1
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Gutiérrez-Quintanilla A, Moge B, Compagnon I, Noble JA. Vibrational and electronic spectra of protonated vanillin: exploring protonation sites and isomerisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15358-15368. [PMID: 38767194 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05573f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Photofragmentation spectra of protonated vanillin produced under electrospray ionisation (ESI) conditions have been recorded in the 3000-3700 cm-1 (vibrational) and 225-460 nm (electronic) ranges, using room temperature IRMPD (infrared multiphoton dissociation) and cryogenic UVPD (ultraviolet photodissociation) spectroscopies, respectively. The cold (∼50 K) electronic UVPD spectrum exhibits very well resolved vibrational structure for the S1 ← S0 and S3 ← S0 transitions, suggesting long excited state dynamics, similar to its simplest analogue, protonated benzaldehyde. The experimental data were combined with theoretical calculations to determine the protonation site and configurational isomer observed in the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gutiérrez-Quintanilla
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ., PIIM, Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, UMR 7345, 13397 Marseille, France.
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Baptiste Moge
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Compagnon
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jennifer A Noble
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ., PIIM, Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, UMR 7345, 13397 Marseille, France.
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2
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Chaganti S, Dhiman V, Madhyanapu Golla V, K R R, Khemchandani R, Samanthula G. Forced degradation study of baricitinib and structural characterization of its degradation impurities by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9605. [PMID: 37580847 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Baricitinib (BARI), an inhibitor of Janus kinases 1 and 2 (JAK 1/2), is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and COVID-19. The present study focuses on establishing the forced degradation behavior of BARI under different degradation conditions (hydrolysis, oxidation, and photolysis) following International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines of Q1A (R2)-Stability testing of new drug substances and products and Q1B-Photostability testing of new drug substances and products. This study helps in monitoring the quality and safety of BARI and its product development. METHODS Prior to conducting the study, the in silico degradation profile of BARI was predicted by Zeneth. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography employing a gradient program was used for the identification and separation of degradation impurities with an InertSustain C8 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phases used were 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 2.89) and acetonitrile. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used for the structural elucidation of the degradation impurities. RESULTS BARI was labile to hydrolytic (acidic, basic, and neutral) and photolytic degradation conditions which yielded 10 new degradation impurities and it was stable under oxidative (H2 O2 ) conditions. The separated degradation impurities were characterized by HRMS and the respective degradation pathways were proposed. The generated information helped to propose a mechanism for the formation of the degradation impurities. Additionally, one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used for the characterization of two major degradation impurities. CONCLUSION The forced degradation study of BARI was carried out in accordance with ICH Q1A and Q1B guidelines, which resulted in the formation of 10 new degradation impurities. In our analysis, three degradation impurities were matching with the Zeneth predictions. In silico tools, DEREK Nexus® and SARAH Nexus®, were used for predicting the toxicity and mutagenicity of BARI and its degradation impurities. Overall, this study sheds light on BARI's safety monitoring and storage circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Chaganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vivek Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vijaya Madhyanapu Golla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Roshitha K R
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rahul Khemchandani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Gananadhamu Samanthula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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3
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El-Demerdash SH, Halim SA, El-Nahas AM, El-Meligy AB. A density functional theory study of the molecular structure, reactivity, and spectroscopic properties of 2-(2-mercaptophenyl)-1-azaazulene tautomers and rotamers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15626. [PMID: 37730839 PMCID: PMC10511447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Five stable tautomer and rotamers of the 2-(2-Mercaptophenyl)-1-azaazulene (thiol, thione, R1, R2, and R3) molecules were studied using density functional theory (DFT). The geometries of the studied tautomer and rotamers were fully optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. Thermodynamic calculations were performed at M06-2X/6-311G++(2d,2p) and ωB97XD/6-311G++(2d,2p) in the gas phase and ethanol solution conditions modeled by the solvation model based on density (SMD). The kinetic constant of tautomer and rotamers conversion was calculated in the temperature range 270-320 K using variational transition state theory (VTST) accompanied by one-dimensional wigner tunneling correction. Energy refinement at CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2d,2p) in the gas phase has been calculated. All the studied DFT methods qualitatively give similar tautomer stability orders in the gas phase. The ethanol solvent causes some reordering of the relative stability of 2-(2-Mercaptophenyl)-1-azaazulene conformers. The transition states for the 2-(2-Mercaptophenyl)-1-azaazulene tautomerization and rotamerization processes were also determined. The reactivity, electric dipole moment, and spectroscopic properties of the studied tautomer and rotamers were computed. The hyper-Rayleigh scattering (βHRS), and depolarization ratio (DR) exhibited promising optical properties when nonlinear optical properties were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safinaz H El-Demerdash
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32512, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Abdel Halim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Nahas
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32512, Egypt
| | - Asmaa B El-Meligy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32512, Egypt.
