poor aromatic compounds. For electron-rich compounds, the ACR-based catalyst is more effective than PTH. In the selective dehalogenation reactions, the order of bond stability is C-Cl > C-Br > C-I irrespective of the catalyst applied. All in all, both water-compatible systems show good activity in water, with ACR-based catalysts being slightly more efficient for more resilient substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (F.E.); (T.H.R.K.); (D.v.K.)
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20
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Badir SO, Lipp A, Krumb M, Cabrera-Afonso MJ, Kammer LM, Wu VE, Huang M, Csakai A, Marcaurelle LA, Molander GA. Photoredox-mediated hydroalkylation and hydroarylation of functionalized olefins for DNA-encoded library synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12036-12045. [PMID: 34667569 PMCID: PMC8457374 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03191k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-encoded library (DEL) technology features a time- and cost-effective interrogation format for the discovery of therapeutic candidates in the pharmaceutical industry. To develop DEL platforms, the implementation of water-compatible transformations that facilitate the incorporation of multifunctional building blocks (BBs) with high C(sp3) carbon counts is integral for success. In this report, a decarboxylative-based hydroalkylation of DNA-conjugated trifluoromethyl-substituted alkenes enabled by single-electron transfer (SET) and subsequent hydrogen atom termination through electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex activation is detailed. In a further photoredox-catalyzed hydroarylation protocol, the coupling of functionalized, electronically unbiased olefins is achieved under air and within minutes of blue light irradiation through the intermediacy of reactive (hetero)aryl radical species with full retention of the DNA tag integrity. Notably, these processes operate under mild reaction conditions, furnishing complex structural scaffolds with a high density of pendant functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorouk O Badir
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Alexander Lipp
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Matthias Krumb
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - María Jesús Cabrera-Afonso
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Lisa Marie Kammer
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Victoria E Wu
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Minxue Huang
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Adam Csakai
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Lisa A Marcaurelle
- Encoded Library Technologies/NCE Molecular Discovery, R&D Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline 200 Cambridge Park Drive Cambridge MA 02140 USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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21
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Gant Kanegusuku AL, Roizen JL. Recent Advances in Photoredox-Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Reactions: An Expanding Toolkit for the Giese Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21116-21149. [PMID: 33629454 PMCID: PMC8382814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photomediated Giese reactions are at the forefront of radical chemistry, much like the classical tin-mediated Giese reactions were nearly forty years ago. With the global recognition of organometallic photocatalysts for the mild and tunable generation of carbon-centered radicals, chemists have developed a torrent of strategies to form previously inaccessible radical intermediates that are capable of engaging in intermolecular conjugate addition reactions. This Review summarizes advances in photoredox-mediated Giese reactions since 2013, with a focus on the breadth of methods that provide access to crucial carbon-centered radical intermediates that can engage in radical conjugate addition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, NC, 27708-0354, USA
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22
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Gant Kanegusuku AL, Roizen JL. Recent Advances in Photoredox‐Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Reactions: An Expanding Toolkit for the Giese Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Department of Chemistry Duke University Box 90346 Durham NC 27708-0354 USA
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23
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González-Muñoz D, Martín-Somer A, Strobl K, Cabrera S, De Pablo PJ, Díaz-Tendero S, Blanco M, Alemán J. Enhancing Visible-Light Photocatalysis via Endohedral Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Organic Dyes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24877-24886. [PMID: 33960195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of an organic dye, 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH), in the inner cavity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as a breaking heterogenization strategy is presented. The PTH@oSWNT material was microscopically and spectroscopically characterized, showing intense photoemission when illuminated with visible light at the nanoscale. Thus, PTH@oSWNT was employed as a heterogeneous photocatalyst in single electron transfer dehalogenation reactions under visible light irradiation. The material showed an enhanced photocatalytic activity, achieving turnover numbers as high as 3200, with complete recyclability and stability for more than eight cycles. Computational calculations confirm that electronic communication between both partners is established because, upon illumination, an electron of the excited PTH is transferred from the π system of the molecule to the delocalized π-cloud of the SWNT, thus justifying the enhanced photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Martín-Somer
- Chemistry Department, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Klara Strobl
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Cabrera
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J De Pablo
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Condensed Matter Physics Center, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Chemistry Department, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías Blanco
