1
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Fu Z, Guo S, Yu Y, Xie HB, Li S, Lv D, Zhou P, Song K, Chen Z, Tan R, Hu K, Shen R, Yao M, Hu M. Oxidation Mechanism and Toxicity Evolution of Linalool, a Typical Indoor Volatile Chemical Product. ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 2:486-498. [PMID: 39049896 PMCID: PMC11264274 DOI: 10.1021/envhealth.4c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Linalool, a high-reactivity volatile chemical product (VCP) commonly found in cleaning products and disinfectants, is increasingly recognized as an emerging contaminant, especially in indoor air. Understanding the gas-phase oxidation mechanism of linalool is crucial for assessing its impact on atmospheric chemistry and human health. Using quantum chemical calculations and computational toxicology simulations, we investigated the atmospheric transformation and toxicity evolution of linalool under low and high NO/HO2· levels, representing indoor and outdoor environments. Our findings reveal that linalool can undergo the novel mechanisms involving concerted peroxy (RO2·) and alkoxy radical (RO·) modulated autoxidation, particularly emphasizing the importance of cyclization reactions indoors. This expands the widely known RO2·-dominated H-shift-driven autoxidation and proposes a generalized autoxidation mechanism that leads to the formation of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Toxicological analysis shows that over half of transformation products (TPs) exhibited higher carcinogenicity and respiratory toxicity compared to linalool. We also propose time-dependent toxic effects of TPs to assess their long-term toxicity. Our results indicate that the strong indoor emission coupled with slow consumption rates lead to significant health risks under an indoor environment. The results highlight complex indoor air chemistry and health concerns regarding persistent toxic products during indoor cleaning, which involves the use of linalool or other VCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Fu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry
of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daqi Lv
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Putian Zhou
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Song
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Tan
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kun Hu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruizhe Shen
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State
Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,
International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry
of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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2
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Carter TJ, Shaw DR, Carslaw DC, Carslaw N. Indoor cooking and cleaning as a source of outdoor air pollution in urban environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:975-990. [PMID: 38525871 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00512g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Indoor sources of air pollution, such as from cooking and cleaning, play a key role in indoor gas-phase chemistry. The focus of the impact of these activities on air quality tends to be indoors, with less attention given to the impact on air quality outside buildings. This study uses the INdoor CHEmical Model in Python (INCHEM-Py) and the Advanced Dispersion Modelling System (ADMS) to quantify the impact cooking and cleaning have on indoor and outdoor air quality for an idealised street of houses. INCHEM-Py has been developed to determine the concentrations of 106 indoor volatile organic compounds at the point they leave a building (defined as near-field concentrations). For a simulated 140 m long street with 10 equi-distant houses undertaking cooking and cleaning activities, the maximum downwind concentration of acetaldehyde increases from a background value of 0.1 ppb to 0.9 ppb post-cooking, whilst the maximum downwind chloroform concentrations increase from 1.2 to 6.2 ppt after cleaning. Although emissions to outdoors are higher when cooking and cleaning happen indoors, the contribution of these activities to total UK emissions of volatile organic compounds is low (less than 1%), and comprise about a quarter of those emitted from traffic across the UK. It is important to quantify these emissions, particularly as continued vehicle technology improvements lead to lower direct emissions outdoors, making indoor emissions relatively more important. Understanding how indoor pollution can affect outdoor environments, will allow better mitigation measures to be designed in the future that can take into account all sources of pollution that contribute to human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Carter
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - David R Shaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - David C Carslaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
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3
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Copan AV, Moore KB, Elliott SN, Mulvihill CR, Pratali Maffei L, Klippenstein SJ. Radical Stereochemistry: Accounting for Diastereomers in Kinetic Mechanism Development. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38683599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent work in combustion and atmospheric chemistry has revealed cases in which diastereomers must be distinguished to accurately model a reacting flow. This paper presents an open-source framework for introducing such stereoisomer resolution into a kinetic mechanism. We detail our definitions and algorithms for labeling and enumerating the stereoisomers of a molecule and then generalize our system to describe the transition state (TS) of a reaction. This allows for the stereospecific enumeration of reactants and products while accounting for "fleeting" stereochemistry that is unique to the TS. We also present the AutoMech Chemical Identifier (AMChI), an InChI-like string identifier that accounts for stereocenters omitted by InChI. This identifier is extended to describe the TSs of reactions, providing a universal lookup key for specific reaction channels. The final piece of our methodology is an analytic formula to remove redundancy from a stereoresolved mechanism when its enantiomers exist as a racemic mixture, making it as compact as possible while fully accounting for the differences between diastereomers. In applying our methodology to two subsets of the NUIGMech1.1 mechanism, we find that our approach reduces the extra species added for large-fuel oxidation from 2231 (133%, full expansion) to 694 (41%, nonredundant expansion). We also find that for pyrolysis more than a quarter of the species in the expanded mechanism cannot be properly described by an InChI string, requiring an AMChI string to communicate their identity. Finally, we find that roughly one-quarter of the large-fuel oxidation reactions and one-third of the pyrolysis reactions include fleeting TS stereochemistry, which may have relevant effects on their kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas V Copan