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4
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Hymas M, Casademont-Reig I, Poigny S, Stavros VG. Characteristic Photoprotective Molecules from the Sphagnum World: A Solution-Phase Ultrafast Study of Sphagnic Acid. Molecules 2023; 28:6153. [PMID: 37630405 PMCID: PMC10458426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A natural UV-absorbing chromophore extracted from sphagnum mosses, sphagnic acid, is proposed as a new natural support to chemical UV filters for use in cosmetic applications. Sphagnic acid is structurally related to the cinnamate family of molecules, known for their strong UV absorption, efficient non-radiative decay, and antioxidant properties. In this study, transient electronic absorption spectroscopy is used, in conjunction with steady-state techniques, to model the photodynamics following photoexcitation of sphagnic acid in different solvent systems. Sphagnic acid was found in each system to relax with lifetimes of ~200 fs and ~1.5 ps before generating a cis-isomer photoproduct. This study helps to elucidate the photoprotective mechanism of a new potential natural support to sunscreens, from a unique plant source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hymas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (M.H.); (I.C.-R.)
| | - Irene Casademont-Reig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (M.H.); (I.C.-R.)
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Poigny
- Mibelle Group Biochemistry, Mibelle AG, Bolimattstrasse 1, CH-5033 Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (M.H.); (I.C.-R.)
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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5
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Krishnamoorthy S, Allabasha N, Mani MK, Sarkar AK. Effect of β-cyclodextrin on benzophenones and its impact on UVR filtration of cotton fabric through ‘guest absorber—host enhancer’ mechanism. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-023-01184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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6
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Gholap AD, Sayyad SF, Hatvate NT, Dhumal VV, Pardeshi SR, Chavda VP, Vora LK. Drug Delivery Strategies for Avobenzone: A Case Study of Photostabilization. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1008. [PMID: 36986867 PMCID: PMC10059943 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several developments and research methods are ongoing in drug technology and chemistry research to elicit effectiveness regarding the therapeutic activity of drugs along with photoprotection for their molecular integrity. The detrimental effect of UV light induces damaged cells and DNA, which leads to skin cancer and other phototoxic effects. The application of sunscreen shields to the skin is important, along with recommended UV filters. Avobenzone is widely used as a UVA filter for skin photoprotection in sunscreen formulations. However, keto-enol tautomerism propagates photodegradation into it, which further channelizes the phototoxic and photoirradiation effects, further limiting its use. Several approaches have been used to counter these issues, including encapsulation, antioxidants, photostabilizers, and quenchers. To seek the gold standard approach for photoprotection in photosensitive drugs, combinations of strategies have been implemented to identify effective and safe sunscreen agents. The stringent regulatory guidelines for sunscreen formulations, along with the availability of limited FDA-approved UV filters, have led many researchers to develop perfect photostabilization strategies for available photostable UV filters, such as avobenzone. From this perspective, the objective of the current review is to summarize the recent literature on drug delivery strategies implemented for the photostabilization of avobenzone that could be useful to frame industrially oriented potential strategies on a large scale to circumvent all possible photounstable issues of avobenzone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D. Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner 422608, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sadikali F. Sayyad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner 422608, Maharashtra, India
| | - Navnath T. Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vilas V. Dhumal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar R. Pardeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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7
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Analytical methods for investigating the presence, photoisomerisation-, and degradation kinetics of the UV-A filter avobenzone under aqueous conditions to ensure a more realistic environmental measurement. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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8
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Wong NGK, Sereli M, Anstöter CS, Dessent CEH. Photochemical Degradation of the UV Filter Octyl Methoxy Cinnamate Probed via Laser-Interfaced Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:8796. [PMID: 36557928 PMCID: PMC9780824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) is a common UVA and UVB filter molecule that is widely used in commercial sunscreens. Here, we used gas-phase laser photodissociation spectroscopy to characterise the intrinsic photostability and photodegradation products of OMC by studying the system in its protonated form, i.e., [OMC·H]+. The major photofragments observed were m/z 179, 161, and 133, corresponding to fragmentation on either side of the ether oxygen of the ester group (m/z 179 and 161) or the C-C bond adjacent to the ester carbonyl group. Additional measurements were obtained using higher-energy collisional dissociation mass spectrometry (HCD-MS) to identify fragments that resulted from the breakdown of the vibrationally hot electronic ground state. We found that the m/z 179 and 161 ions were the main fragments produced by this route. Notably, the m/z 133 ion was not observed through HCD-MS, revealing that this product ion is only produced through a photochemical route. Our results demonstrate that UV photoexcitation of OMC is able to access a dissociative excited-state surface that uniquely leads to the rupture of the C-C bond adjacent to the key ester carbonyl group.