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Rombach D, Birenheide B, Wagenknecht H. Photoredox Catalytic Pentafluorosulfanylative Domino Cyclization of α-Substituted Alkenes to Oxaheterocycles by Using SF 6. Chemistry 2021; 27:8088-8093. [PMID: 33831262 PMCID: PMC8252034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Virtually inert sulfur hexafluoride becomes a precious pentafluorosulfanylation agent, if properly activated by photoredox catalysis, to access α-fluoro and α-alkoxy SF5 -compounds. This advanced protocol converts SF6 in the presence of alkynols as bifunctional C-C- and C-O-bond forming reagents directly into pentafluorosulfanylated oxygen-containing heterocycles in a single step from α-substituted alkenes. The proposed mechanism is supported by theoretical calculations and gives insights not only in the pentafluorosulfanylation step but also into formation of the carbon-carbon bond and is in full agreement with Baldwin's cyclization rules. The key step is a radical type 5-, 6- respectively 7-exo-dig-cyclization. The synthesized oxaheterocycles cannot be simply prepared by other synthetic methods, show a high level of structural complexity and significantly expand the scope of pentafluorosulfanylated building blocks valuable for medicinal and material chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rombach
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistrySwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/108093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Bernhard Birenheide
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKalsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Hans‐Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
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25
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Maeda B, Mori G, Sakakibara Y, Yagi A, Murakami K, Itami K. Photo‐Induced Arylation of Carbazoles With Aryldiazonium Salts. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bumpei Maeda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Genki Mori
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki Osaka 569-1125 Japan
| | - Yota Sakakibara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Akiko Yagi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kei Murakami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Department of Chemistry School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
- JST-PRESTO 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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26
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Pallini F, Sangalli E, Sassi M, Roth PMC, Mattiello S, Beverina L. Selective photoredox direct arylations of aryl bromides in water in a microfluidic reactor. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3016-3023. [PMID: 33885555 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Carrying out photoredox direct arylation couplings between aryl halides and aryls in aqueous solutions of surfactants enables unprecedented selectivity with respect to the competing dehalogenation process, thanks to the partition coefficient of the selected sacrificial base. The use of a microfluidic reactor dramatically improves the reaction time, without eroding the yields and selectivity. The design of a metal free sensitizer, which also acts as the surfactant, sizeably improves the overall sustainability of arylation reactions and obviates the need for troublesome purification from traces of metal catalysts. The generality of the method is investigated over a range of halides carrying a selection of electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pallini
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Materials Science, via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milan, Italy
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27
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Williams CK, Lashgari A, Devi N, Ang M, Chaturvedi A, Dhungana P, Jiang JJ. Hydrodechlorination of Dichloromethane by a Metal-Free Triazole-Porphyrin Electrocatalyst: Demonstration of Main-Group Element Electrocatalysis*. Chemistry 2021; 27:6240-6246. [PMID: 33476410 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the electrocatalytic reduction of dichloromethane (CH2 Cl2 ) into hydrocarbons involving a main group element-based molecular triazole-porphyrin electrocatalyst H2PorT8 is reported. This catalyst converted CH2 Cl2 in acetonitrile to various hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, and ethylene) with a Faradaic efficiency of 70 % and current density of -13 mA cm-2 at a potential of -2.2 V vs. Fc/Fc+ using water as a proton source. The findings of this study and its mechanistic interpretations demonstrated that H2PorT8 was an efficient and stable catalyst for the hydrodechlorination of CH2 Cl2 and that main group catalysts could be potentially used for exploring new catalytic reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, United States
| | - Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, United States
| | - Nilakshi Devi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, United States
| | - Marcus Ang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, United States
| | - Ashwin Chaturvedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, United States
| | - Pranita Dhungana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, United States
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, United States
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28
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Nakao S, Nishimoto Y, Yasuda M. Tuning of Lewis Acidity of Phebox-Al Complexes by Substituents on the Benzene Backbone and Unexpected Photocatalytic Activity for Hydrodebromination of Aryl Bromide. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Nakao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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29
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Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Polyfluoroarene to Access Highly Functionalized 10-Phenylphenothiazine Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051365. [PMID: 33806360 PMCID: PMC7962002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions can provide metal-free access to synthesize monosubstituted aromatic compounds. We developed efficient SNAr conditions for p-selective substitution of polyfluoroarenes with phenothiazine in the presence of a mild base to afford the corresponding 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH) derivatives. The resulting polyfluoroarene-bearing PTH derivatives were subjected to a second SNAr reaction to generate highly functionalized PTH derivatives with potential applicability as photocatalysts for the reduction of carbon–halogen bonds.