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kevin B Moore
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sarah N Elliott
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Clayton R Mulvihill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Luna Pratali Maffei
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Stephen J Klippenstein
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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4
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Cummings BE, Lakey PSJ, Morrison GC, Shiraiwa M, Waring MS. Composition of indoor organic surface films in residences: simulating the influence of sources, partitioning, particle deposition, and air exchange. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:305-322. [PMID: 38108243 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Indoor surfaces are coated with organic films that modulate thermodynamic interactions between the surfaces and room air. Recently published models can simulate film formation and growth via gas-surface partitioning, but none have statistically investigated film composition. The Indoor Model of Aerosols, Gases, Emissions, and Surfaces (IMAGES) was used here to simulate ten years of nonreactive film growth upon impervious indoor surfaces within a Monte Carlo procedure representing a sub-set of North American residential buildings. Film composition was resolved into categories reflecting indoor aerosol (gas + particle phases) factors from three sources: outdoor-originating, indoor-emitted, and indoor-generated secondary organic material. In addition to gas-to-film partitioning, particle deposition was modeled as a vector for organics to enter films, and it was responsible for a majority of the film mass after ∼1000 days of growth for the median simulation and is likely the main source of LVOCs within films. Therefore, the organic aerosol factor possessing the most SVOCs contributes most strongly to the composition of early films, but as the film ages, films become more dominated by the factor with the highest particle concentration. Indoor-emitted organics (e.g. from cooking) often constituted at least a plurality of the simulated mass in developed films, but indoor environments are diverse enough that any major organic material source could be the majority contributor to film mass, depending on building characteristics and indoor activities. A sensitivity analysis suggests that rapid film growth is most likely in both newer, more air-tight homes and older homes near primary pollution sources.
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5
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Kjærgaard ER, Møller KH, Kjaergaard HG. Atmospheric Oxidation of Hydroperoxy Amides. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9311-9321. [PMID: 37877667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hydroperoxy amides were identified as major products of OH-initiated autoxidation of tertiary amines in the atmosphere. The formation mechanism is analogous to that found for ethers and sulfides but substantially faster. However, the atmospheric fate of the hydroperoxy amides remains unknown. Using high-level theoretical methods, we study the most likely OH-initiated oxidation pathways of the hydroperoxy and dihydroperoxy amides derived from trimethylamine autoxidation. Overall, we find that the OH-initiated oxidation of the hydroperoxy amides predominantly leads to the formation of imides under NO-dominated conditions and more highly oxidized hydroperoxy amides under HO2-dominated conditions. Unimolecular reactions are found to be surprisingly slow, likely due to the restricting, planar structure of the amide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Kjærgaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristian H Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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6
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Kjærgaard ER, Møller KH, Berndt T, Kjaergaard HG. Highly Efficient Autoxidation of Triethylamine. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8623-8632. [PMID: 37802497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoxidation has been acknowledged as a major oxidation pathway in a broad range of atmospherically important compounds including isoprene and monoterpenes. More recently, autoxidation has also been identified as central and even dominant in the atmospheric oxidation of the rather small nonhydrocarbons dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and trimethylamine (TMA). Here, we find even faster autoxidation in the aliphatic amine triethylamine (TEA). The atmospherically dominating autoxidation leads to highly oxygenated and functionalized compounds. Products with as many as three hydroperoxy (OOH) groups and an O:C ratio larger than 1 are formed. We present theoretical multiconformer transition-state theory (MC-TST) calculations of the unimolecular reactions in the autoxidation following the OH + TEA reaction and calculate peroxy radical H-shift rate coefficients >20 s-1 for the first two generations of H-shifts. The efficient autoxidation in TEA is verified by the observation of the proposed highly oxidized products and radicals in flow-tube experiments. We find that the initial OH hydrogen abstraction at the α-carbon is strongly favored, with the β-carbon abstraction yield being less than a few percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Kjærgaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristian H Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Torsten Berndt