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9
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Piccinino D, Capecchi E, Trifero V, Tomaino E, Marconi C, Del Giudice A, Galantini L, Poponi S, Ruggieri A, Saladino R. Lignin Nanoparticles as Sustainable Photoprotective Carriers for Sunscreen Filters. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37070-37077. [PMID: 36312404 PMCID: PMC9608391 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreen filters may be degraded after prolonged UV exposure with loss of their shielding property and generation of harmful radical species. They are contained in cosmetic formulations in high concentrations, so the improvement of photostability is of relevance for safety concerns. We report here that lignin nanoparticles are sustainable carriers and photostabilizers of two common UV chemical filters, namely, avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate. These compounds have been encapsulated by nanoprecipitation into kraft lignin nanoparticles using eco-certified dimethyl isosorbide as a primary solvent and deionized water as an antisolvent. After the encapsulation, both compounds significantly prolonged the half-life stability against UV irradiation. The stabilizing properties of lignin nanoparticles were further improved by coencapsulation of avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate with hydroxytyrosol, a natural phenol with antioxidant activity recovered from olive oil wastes and characterized by skin regenerative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Piccinino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Eliana Capecchi
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valentina Trifero
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tomaino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Claudia Marconi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Del Giudice
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Poponi
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society, and Enterprise, University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ruggieri
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society, and Enterprise, University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100Viterbo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100Viterbo, Italy
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10
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Li Y, He Y, Lam CH, Nah T. Environmental photochemistry of organic UV filter butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane: Implications for photochemical fate in surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156145. [PMID: 35613640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of sunscreen and other personal care products, organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) have become widely detected in the aquatic environment. Direct and indirect photolysis are important transformation pathways of OUVFs in aquatic environments, so their transformation products (TPs) are also chemicals of concern. Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) is one of the most commonly used OUVFs worldwide due to its ability to absorb ultraviolet light across a wide range of wavelengths, and it is ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments. In this study, we investigated the photodegradation of BMDBM through direct photolysis and hydroxyl radical (•OH) photooxidation. TPs were identified using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and reaction mechanisms were proposed. Our results showed that the photodegradation rates for both enol and keto tautomer forms of BMDBM during direct photolysis and •OH photooxidation were similar. The formation of TPs resulted from α-cleavage and decarbonylation reactions involving the keto form of BMDBM. Comparisons of the kinetic data and TPs revealed that the direct photolysis mechanism was a significant sink for BMDBM even during •OH photooxidation. Evaluations of environmental properties based on the predicted physicochemical properties of BMDBM and TPs suggests that some of the TPs will have higher mobility than BMDBM. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach was used to evaluate the ecotoxicity of BMDBM and the identified TPs. Most TPs were found to be less ecotoxic than BMDBM; however, TPs that had a diphenyl ring structure could be more ecotoxic than BMDBM. Overall, this study provides new insights into the photochemical behavior and ecotoxicity of BMDBM and its TPs, which are important for assessing the fate, persistence, accumulation, and adverse impacts of these compounds in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Li
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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11
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Moi S, Shekh S, Reddy KKA, Dhurjad P, Sonti R, Gowd KH. Peptide Cysteine Thiols Act as Photostabilizer of Avobenzone through Stabilising the Transition State of Keto-enol Tautomerization. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:911-919. [PMID: 35975619 DOI: 10.1111/php.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photostabilizers have been used to impart stability to an FDA-approved chemical UV-A filter avobenzone against the UV-A radiations and sunlight. The thiol group of glutathione plays a critical role in imparting the photostabilization activity of glutathione on avobenzone. The current report aims to evaluate the photostabilization activity of multiple thiols containing cysteine peptides on avobenzone. Cysteine-tripeptide and cysteine-pentapeptide were chemically synthesized and characterized using mass spectrometry. Synthetic peptides were assessed for their photostabilization activity on the enolic-form of the avobenzone under natural sunlight using UV-spectroscopy in both protic and aprotic solvents. Unlike glutathione which has pronounced activity in protic solvents, cysteine-pentapeptide exhibits similar photoprotection activity in both protic and aprotic solvents. Computational calculations using DFT suggest that peptide cysteine thiols may assist in the reversal of the photoketonization process of avobenzone thereby exhibiting the photoprotection activity to the enolic-form of avobenzone. Peptide cysteine thiols lower the activation energy barrier of keto-to-enol tautomerization of avobenzone by 30 kcal/mol by assisting the proton shuttle through a six-membered transition state. The current report emphasizes the applications of peptide thiols in cosmetics and may help in the development of peptides as aesthetic medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Moi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Shamasoddin Shekh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - K Kasi Amarnath Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Konkallu Hanumae Gowd
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, Karnataka, India
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12
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Wong NGK, Rankine CD, Anstöter CS, Dessent CEH. Photostability of the deprotonated forms of the UV filters homosalate and octyl salicylate: molecular dissociation versus electron detachment following UV excitation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17068-17076. [PMID: 35791920 PMCID: PMC9301628 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01612e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While common molecular anions show a strong propensity to undergo electron detachment upon UV excitation, this process often occurs in competition with molecular ion dissociation. The factors that affect the balance between these two major possible decay pathways have not been well understood to date. Laser photodissociation spectroscopy of the deprotonated forms of the UV filter molecules, Homosalate (HS) and Octyl Salicylate (OS), i.e. [HS - H]- and [OS - H]-, was used to acquire gas-phase UV absorption spectra for [HS - H]- and [OS - H]-via photodepletion from 3.0-5.8 eV. No photofragmentation (i.e. dissociation of the ionic molecular framework) was observed for either [HS - H]- and [OS - H]- following photoexcitation, revealing that electron loss entirely dominates the electronic decay pathways for these systems. High-level quantum chemical calculations were used to map out the excited states associated with [HS - H]- and [OS - H]-, revealing that the minimum-energy crossing points (MECPs) between the S1 and S0 states are located in elevated regions of the potential energy surface, making internal conversion unlikely. These results are consistent with our experimental observation that electron detachment out-competes hot ground state molecular fragmentation. More generally, our results reveal that the competition between molecular dissociation and electron detachment following anion photoexcitation can be determined by the magnitude of the energy gap between the excitation energy and the MECPs, rather than being a simple function of whether the excitation energy lies above the anion's vertical detachment energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G K Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Conor D Rankine
- Chemistry - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, upon Tyne, UK
| | - Cate S Anstöter
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK.