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30
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Oh S, Nikolaev A, Tagami K, Tran T, Lee D, Mukherjee S, Segalman RA, Han S, Read de Alaniz J, Chabinyc ML. Redox-Active Polymeric Ionic Liquids with Pendant N-Substituted Phenothiazine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5319-5326. [PMID: 33480673 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that are elastic while supporting charge transport are desirable for flexible and soft electronics. Many polymers with bulky and conjugated redox-active pendant units have high glass transition temperatures (Tg) in their neutral form that will not lead to elasticity at room temperature. Their behavior in charged form in the solid state without an electrolyte has not been extensively studied. Here, the design strategy of polymeric ionic liquid where two weakly interacting ionic groups are used to maintain a low Tg is shown to lead to flexible redox active polymers. The use of a flexible ethylene backbone and redox-active phenothiazine (PTZ)-based pendant group resulted in polymers with relatively low Tg that are electrically conductive. PTZ that was N-substituted with 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl was found to promote solubility of the polymer and lower the Tg of the neutral polymer by ∼150 °C relative to that of the Tg of a variant without the N-substituent. Doping with trifluoromethanesulfonimide leads to an electrically conductive polymer without significantly increasing the Tg. Physical characterization by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy verified that the molecular design leads to an efficient charge hopping between the PTZ groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saejin Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrei Nikolaev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kan Tagami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thi Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dongwook Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Songi Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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31
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Shon JH, Kim D, Rathnayake MD, Sittel S, Weaver J, Teets TS. Photoredox catalysis on unactivated substrates with strongly reducing iridium photosensitizers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4069-4078. [PMID: 34163678 PMCID: PMC8179447 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06306a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful strategy in synthetic organic chemistry, but substrates that are difficult to reduce either require complex reaction conditions or are not amenable at all to photoredox transformations. In this work, we show that strong bis-cyclometalated iridium photoreductants with electron-rich β-diketiminate (NacNac) ancillary ligands enable high-yielding photoredox transformations of challenging substrates with very simple reaction conditions that require only a single sacrificial reagent. Using blue or green visible-light activation we demonstrate a variety of reactions, which include hydrodehalogenation, cyclization, intramolecular radical addition, and prenylation via radical-mediated pathways, with optimized conditions that only require the photocatalyst and a sacrificial reductant/hydrogen atom donor. Many of these reactions involve organobromide and organochloride substrates which in the past have had limited utility in photoredox catalysis. This work paves the way for the continued expansion of the substrate scope in photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwa Shon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Dooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Manjula D Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University 107, Physical Science Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Steven Sittel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Jimmie Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University 107, Physical Science Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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32
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Gui J, Cai X, Chen L, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Jiang Y, Hu M, Chen X, Hu Y, Zhang S. Facile and practical hydrodehalogenations of organic halides enabled by calcium hydride and palladium chloride. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00758k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, calcium hydride and palladium chloride were used to reduce a wide range of organic halides including aromatic bromides, aromatic chlorides, aromatic triflates, aliphatic bromides, aliphatic chlorides and trihalomethyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xin Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yuanrui Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Min Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
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33
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Xiao Y, Yang Y, Zhang F, Feng Y, Cui X. UV-Light-Initiated Construction of Indenones through Cyclization of Aryl Aldehydes or Aryl Ketones with Alkynes Avoiding Photocatalyst. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202107021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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34
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Ju X, Hu X, Shi H, Ma S, He F, Wang X, Xie X, She X. Brønsted acid and Lewis acid co-promoted cascade cyclization reaction and application to the total synthesis of Erysotramidine. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00668a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for the syntheses of pyrrolo [2,1-a] isoquinolines and indolizinoindolones via a Brønsted acid and Lewis acid co-promoted cascade reaction has been developed. The strategy was exemplified in the total synthesis of Erysotramidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Shiqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Feifei He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xuegong She
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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35