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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7
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Weschler CJ, Nazaroff WW. Ozone Loss: A Surrogate for the Indoor Concentration of Ozone-Derived Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13569-13578. [PMID: 37639667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Ozone concentrations tend to be substantially lower indoors than outdoors, largely because of ozone reactions with indoor surfaces. When there are no indoor sources of ozone, a common condition, the net concentration of gaseous products derived from indoor ozone chemistry scales linearly with the difference between outdoor and indoor ozone concentrations, termed "ozone loss." As such, ozone loss is a metric that might be used by epidemiologists to disentangle the adverse health effects of ozone's oxidation products from those of exposure to ozone itself. The present paper examines the characteristics, potential utility, and limitations of the ozone loss concept. We show that for commonly occurring indoor conditions, the ozone loss concentration is directly proportional to the total rate constant for ozone removal on surfaces (ksum) and inversely proportional to the net removal of ozone by air exchange (λ) plus surface reactions (ksum). It follows that the ratio of indoor ozone to ozone loss is equal to the ratio of λ to ksum. Ozone loss is a promising metric for probing potential adverse health effects resulting from exposures to products of indoor ozone chemistry. Notwithstanding its virtues, practitioners using it should be mindful of the limitations discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1710, United States
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8
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Wang Y, Takeuchi M, Wang S, Nizkorodov SA, France S, Eris G, Ng NL. Photolysis of Gas-Phase Atmospherically Relevant Monoterpene-Derived Organic Nitrates. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:987-999. [PMID: 36651914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrates (ONs) can impact spatial distribution of reactive nitrogen species and ozone formation in the atmosphere. While photolysis of ONs is known to result in the release of NO2 back to the atmosphere, the photolysis rate constants and mechanisms of monoterpene-derived ONs (MT-ONs) have not been well constrained. We investigated the gas-phase photolysis of three synthetic ONs derived from α-pinene, β-pinene, and d-limonene through chamber experiments. The measured photolysis rate constants ranged from (0.55 ± 0.10) × 10-5 to (2.3 ± 0.80) × 10-5 s-1 under chamber black lights. When extrapolated to solar spectral photon flux at a solar zenith angle of 28.14° in summer, the photolysis rate constants were in the range of (4.1 ± 1.4) × 10-5 to (14 ± 6.7) × 10-5 s-1 (corresponding to lifetimes of 2.0 ± 0.96 to 6.8 ± 2.4 h) and (1.7 ± 0.60) × 10-5 to (8.3 ± 4.0) ×10-5 s-1 (3.3 ± 1.6 to 17 ± 6.0 h lifetimes) by using wavelength-dependent and average quantum yields, respectively. Photolysis mechanisms were proposed based on major products detected during photolysis. A zero-dimensional box model was further employed to simulate the photolysis of α-pinene-derived ON under ambient conditions. We found that more than 99% of α-pinene-derived ON can be converted to inorganic nitrogen within 12 h of irradiation and ozone was formed correspondingly. Together, these findings show that photolysis is an important atmospheric sink for MT-ONs and highlight their role in NOx recycling and ozone chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309-0216, United States.,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - Stefan France
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Gamze Eris
- School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States.,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States.,School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
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9
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Mayorga R, Xia Y, Zhao Z, Long B, Zhang H. Peroxy Radical Autoxidation and Sequential Oxidation in Organic Nitrate Formation during Limonene Nighttime Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15337-15346. [PMID: 36282674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Limonene is an abundant monoterpene released into the atmosphere via biogenic emissions and biomass burning. However, the atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation mechanisms of limonene, especially during nighttime, remain largely understudied. In this work, limonene was oxidized synergistically by ozone (O3) and nitrate radicals (NO3) in a flow tube reactor and a continuous flow stirred tank reactor. Upon oxidation, many highly oxidized organic nitrates and nitrooxy peroxy radicals (RO2) were observed in the gas phase within 1 min. Combining quantum chemical calculations with kinetic simulations, we found that the primary nitrooxy RO2 (C10H16NO5) through NO3 addition at the more substituted endocyclic double bond and at the exocyclic double bond (previously considered as minor pathways) can undergo autoxidation with rate constants of around 0.02 and 20 s-1 at 298 K, respectively. These pathways could explain a major portion of the observed highly oxidized organic nitrates. In the SOA, highly oxidized mono- and dinitrates (e.g., C10H17NO7-8 and C10H16,18N2O8-10) make up a significant contribution, highlighting nitrooxy RO2 autoxidation and sequential NO3 oxidation of limonene. The same organic nitrates are also observed in ambient aerosol during biomass burning and nighttime in the southeastern United States. Therefore, the present work provides new insights into the nighttime oxidation of limonene and SOA formation in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mayorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Yu Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zixu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Bo Long
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