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13
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Chang XP, Yu L, Zhang TS, Cui G. Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics studies on the mechanistic photophysics of sunscreen oxybenzone in methanol solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13293-13304. [PMID: 35607908 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01263d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have employed the QM(CASPT2//CASSCF)/MM method to explore the photophysical and photochemical mechanism of oxybenzone (OB) in methanol solution. Based on the optimized minima, conical intersections and crossing points, and minimum-energy reaction paths related to excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and excited-state decay paths in the 1ππ*, 1nπ*, 3ππ*, 3nπ*, and S0 states, we have identified several feasible excited-state relaxation pathways for the initially populated S2(1ππ*) state to decay to the initial enol isomer' S0 state. The major one is the singlet-mediated and stretch-torsion coupled ESIPT pathway, in which the system first undergoes an essentially barrierless 1ππ* ESIPT process to generate the 1ππ* keto species, and finally realizes its ground state recovery through the subsequent carbonyl stretch-torsion facilitating S1 → S0 internal conversion (IC) and the reverse ground-state intramolecular proton transfer (GSIPT) process. The minor ones are related to intersystem crossing (ISC) processes. At the S2(1ππ*) minimum, an S2(1ππ*)/S1(1nπ*)/T2(3nπ*) three-state intersection region helps the S2 system branch into the T1 state through a S2 → S1 → T1 or S2 → T2 → T1 process. Once it has reached the T1 state, the system may relax to the S0 state via direct ISC or via subsequent nearly barrierless 3ππ* ESIPT to yield the T1 keto tautomer and ISC. The resultant S0 keto species significantly undergoes reverse GSIPT and only a small fraction yields the trans-keto form that relaxes back more slowly. However, due to small spin-orbit couplings at T1/S0 crossing points, the ISC to S0 state occurs very slowly. The present work rationalizes not only the ultrafast excited-state decay dynamics of OB but also its phosphorescence emission at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Li Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Teng-Shuo Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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14
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El-Meligy A, El-Demerdash SH, Abdel-Rahman MA, Mahmoud MAM, Taketsugu T, El-Nahas AM. Structures, Energetics, and Spectra of (NH) and (OH) Tautomers of 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-azaazulene: A Density Functional Theory/Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14222-14238. [PMID: 35559155 PMCID: PMC9089341 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tautomerization of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-azaazulene (2OHPhAZ) in the gas phase and ethanol has been studied using B3LYP, M06-2X, and ωB97XD density functional theory (DFT) with different basis sets. For more accurate data, energies were refined at CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2d,2p) in the gas phase. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), aromaticity, Fukui functions, acidity, and basicity were also calculated and compared with experimental data. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)-solvation model based on density (TDDFT-SMD) calculations in acetonitrile have been utilized for the simulation of UV-vis electronic spectra. In addition, electronic structures of the investigated system have been discussed. The results reveal that the enol form (2OHPhAZ) is thermodynamically and kinetically stable relative to the keto tautomer (2OPhAZ) and different rotamers (2OHPhAZ-R1:R3) in the gas phase and ethanol. A comparison with the experiment illustrates a good agreement and supports the computational findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa
B. El-Meligy
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia
University, Shebin
El-Kom 32512, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed A. M. Mahmoud
- Basic
Sciences Department, Tanta Higher Institute
of Engineering and Technology, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ahmed M. El-Nahas
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia
University, Shebin
El-Kom 32512, Egypt
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15
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Termer M, Jaeger A, Carola C, Salazar A, Keck CM, Kolmar H, von Hagen J. Methoxy-Monobenzoylmethane Protects Skin from UV-Induced Damages in a Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Double-Blinded Human In Vivo Study and Prevents Signs of Inflammation While Improving the Skin Barrier. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:435-449. [PMID: 34939179 PMCID: PMC8850519 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sun protection is important in skin care and requires special attention as inefficient protection might trigger skin pathologies including polymorphic light eruption (PLE). The reduce-improve-protect (RIP) concept to avoid the onset of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-induced diseases or damage to human skin is important. Methoxy-monobenzoylmethane (MeO-MBM), which is neither a UVB nor a UVA filter, converts to the UV filter avobenzone under UV irradiation and further acts as a photoantioxidant during its conversion process and initially as an antioxidant material. The aim of this study was to understand the mechanisms by which MeO-MBM improves the condition of UV-stressed skin through its photoantioxidant properties. The improvement of the skin condition by the activity of MeO-MBM as active ingredient was also investigated. METHODS Potential molecular targets were identified by in silico docking to numerous cellular membrane receptors on the cell surface or nuclear membrane, followed by microarray analysis of 164 genes after MeO-MBM treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). We conducted randomized, double-blinded, intra-individual comparison vs. placebo studies on ten volunteers, aged between 34 and 65 years, to assess the effect of MeO-MBM in vivo. The effect after UV-induced inflammation was assessed in a protective and curative set-up with 2% MeO-MBM vs. 1% hydrocortisone and placebo based on the change in blood flow. The barrier function of the skin was assessed by the change in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin scaling and skin thickness after the treatment with MeO-MBM. Additionally, the effect of MeO-MBM after UV-induced stress on the activation of ferritin in human explants was determined ex vivo. RESULTS A docking simulation of MeO-MBM showed a potential interaction with the retinoic acid receptor gamma and further revealed downregulation of proteins related to inflammation. In the protective treatment set-up, after 24 h MeO-MBM significantly reduced the delta blood