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Bobo MV, Kuchta JJ, Vannucci AK. Recent advancements in the development of molecular organic photocatalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4816-4834. [PMID: 34008685 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00396h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research in the development of molecular organic photocatalysts for applications in chemical syntheses has burgeoned in recent years. While organic photosensitizers have been known for over a century, tuning the properties of these molecules to increase photocatalytic efficiencies is now of growing importance. The properties that help improve the performance of organic photocatalysts include: a wider range of redox potentials, increased molar absorptivity (ε) in the visible spectrum, increased quantum yields (Φ), long-lived excited-state lifetimes (ns to μs), and increased chemical stability. This review examines some of the recent advancements in the development of molecular organic photocatalysts, specifically cyanoarenes, acridinium dyes, phenazines, thiazines, oxazines, and xanthenes, with respect to these properties and examines the chemical synthesis routes now achieved by organic photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Bobo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Joseph J Kuchta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Aaron K Vannucci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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36
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Hirata G, Shimada T, Nishikata T. Organo-photoredox-Catalyzed Atom-Transfer Radical Substitution of Alkenes with α-Carbonyl Alkyl Halides. Org Lett 2020; 22:8952-8956. [PMID: 33146532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A light-driven atom-transfer radical substitution (ATRS) and carboesterification reaction of alkenes with alkyl halides has been developed using PTH as the organo-photoredox catalyst. Two types of products were obtained, depending on the additive and solvent used during the reaction. Primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides reacted to give the ATRS products. This protocol has several advantages: it requires mild reaction conditions and a low catalyst loading and exhibits a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies indicate that alkyl radicals might be generated as the key intermediates via photocatalysis, providing a new direction for ATRS reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goki Hirata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Taisei Shimada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishikata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
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37
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McCarthy B, Sartor S, Cole J, Damrauer N, Miyake GM. Solvent Effects and Side Reactions in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Enabling the Controlled Polymerization of Acrylates Catalyzed by Diaryl Dihydrophenazines. Macromolecules 2020; 53:9208-9219. [PMID: 34267405 PMCID: PMC8276882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the effects of a solvent on the photophysical and redox properties of the photoredox catalyst (PC), N,N-di(2-naphthyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine (PC 1), revealed the opportunity to use tetrahydrofuran (THF) to modulate the reactivity of PC 1 toward achieving a controlled organocatalyzed atom transfer radial polymerization (O-ATRP) of acrylates. Compared with dimethylacetamide (DMAc), in tetrahydrofuran (THF), PC 1 exhibits a higher quantum yield of intersystem crossing (ΦISC = 0.02 in DMAc, 0.30 in THF), a longer singlet excited-state lifetime (τ Singlet = 3.81 ns in DMAc, 21.5 ns in THF), and a longer triplet excited-state lifetime (τ Triplet = 4.3 μs in DMAc, 15.2 μs in THF). Destabilization of 1 •+, the proposed polymerization deactivator, in THF leads to an increase in the oxidation potential of this species by 120 mV (E 1/2 0 = 0.22 V vs SCE in DMAc, 0.34 V vs SCE in THF). The O-ATRP of n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) catalyzed by PC 1 proceeds in a more controlled fashion in THF than in DMAc, producing P(n-BA) with low dispersity, Đ (Đ < 1.2). Model reactions and spectroscopic experiments revealed that two initiator-derived alkyl radicals add to the core of PC 1 to form an alkyl-substituted photocatalyst (2) during the polymerization. PC 2 accesses a polar CT excited state that is ~40 meV higher in energy than PC 1 and forms a slightly more oxidizing radical cation (E 1/2 0 = 0.22 V for 1 •+ and 0.25 V for 2 •+ in DMAc). A new O-ATRP procedure was developed wherein PC 1 is converted to 2 in situ. The application of this method enabled the O-ATRP of a number of acrylates to proceed with moderate to good control (Đ = 1.15-1.45 and I* = 83-127%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Steven Sartor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Justin Cole
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Niels Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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38
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Constantin T, Juliá F, Sheikh NS, Leonori D. A case of chain propagation: α-aminoalkyl radicals as initiators for aryl radical chemistry. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12822-12828. [PMID: 34094477 PMCID: PMC8163300 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04387g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of aryl radicals from the corresponding halides by redox chemistry is generally considered a difficult task due to their highly negative reduction potentials. Here we demonstrate that α-aminoalkyl radicals can be used as both initiators and chain-carriers for the radical coupling of aryl halides with pyrrole derivatives, a transformation often employed to evaluate new highly reducing photocatalysts. This mode of reactivity obviates for the use of strong reducing species and was also competent in the formation of sp2 C-P bonds. Mechanistic studies have delineated some of the key features operating that trigger aryl radical generation and also propagate the chain process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Constantin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonoriresearchgroup.com
| | - Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonoriresearchgroup.com
| | - Nadeem S Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University P. O. Box 400 Al-Ahsa 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK https://leonoriresearchgroup.com