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10
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Pytel K, Marcinkowska R, Rutkowska M, Zabiegała B. Recent advances on SOA formation in indoor air, fate and strategies for SOA characterization in indoor air - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156948. [PMID: 35753459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies proves that indoor air chemistry differs in many aspects from atmospheric one. People send up to 90 % of their life indoors being exposed to pollutants present in gas, particle and solid phase. Particle phase indoor is composed of particles emitted from various sources, among which there is an indoor source - secondary chemical reactions leading to formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Lately, researchers' attentions turned towards the ultrafine particles, for there are still a lot of gaps in knowledge concerning this field of study, while there is evidence of negative influence of ultrafine particles on human health. Presented review sums up current knowledge about secondary particle formation in indoor environment and development of analytical techniques applied to study those processes. The biggest concern today is studying ROS, for their lifetime in indoor air is very short due to reactions at the very beginning of terpene oxidation process. Another interesting aspect that is recently discovered is monoterpene autooxidation process that leads to HOMs formation that in turn can influence SOA formation yield. A complex studies covering gas phase and particle phase characterization, but also toxicological studies are crucial to fully understand indoor air chemistry leading to ultrafine particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Pytel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Renata Marcinkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland
| | - Bożena Zabiegała
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., 80-233 Gdańnsk, Poland.
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11
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Zhao Q, Møller KH, Chen J, Kjaergaard HG. Cost-Effective Implementation of Multiconformer Transition State Theory for Alkoxy Radical Unimolecular Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6483-6494. [PMID: 36053271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alkoxy radicals are important intermediates in the gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) determining the nature of the first-generation products. An accurate description of their chemistry under atmospheric conditions is essential for understanding the atmospheric oxidation of VOCs. Unfortunately, experimental measurements of the rate coefficients of unimolecular alkoxy radical reactions are scarce, especially for larger systems. As has previously been done for peroxy radical hydrogen shift reactions, we present a cost-effective approach to the practical implementation of multiconformer transition state theory (MC-TST) for alkoxy radical unimolecular (H-shift and decomposition) reactions. Specifically, we test the optimal approach for the conformational sampling as well as the best value for a cutoff of high-energy conformers. In order to obtain accurate rate coefficients at a reduced computational cost, an energy cutoff is employed to reduce the required number of high-level calculations. The rate coefficients obtained with the developed theoretical approach are compared to available experimental rate coefficients for both 1,5 H-shifts and decomposition reactions. For all but one of the reactions tested, the calculated MC-TST rate coefficients agree with experimental results to within a factor of 7. The discrepancy for the final reaction is about a factor of 15, but part of the discrepancy is caused by pressure effects, which are not included in MC-TST. Thus, for the fastest alkoxy reactions, deviation from the high-pressure limit even at 1 bar should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi, Xi'an710049, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristian H Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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12
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Vining KJ, Pandelova I, Lange I, Parrish AN, Lefors A, Kronmiller B, Liachko I, Kronenberg Z, Srividya N, Lange BM. Chromosome-level genome assembly of Mentha longifolia L. reveals gene organization underlying disease resistance and essential oil traits. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6584825. [PMID: 35551385 PMCID: PMC9339296 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds., a wild, diploid mint species, has been developed as a model for mint genetic and genomic research to aid breeding efforts that target Verticillium wilt disease resistance and essential oil monoterpene composition. Here, we present a near-complete, chromosome-scale mint genome assembly for M. longifolia USDA accession CMEN 585. This new assembly is an update of a previously published genome draft, with dramatic improvements. A total of 42,107 protein-coding genes were annotated and placed on 12 chromosomal scaffolds. One hundred fifty-three genes contained conserved sequence domains consistent with nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich-repeat plant disease resistance genes. Homologs of genes implicated in Verticillium wilt resistance in other plant species were also identified. Multiple paralogs of genes putatively involved in p-menthane monoterpenoid biosynthesis were identified and several cases of gene clustering documented. Heterologous expression of candidate genes, purification of recombinant target proteins, and subsequent enzyme assays allowed us to identify the genes underlying the pathway that leads to the most abundant monoterpenoid volatiles. The bioinformatic and functional analyses presented here are laying the groundwork for using marker-assisted selection in improving disease resistance and essential oil traits in mints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Vining
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Iovanna Pandelova
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Iris Lange
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Amber N Parrish
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Andrew Lefors