flow compared to placebo, while this reduction was more prominent with hydrocortisone. In the curative treatment set-up, a greater reduction in delta blood flow was also observed with MeO-MBM compared to placebo and similar to hydrocortisone. Treatment with MeO-MBM revealed an improvement in skin barrier function as a result of decreased TEWL, reduced skin scaling and increased skin thickness. Immunohistochemistry staining of ferritin on human skin explants further showed that the treatment with MeO-MBM reduced the ferritin expression. CONCLUSION Based on these results, MeO-MBM is capable of exerting an anti-aging activity via the retinoic acid receptor gamma. Its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity manifested via the downregulation of multiple anti-inflammatory genes as well as the reduction of ferritin in skin tissue. This study shows that the multidimensional functionality of MeO-MBM offers an effective approach to combat acute and chronic deleterious effects of oxidative UV damage while simultaneously enhancing the skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Termer
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anita Jaeger
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Cornelia M. Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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16
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Wong NGK, Dessent CEH. Illuminating the Effect of the Local Environment on the Performance of Organic Sunscreens: Insights From Laser Spectroscopy of Isolated Molecules and Complexes. Front Chem 2022; 9:812098. [PMID: 35096773 PMCID: PMC8789676 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.812098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunscreens are essential for protecting the skin from UV radiation, but significant questions remain about the fundamental molecular-level processes by which they operate. In this mini review, we provide an overview of recent advanced laser spectroscopic studies that have probed how the local, chemical environment of an organic sunscreen affects its performance. We highlight experiments where UV laser spectroscopy has been performed on isolated gas-phase sunscreen molecules and complexes. These experiments reveal how pH, alkali metal cation binding, and solvation perturb the geometric and hence electronic structures of sunscreen molecules, and hence their non-radiative decay pathways. A better understanding of how these interactions impact on the performance of individual sunscreens will inform the rational design of future sunscreens and their optimum formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G K Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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17
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Revealing how proton transfer process of 2-hydroxylbenzophenones affected by the intermolecular hydrogen bond with different para-substituted groups. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Marlton SJP, Trevitt A. Laser Photodissocation, Action Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry Unite to Detect and Separate Isomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9451-9467. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02101c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The separation and detection of isomers remains a challenge for many areas of mass spectrometry. This article highlights laser photodissociation and ion mobility strategies that have been deployed to tackle...
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19
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Chang XP, Zhang TS, Cui G. Theoretical Studies on the Excited-State Decay Mechanism of Homomenthyl Salicylate in a Gas Phase and an Acetonitrile Solution. J Phys Chem A 2021; 126:16-28. [PMID: 34963284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we employ the CASPT2//CASSCF and QM(CASPT2//CASSCF)/MM approaches to explore the photochemical mechanism of homomenthyl salicylate (HMS) in vacuum and an acetonitrile solution. The results show that in both cases, the excited-state relaxation mainly involves a spectroscopically "bright" S1(1ππ*) state and the lower-lying T1 and T2 states. In the major relaxation pathway, the photoexcited S1 keto system first undergoes an essentially barrierless excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) to generate the S1 enol minimum, near which a favorable S1/S0 conical intersection decays the system to the S0 state followed by a reverse ground-state intramolecular proton transfer (GSIPT) to repopulate the initial S0 keto species. In the minor one, an S1/T2/T1 three-state intersection in the keto region makes the T1 state populated via direct and T2-mediated intersystem crossing (ISC) processes. In the T1 state, an ESIPT occurs, which is followed by ISC near a T1/S0 crossing point in the enol region to the S0 state and finally back to the S0 keto species. In addition, a T1/S0 crossing point near the T1 keto minimum can also help the system decay to the S0 keto species. However, small spin-orbit couplings between T1 and S0 at these T1/S0 crossing points make ISC to the S0 state very slow and make the system trapped in the T1 state for a while. The present work rationalizes not only the ultrafast excited-state decay dynamics of HMS but also its low quantum yield of phosphorescence at 77 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Teng-Shuo Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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20
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Xie BB, Tang XF, Liu XY, Chang XP, Cui G. Mechanistic photophysics and photochemistry of unnatural bases and sunscreen molecules: insights from electronic structure calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27124-27149. [PMID: 34849517 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03994f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photophysics and photochemistry are basic subjects in the study of light-matter interactions and are ubiquitous in diverse fields such as biology, energy, materials, and environment. A full understanding of mechanistic photophysics and photochemistry underpins many recent advances and applications. This contribution first provides a short discussion on the theoretical calculation methods we have used in relevant studies, then we introduce our latest progress on the mechanistic photophysics and photochemistry of two classes of molecular systems, namely unnatural bases and sunscreens. For unnatural bases, we disclose the intrinsic driving forces for the ultrafast population to reactive triplet states, impacts of the position and degree of chalcogen substitutions, and the effects of complex environments. For sunscreen molecules, we reveal the photoprotection mechanisms that dissipate excess photon energy to the surroundings by ultrafast internal conversion to the ground state. Finally, relevant theoretical challenges and outlooks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Xie