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39
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González‐Muñoz D, Nova‐Fernández JL, Martinelli A, Pascual‐Coca G, Cabrera S, Alemán J. Visible Light Photocatalytic Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines Under Batch and Flow Conditions. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González‐Muñoz
- Organic Chemistry Department, M1 Science Faculty Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - José Luis Nova‐Fernández
- Organic Chemistry Department, M1 Science Faculty Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
- C/Faraday 7. Labs 2.05 and 0.03 Synthelia Organics Labs Parque Científico de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Ada Martinelli
- Organic Chemistry Department, M1 Science Faculty Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Gustavo Pascual‐Coca
- C/Faraday 7. Labs 2.05 and 0.03 Synthelia Organics Labs Parque Científico de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Silvia Cabrera
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, M7 Science Faculty Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, M1 Science Faculty Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid Spain
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40
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Eisenreich F, Meijer EW, Palmans ARA. Amphiphilic Polymeric Nanoparticles for Photoredox Catalysis in Water. Chemistry 2020; 26:10355-10361. [PMID: 32428312 PMCID: PMC7496234 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has recently emerged as a powerful synthesis tool in organic and polymer chemistry. In contrast to the great achievements realized in organic solvents, performing photocatalytic processes efficiently in aqueous media encounters several challenges. Here, it is presented how amphiphilic single-chain polymeric nanoparticles (SCPNs) can be utilized as small reactors to conduct light-driven chemical reactions in water. By incorporating a phenothiazine (PTH) catalyst into the polymeric scaffold, metal-free reduction and C-C cross-coupling reactions can be carried out upon exposure to UV light under ambient conditions. The versatility of this approach is underlined by a large substrate scope, tolerance towards oxygen, and excellent recyclability. This approach thereby contributes to a sustainable and green way of implementing photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Eisenreich
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of, Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of, Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of, Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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41
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Yu D, To WP, Tong GSM, Wu LL, Chan KT, Du L, Phillips DL, Liu Y, Che CM. Luminescent tungsten(vi) complexes as photocatalysts for light-driven C-C and C-B bond formation reactions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6370-6382. [PMID: 32874518 PMCID: PMC7448528 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of photocatalysis for practical synthetic application hinges on the development of inexpensive photocatalysts which can be prepared on a large scale. Herein an air-stable, visible-light-absorbing photoluminescent tungsten(vi) complex which can be conveniently prepared at the gram-scale is described. This complex could catalyse photochemical organic transformation reactions including borylation of aryl halides, such as aryl chloride, reductive coupling of benzyl bromides for C-C bond formation, reductive coupling of phenacyl bromides, and decarboxylative coupling of redox-active esters of alkyl carboxylic acid with high product yields and broad functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China .
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Glenna So Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Kaai-Tung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Lili Du
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
| | - Yungen Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China .
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China .
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
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42
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Ou W, Zou R, Han M, Yu L, Su C. Tailorable carbazolyl cyanobenzene-based photocatalysts for visible light-induced reduction of aryl halides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Glaser F, Larsen CB, Kerzig C, Wenger OS. Aryl dechlorination and defluorination with an organic super-photoreductant. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1035-1041. [PMID: 32588869 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct excitation of the commercially available super-electron donor tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) with light-emitting diodes at 440 or 390 nm provides a stoichiometric reductant that is able to reduce aryl chlorides and fluorides. The method is very simple and requires only TDAE, substrate, and solvent at room temperature. The photoactive excited state of TDAE has a lifetime of 17.3 ns in cyclohexane at room temperature and an oxidation potential of ca.-3.4 V vs. SCE. This makes TDAE one of the strongest photoreductants able to operate on the basis of single excitation with visible photons. Direct substrate activation occurs in benzene, but acetone is reduced by photoexcited TDAE and substrate reduction takes place by a previously unexplored solvent radical anion mechanism. Our work shows that solvent can have a leveling effect on the photochemically available redox power, reminiscent of the pH-leveling effect that solvent has in acid-base chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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44
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Mdluli V, Diluzio S, Lewis J, Kowalewski JF, Connell TU, Yaron D, Kowalewski T, Bernhard S. High-throughput Synthesis and Screening of Iridium(III) Photocatalysts for the Fast and Chemoselective Dehalogenation of Aryl Bromides. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Velabo Mdluli
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stephen Diluzio
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jacqueline Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jakub F. Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Timothy U. Connell