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - Brent Kronmiller
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | | | - Narayanan Srividya
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
| | - B Markus Lange
- M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University , Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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13
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Analytical Determination of Allergenic Fragrances in Indoor Air. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all the emerging contaminants, fragrances are gaining more relevance for their proven allergenic and, in some cases, endocrine-disrupting properties. To date, little information exists on their concentration in the air. This study aims to fill this gap by developing a method for the determination of semivolatile fragrances in the indoor gaseous phase with sampling protocols usually adopted for the collection of atmospheric particulate matter (sampling time 24 h, flow rate 10 L min−1) and instrumental analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The method was developed on 66 analytes and tested at three concentration levels: 20 compounds showed analytical recoveries ≥72% with percentage standard deviations always better than 20%. For most compounds, negligible sampling breakthroughs were observed. The method was then applied to real samples collected in a coffee bar and in a private house. Considering the fragrances for which the method has shown good effectiveness, the highest concentrations were observed for carvone in the coffee bar (349 ng m−3) and camphor in the house (157 ng m−3). As concerns certain or suspected endocrine disruptors, lilyal and galaxolide were detected at both sites, α-isomethylionone was the second most concentrated compound in the house (63.2 ng m−3), musk xylene and musk ketone were present at lower concentration (≈ 1 or 2 ng m−3).
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14
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D’Ambro EL, Hyttinen N, Møller KH, Iyer S, Otkjær RV, Bell DM, Liu J, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Schobesberger S, Shilling JE, Zelenyuk A, Kjaergaard HG, Thornton JA, Kurtén T. Pathways to Highly Oxidized Products in the Δ3-Carene + OH System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2213-2224. [PMID: 35119266 PMCID: PMC8956127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of the monoterpene Δ3-carene (C10H16) is a potentially important and understudied source of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We present chamber-based measurements of speciated gas and particle phases during photochemical oxidation of Δ3-carene. We find evidence of highly oxidized organic molecules (HOMs) in the gas phase and relatively low-volatility SOA dominated by C7-C10 species. We then use computational methods to develop the first stages of a Δ3-carene photochemical oxidation mechanism and explain some of our measured compositions. We find that alkoxy bond scission of the cyclohexyl ring likely leads to efficient HOM formation, in line with previous studies. We also find a surprising role for the abstraction of primary hydrogens from methyl groups, which has been calculated to be rapid in the α-pinene system, and suggest more research is required to determine if this is more general to other systems and a feature of autoxidation. This work develops a more comprehensive view of Δ3-carene photochemical oxidation products via measurements and lays out a suggested mechanism of oxidation via computationally derived rate coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. D’Ambro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Noora Hyttinen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kristian H. Møller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Rasmus V. Otkjær
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - David M. Bell
- Atmospheric
Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jiumeng Liu
- Atmospheric
Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Felipe D. Lopez-Hilfiker
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Siegfried Schobesberger
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John E. Shilling
- Atmospheric
Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric
Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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15
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Kjærgaard ER, Vogt E, Møller KH, Nielsen OJ, Kjaergaard HG. Atmospheric Chemistry of CH 3OCF 2CHF 2. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10640-10648. [PMID: 34904843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to follow the reaction of CH3OCF2CHF2 with either Cl or OH radicals within a photoreactor. Rate constants of k(OH + CH3OCF2CHF2) = (2.25 ± 0.60) × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and k(Cl + CH3OCF2CHF2) = (2.50 ± 0.39) × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 were determined at 296 ± 2 K. Theoretical and experimental investigation of the Cl + CH3OCF2CHF2 reaction identified the formation of two main products, HC(O)OCF2CHF2 and COF2. Chlorine (and OH) radicals react with CH3OCF2CHF2 by H-abstraction from either the -CH3 or -CHF2 site. Abstraction from the -CH3 site was determined to constitute at least 60%, as determined from the formation of the primary product, HC(O)OCF2CHF2, which can only form from this abstraction site. At longer reaction times, HC(O)OCF2CHF2 further reacts and the yield of COF2 approaches two, the maximum possible with the number of F atoms in the reactant. The atmospheric lifetime of CH3OCF2CHF2 with OH radicals was determined to be 1.4 years. The global warming potentials over 20-, 100-, and 500-year time horizons were estimated to be 325, 88, and 25, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Kjærgaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Emil Vogt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristian H Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ole John Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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16