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Xiu-Fang Tang
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Xue-Ping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
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21
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Holt EL, Rodrigues NDN, Cebrián J, Stavros VG. Determining the photostability of avobenzone in sunscreen formulation models using ultrafast spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24439-24448. [PMID: 34694312 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03610f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Avobenzone is an ultraviolet (UV) filter that is often included in sunscreen formulations despite its lack of photostability. Its inclusion is necessary due to few existing alternatives for photoprotection in the UVA region (320-400 nm). To better understand and predict the photostability of avobenzone, ultrafast transient electronic absorption spectroscopy (TEAS) has been used to study the effects of solvent (including emollients), concentration and skin surface temperature on its excited-state relaxation mechanism, following photoexcitation with UVA radiation (∼350 nm). Subtle differences between the excited-state lifetimes were found between the systems, but the TEAS spectral features were qualitatively the same for all solution and temperature combinations. Alongside TEAS measurements, UV filter/emollient blends containing avobenzone were irradiated using simulated solar light and their degradation tracked using steady-state UV-visible spectroscopy. Sun protection factor (SPF) and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) assessments were also carried out on representative oil phases (higher concentration blends), which could be used to formulate oil-in-water sunscreens. It was found that there was an apparent concentration dependence on the long-term photoprotective efficacy of these mixtures, which could be linked to the ultrafast photodynamics by the presence of a ground-state bleach offset. This combination of techniques shows potential for correlating long-term behaviours (minutes to hours) of avobenzone with its ultrafast photophysics (femtoseconds to nanoseconds), bridging the gap between fundamental photophysics/photochemistry and commercial sunscreen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Holt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. .,Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Natércia D N Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. .,Lubrizol Life Science Beauty, Calle Isaac Peral, 17 Pol. Ind. Camí Ral, 08850 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Cebrián
- Lubrizol Life Science Beauty, Calle Isaac Peral, 17 Pol. Ind. Camí Ral, 08850 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vasilios G Stavros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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22
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Methoxy-Monobenzoylmethane Protects Human Skin against UV-Induced Damage by Conversion to Avobenzone and Radical Scavenging. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206141. [PMID: 34684722 PMCID: PMC8537076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avobenzone, one of the most commonly used UV filters in topical sunscreens, is susceptible to photodegradation with a consequential reduction of its UV absorbing properties. This loss of function may lead to skin irritation, photodermatosis, and photoallergic reactions caused by photodegradation byproducts. In this work, we aim to address this issue with a substance named methoxy-monobenzoylmethane (MeO-MBM), which is neither a UVB nor a UVA filter, but which converts to avobenzone, a known and approved UVA filter, under mainly UVB light irradiation. The antioxidant and intracellular radical formation properties of MeO-MBM were compared to the ones of avobenzone. The UV irradiation of MeO-MBM led to an increase in UV absorption primarily in the UVA range after conversion, both in vitro and in vivo. HPTLC and UHPLC studies illustrate the conversion of MeO-MBM to avobenzone in vitro after irradiation at 250 kJ/m2, reaching a conversion rate of 48.8%. A stable molecular antioxidant activity was observed, since 100-µM MeO-MBM was measured to be 11.2% in the DPPH assay, with a decrease to 9.7% after irradiation. In comparison, the molecular antioxidant activity of 100-µM avobenzone was determined to be 0.8%. In keratinocytes, MeO-MBM reduces the intracellular ROS by 90% and avobenzone by 75% with tBHP as the inducer and by 53% and 57%, respectively, when induced by pyocyanin, indicating the redox scavenging capacity of both these molecules. These results indicate that MeO-MBM functions initially as an antioxidant material and as a photoantioxidant during its conversion process to avobenzone. This research provides insight into the development of active ingredients for topical applications with dynamic functionalities. Using this approach, we demonstrate the possibility to extend the UV protection offered to skin cells while combating cellular stress in parallel.
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23
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Wong NGK, Rhodes C, Dessent CEH. Photodegradation of Riboflavin under Alkaline Conditions: What Can Gas-Phase Photolysis Tell Us about What Happens in Solution? Molecules 2021; 26:6009. [PMID: 34641554 PMCID: PMC8512791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as a direct method for detecting reactive intermediates is a technique of developing importance in the routine monitoring of solution-phase reaction pathways. Here, we utilise a novel on-line photolysis ESI-MS approach to detect the photoproducts of riboflavin in aqueous solution under mildly alkaline conditions. Riboflavin is a constituent of many food products, so its breakdown processes are of wide interest. Our on-line photolysis setup allows for solution-phase photolysis to occur within a syringe using UVA LEDs, immediately prior to being introduced into the mass spectrometer via ESI. Gas-phase photofragmentation studies via laser-interfaced mass spectrometry of deprotonated riboflavin, [RF - H]-, the dominant solution-phase species under the conditions of our study, are presented alongside the solution-phase photolysis. The results obtained illustrate the extent to which gas-phase photolysis methods can inform our understanding of the corresponding solution-phase photochemistry. We determine that the solution-phase photofragmentation observed for [RF - H]- closely mirrors the gas-phase photochemistry, with the dominant m/z 241 condensed-phase photoproduct also being observed in gas-phase photodissociation. Further gas-phase photoproducts are observed at m/z 255, 212, and 145. The value of exploring both the gas- and solution-phase photochemistry to characterise photochemical reactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline E. H. Dessent
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK; (N.G.K.W.); (C.R.)