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - David Yaron
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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45
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van Vliet KM, van Leeuwen NS, Brouwer AM, de Bruin B. Visible-light-induced addition of carboxymethanide to styrene from monochloroacetic acid. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:398-408. [PMID: 32273903 PMCID: PMC7113555 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Where monochloroacetic acid is widely used as a starting material for the synthesis of relevant groups of compounds, many of these synthetic procedures are based on nucleophilic substitution of the carbon chlorine bond. Oxidative or reductive activation of monochloroacetic acid results in radical intermediates, leading to reactivity different from the traditional reactivity of this compound. Here, we investigated the possibility of applying monochloroacetic acid as a substrate for photoredox catalysis with styrene to directly produce γ-phenyl-γ-butyrolactone. Instead of using nucleophilic substitution, we cleaved the carbon chlorine bond by single-electron reduction, creating a radical species. We observed that the reaction works best in nonpolar solvents. The reaction does not go to full conversion, but selectively forms γ-phenyl-γ-butyrolactone and 4-chloro-4-phenylbutanoic acid. Over time the catalyst precipitates from solution (perhaps in a decomposed form in case of fac-[Ir(ppy)3]), which was proven by mass spectrometry and EPR spectroscopy for one of the catalysts (N,N-5,10-di(2-naphthalene)-5,10-dihydrophenazine) used in this work. The generation of HCl resulting from lactone formation could be an additional problem for organometallic photoredox catalysts used in this reaction. In an attempt to trap one of the radical intermediates with TEMPO, we observed a compound indicating the generation of a chloromethyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj M van Vliet
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole S van Leeuwen
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
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46
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Discovery and characterization of an acridine radical photoreductant. Nature 2020; 580:76-80. [PMID: 32238940 PMCID: PMC7138348 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is a phenomenon wherein the absorption of light by a chemical species provides an energetic driving force for an electron transfer reaction.1–4 This mechanism is relevant in many areas of chemistry, including the study of natural and artificial photosynthesis, photovoltaics, and photosensitive materials. In recent years, research in the area of photoredox catalysis has leveraged PET for the catalytic generation of both neutral and charged organic free radical species. These technologies have enabled a wide range of previously inaccessible chemical transformations and have seen widespread utilization in both academic and industrial settings. These reactions are often catalyzed by visible-light absorbing organic molecules or transition-metal complexes of ruthenium, iridium, chromium, or copper.5,6 While a wide variety of closed shell organic molecules have been shown to behave as competent electron transfer catalysts in photoredox reactions, there are only limited reports of PET reactions involving neutral organic radicals as an excited state donor or acceptor. This is perhaps somewhat unsurprising in light of previously reported doublet excited state lifetimes for neutral organic radicals, which are typically several orders of magnitude shorter than singlet lifetimes for known transition metal photoredox catalysts.7–11 Herein we document the discovery, characterization, and reactivity of a neutral acridine radical with a maximum excited state oxidation potential of −3.36 V vs. SCE: significantly more reducing than elemental lithium and marking it as one of the most potent chemical reductants reported.12 Spectroscopic, computational, and chemical studies indicate that the formation of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer species enables the population of higher energy doublet excited states, leading to the observed potent photoreductant behavior. We demonstrate that this catalytically-generated PET catalyst facilitates several chemical reactions that typically require alkali metal reductants and bodes well for the adoption of this system in additional organic transformations requiring dissolving metal reductants.
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Ding TH, Qu JP, Kang YB. Visible-Light-Induced, Base-Promoted Transition-Metal-Free Dehalogenation of Aryl Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides, and Iodides. Org Lett 2020; 22:3084-3088. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hui Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Cerfontaine S, Wehlin SAM, Elias B, Troian-Gautier L. Photostable Polynuclear Ruthenium(II) Photosensitizers Competent for Dehalogenation Photoredox Catalysis at 590 nm. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5549-5555. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cerfontaine
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sara A. M. Wehlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 160/06, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Sartor SM, Chrisman CH, Pearson RM, Miyake GM, Damrauer NH. Designing High-Triplet-Yield Phenothiazine Donor–Acceptor Complexes for Photoredox Catalysis. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:817-823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Sartor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Cameron H. Chrisman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ryan M. Pearson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Mayer L, May L, Müller TJJ. The interplay of conformations and electronic properties in N-aryl phenothiazines. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extra and intra conformations govern electronic properties of N-aryl phenothiazines as shown by combined experimental and computational structure–property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mayer
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Lars May
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Thomas J. J. Müller
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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