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Vereecken L, Vu G, Wahner A, Kiendler-Scharr A, Nguyen HMT. A structure activity relationship for ring closure reactions in unsaturated alkylperoxy radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16564-16576. [PMID: 34313271 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02758a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are an important class of multi-unsaturated volatile organic compounds emitted to the atmosphere. During their oxidation in the troposphere, unsaturated peroxy radicals are formed, which may undergo ring closure reactions by an addition of the radical oxygen atom on either of the carbons in the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond. This study describes a quantum chemical and theoretical kinetic study of the rate of ring closure, finding that the reactions are comparatively fast with rates often exceeding 1 s-1 at room temperature, making these reactions competitive in low-NOx environments and allowing for continued autoxidation by ring closure. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) is presented for 5- to 8-membered ring closure in unsaturated RO2 radicals with aliphatic substituents, with some analysis of the impact of oxygenated substituents. H-migration in the cycloperoxide peroxy radicals formed after the ring closure was found to be comparatively slow for unsubstituted RO2 radicals. In the related cycloperoxide alkoxy radicals, migration of H-atoms implanted on the ring was similarly found to be slower than for non-cyclic alkoxy radicals and is typically not competitive against decomposition reactions that lead to cycloperoxide ring breaking. Ring closure reactions may constitute an important reaction channel in the atmospheric oxidation of terpenoids and could promote continued autoxidation, though the impact is likely to be strongly dependent on the specific molecular backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vereecken
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research: IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.
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17
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Barber VP, Green WH, Kroll JH. Screening for New Pathways in Atmospheric Oxidation Chemistry with Automated Mechanism Generation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6772-6788. [PMID: 34346695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the Earth's atmosphere, reactive organic carbon undergoes oxidation via a highly complex, multigeneration process, with implications for air quality and climate. Decades of experimental and theoretical studies, primarily on the reactions of hydrocarbons, have led to a canonical understanding of how gas-phase oxidation of organic compounds takes place. Recent research has brought to light a number of examples where the presence of certain functional groups opens up reaction pathways for key radical intermediates, including alkyl radicals, alkoxy radicals, and peroxy radicals, that are substantially different from traditional oxidation mechanisms. These discoveries highlight the need for methods that systematically explore the chemistry of complex, functionalized molecules without being prohibitively expensive. In this work, automated reaction network generation is used as a screening tool for new pathways in atmospheric oxidation chemistry. The reaction mechanism generator (RMG) is used to generate reaction networks for the OH-initiated oxidation of 200 mono- and bifunctionally substituted n-pentanes. The resulting networks are then filtered to highlight the reactions of key radical intermediates that are fast enough to compete with traditional atmospheric removal processes as well as "uncanonical" processes which differ from traditionally accepted oxidation mechanisms. Several recently reported, uncanonical atmospheric mechanisms appear in the RMG dataset. These "proof of concept" results provide confidence in this approach as a tool in the search for overlooked atmospheric oxidation chemistry. Several previously unreported reaction types are also encountered in the dataset. The most potentially atmospherically important of these is a radical-carbonyl ring-closure reaction that produces a highly functionalized cyclic alkoxy radical. This pathway is proposed as a promising target for further study via experiments and more detailed theoretical calculations. The approach presented herein represents a new way to efficiently explore atmospheric chemical space and unearth overlooked reaction steps in atmospheric oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P Barber
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William H Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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18
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Berndt T, Møller KH, Herrmann H, Kjaergaard HG. Trimethylamine Outruns Terpenes and Aromatics in Atmospheric Autoxidation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4454-4466. [PMID: 33978422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autoxidation in the atmosphere has been realized in the last decade as an important process that forms highly oxidized products relevant for the formation of secondary organic aerosol and likely with detrimental human health effects. It is experimentally shown that the OH radical-initiated oxidation of trimethylamine, the most highly emitted amine in the atmosphere, proceeds via rapid autoxidation steps dominating its atmospheric oxidation process. All three methyl groups are functionalized within a timescale of 10 s following the reaction with OH radicals leading to highly oxidized products. The exceptionally large density of functional groups in the oxidized products is expected to define their chemical properties. A detailed reaction mechanism based on theoretical calculations is able to describe the experimental findings. The comparison with results of the reinvestigated OH radical- and ozone-initiated autoxidation of a series of terpenes and aromatics reveals the trimethylamine process as the most efficient one discovered up to now for atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Berndt
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Kristian H Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
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