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24
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Kiran YB, Rambabu G, Vijayakumar V, Barbosa LCA. Acetic Acid-Mediated Synthesis of Kojic Acid Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021070162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Wong NK, Rankine CD, Dessent CEH. Linking Electronic Relaxation Dynamics and Ionic Photofragmentation Patterns for the Deprotonated UV Filter Benzophenone-4. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2831-2836. [PMID: 33719458 PMCID: PMC8041369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how deprotonation impacts the photophysics of UV filters is critical to better characterize how they behave in key alkaline environments including surface waters and coral reefs. Using anion photodissociation spectroscopy, we have measured the intrinsic absorption electronic spectroscopy (400-214 nm) and numerous accompanying ionic photofragmentation pathways of the benzophenone-4 anion ([BP4-H]-). Relative ion yield plots reveal the locations of the bright S1 and S3 excited states. For the first time for an ionic UV filter, ab initio potential energy surfaces are presented to provide new insight into how the photofragment identity maps the relaxation pathways. These calculations reveal that [BP4-H]- undergoes excited-state decay consistent with a statistical fragmentation process where the anion breaks down on the ground state after nonradiative relaxation. The broader relevance of the results in providing a basis for interpreting the relaxation dynamics of a wide range of gas-phase ionic systems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie
G. K. Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Conor D. Rankine
- School
of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle
University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
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26
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Chang XP, Zhang TS, Fang YG, Cui G. Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Studies on the Photophysical Mechanism of Methyl Salicylate. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1880-1891. [PMID: 33645980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methyl salicylate (MS) as a subunit of larger salicylates found in commercial sunscreens has been shown to exhibit keto-enol tautomerization and dual fluorescence emission via excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) after the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, its excited-state relaxation mechanism is unclear. Herein, we have employed the quantum mechanics(CASPT2//CASSCF)/molecular mechanics method to explore the ESIPT and excited-state relaxation mechanism of MS in the lowest three electronic states, that is, S0, S1, and T1 states, in a methanol solution. Based on the optimized geometric and electronic structures, conical intersections and crossing points, and minimum-energy paths combined with the computed linearly interpolated Cartesian coordinate paths, the photophysical mechanism of MS has been proposed. The S1 state is a spectroscopically bright 1ππ* state in the Franck-Condon region. From the initially populated S1 state, there exist three nonradiative relaxation paths to repopulate the S0 state. In the first one, the S1 system (i.e., ketoB form) first undergoes an ESIPT path to generate an S1 tautomer (i.e., enol form) that exhibits a large Stokes shift in experiments. The generated S1 enol tautomer further evolves toward the nearby S1/S0 conical intersection and then hops to the S0 state, followed by the backward ground-state intramolecular proton transfer (GSIPT) to the initial ketoB form S0 state. In the second one, the S1 system first hops through the S1 → T1 intersystem crossing (ISC) to the T1 state, which then further decays to the S0 state via T1 → S0 ISC at the T1/S0 crossing point. In the third path, the T1 system that stems from the S1 → T1 ISC process via the S1/T1 crossing point first takes place a T1 ESIPT to generate a T1 enol tautomer, which can further decay to the S0 state via T1-to-S0 ISC. Finally, the GSIPT occurs to back the system to the initial ketoB form S0 state. Our present work could contribute to understanding the photophysics of MS and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Teng-Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ye-Guang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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27
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Kinoshita SN, Harabuchi Y, Inokuchi Y, Maeda S, Ehara M, Yamazaki K, Ebata T. Substitution effect on the nonradiative decay and trans → cis photoisomerization route: a guideline to develop efficient cinnamate-based sunscreens. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:834-845. [PMID: 33284297 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04402d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamate derivatives are very useful as UV protectors in nature and as sunscreen reagents in daily life. They convert harmful UV energy to thermal energy through effective nonradiative decay (NRD) including trans → cis photoisomerization. However, the mechanism is not simple because different photoisomeirzation routes have been observed for different substituted cinnamates. Here, we theoretically examined the substitution effects at the phenyl ring of methylcinnamate (MC), a non-substituted cinnamate, on the electronic structure and the NRD route involving trans → cis isomerization based on time-dependent density functional theory. A systematic reaction pathway search using the single-component artificial force-induced reaction method shows that the very efficient photoisomerization route of MC can be essentially described as "1ππ* (trans) → 1nπ* → T1 (3ππ*) → S0 (trans or cis)". We found that for efficient 1ππ* (trans) → 1nπ* internal conversion (IC), MC should have the substituent at the appropriate position of the phenyl ring to stabilize the highest occupied π orbital. Substitution at the para position of MC slightly lowers the 1ππ* state energy and photoisomerization occurs via a slightly less efficient "1ππ* (trans) → 3nπ* → T1 (3ππ*) → S0 (trans or cis)" pathway. Substitution at the meta or ortho positions of MC significantly lowers the 1ππ* state energy so that the energy barrier of IC (1ππ* → 1nπ*) becomes very high. This substitution leads to a much longer 1ππ* state lifetime than that of MC and para-substituted MC, and a change in the dominant photoisomerization route to "1ππ* (trans) → C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond twisting on 1ππ* → S0 (trans or cis)". As a whole, the "1ππ* → 1nπ*" IC observed in MC is the most important initial step for the rapid change of UV energy to thermal energy. We also found that the stabilization of the π orbital (i) minimizes the energy gap between 1ππ* and 1nπ* at the 1ππ* minimum and (ii) makes the 0-0 level of 1ππ* higher than 1nπ* as observed in MC. These MC-like relationships between the 1ππ* and 1nπ* energies should be ideal to maximize the "1ππ* → 1nπ*" IC rate constant according to Marcus theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Nosuke Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan and Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Inokuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan and Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- SOKENDAI, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and Institute for Molecular Science and Research Center for Computational Science, 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamazaki
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Ebata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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Furlan C, Berenbeim JA, Dessent CEH. Photoproducts of the Photodynamic Therapy Agent Verteporfin Identified via Laser Interfaced Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225280. [PMID: 33198255 PMCID: PMC7696214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Verteporfin, a free base benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A, is a photosensitizing drug for photodynamic therapy (PDT) used in the treatment of the wet form of macular degeneration and activated by red light of 689 nm. Here, we present the first direct study of its photofragmentation channels in the gas phase, conducted using a laser interfaced mass spectrometer across a broad photoexcitation range from 250 to 790 nm. The photofragmentation channels are compared with the collision-induced dissociation (CID) products revealing similar dissociation pathways characterized by the loss of the carboxyl and ester groups. Complementary solution-phase photolysis experiments indicate that photobleaching occurs in verteporfin in acetonitrile; a notable conclusion, as photoinduced activity in Verteporfin was not thought to occur in homogenous solvent conditions. These results provide unique new information on the thermal break-down products and photoproducts of this light-triggered drug.
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29
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Murphy RB, Staton J, Rawal A, Darwish TA. The effect of deuteration on the keto-enol equilibrium and photostability of the sunscreen agent avobenzone. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1410-1422. [PMID: 32966538 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00265h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable properties of deuterium have led to many exciting and favourable results in enhancing material properties, for applications in the physical, medical, and biological sciences. Deuterated isotopologues of avobenzone, a sunscreen active ingredient, were synthesised to examine for any changes to the equilibrium between the diketone and enol isomers, as well as their UV photostability and photoprotective properties. Prior to UV irradiation, deuteration of the diketone methylene/enol moiety (i.e. avobenzone-d2) led to an increase in the % diketone compared to non-deuterated, determined by 1H NMR experiments in CDCl3 and C6D12. This can be rationalised from two angles; mechanistically by a deuterium kinetic isotope effect for the CH vs. CD abstraction step during tautomerisation from the diketone to the enol, and a weaker chelating hydrogen bond for the enol when deuterated allowing increased equilibration to the diketone. Avobenzone-d2 was further examined by solid state 13C NMR. The higher % diketone for avobenzone-d2 was postulated to favour increased photodegradation by a non-reversible pathway. This was investigated by UV irradiation of the avobenzone isotopologues in C6D12, both in real time in situ within the NMR by fibre optic cable as well as ex situ using sunlight. An increase in the relative amount of photoproducts for avobenzone-d2 compared to non-deuterated was observed by 1H NMR upon UV irradiation ex situ. Overall, the study demonstrates that deuteration can be applied to alter complex equilibria, and has potential to be manifested as changes to the properties and behaviour of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys B Murphy
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - John Staton
- Eurofins Dermatest, 20 King Street, Rockdale, New South Wales 2216, Australia
| | - Aditya Rawal
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tamim A Darwish
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
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Berenbeim JA, Wong NGK, Cockett MCR, Berden G, Oomens J, Rijs AM, Dessent CEH. Sodium cationization can disrupt the intramolecular hydrogen bond that mediates the sunscreen activity of oxybenzone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:19522-19531. [PMID: 32840272 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03152f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A key decay pathway by which organic sunscreen molecules dissipate harmful UV energy involves excited-state hydrogen atom transfer between proximal enol and keto functional groups. Structural modifications of this molecular architecture have the potential to block ultrafast decay processes, and hence promote direct excited-state molecular dissociation, profoundly affecting the efficiency of an organic sunscreen. Herein, we investigate the binding of alkali metal cations to a prototype organic sunscreen molecule, oxybenzone, using IR characterization. Mass-selective IR action spectroscopy was conducted at the free electron laser for infrared experiments, FELIX (600-1800 cm-1), on complexes of Na+, K+ and Rb+ bound to oxybenzone. The IR spectra reveal that K+ and Rb+ adopt binding positions away from the key OH intermolecular hydrogen bond, while the smaller Na+ cation binds directly between the keto and enol oxygens, thus breaking the intramolecular hydrogen bond. UV laser photodissociation spectroscopy was also performed on the series of complexes, with the Na+ complex displaying a distinctive electronic spectrum compared to those of K+ and Rb+, in line with the IR spectroscopy results. TD-DFT calculations reveal that the origin of the changes in the electronic spectra can be linked to rupture of the intramolecular bond in the sodium cationized complex. The implications of our results for the performance of sunscreens in mixtures and environments with high concentrations of metal cations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Berenbeim
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Natalie G K Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Martin C R Cockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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