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Sharma P, Venugopal A, Verdi CM, Roger MS, Calò A, Kumar M. Heparin binding induced supramolecular chirality into the self-assembly of perylenediimide bolaamphiphile. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39016812 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00862f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Chirality is one of the hallmarks of biomolecules. Herein, we utilize heparin, a chiral biomolecule and potent drug, to induce chiral organization into the assembly of an achiral molecule. Polyanionic heparin binds with a dicationic perylenediimide derivative to induce supramolecular helical organization in aqueous medium as well as in a highly competitive cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Akhil Venugopal
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Calle Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Martínez Verdi
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mauri Serra Roger
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Annalisa Calò
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Calle Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Calle Marti i Fraquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Calle Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Ximenes VF, Yoguim MI, de Souza AR, Morgon NH. Circular dichroism spectrum of (R)-(+)-3,3'-dibromo-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol in albumin: Alterations caused by complexation-Experimental and in silico investigation. Chirality 2024; 36:e23675. [PMID: 38699899 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the interaction of human serum albumin (HSA) with the binol derivative (R)-(+)-3,3'-dibromo-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (R-BrB), which has its optical activity based on the prohibitive energetic barrier for conversion into the enantiomer (S)-(+)-3,3'-dibromo-1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (S-BrB). The objective was to assess the ability of HSA to differentiate axial enantiomers based on their binding efficiency and their impact on the CD spectra. We discovered that both enantiomers were effective ligands, and the CD signal disappeared when equimolar amounts of R-BrB and S-BrB were simultaneously added, indicating no preference for either enantiomer. The complexation resulted in a significant signal increase at 250 nm and a bathochromic effect at 370 nm. Molecular docking simulations were performed, and the lower energy pose of R-BrB was selected for DFT calculations. The theoretical CD spectra of free and complexed R-BrB were obtained and showed alterations corroborating the experimental results. By comparing the difference spectrum (HSA:R-BrB minus HSA) with the spectrum of free RBrB in water or ethyl alcohol, we concluded that the CD signal intensification was due to the increased solubilization of R-BrB upon binding to HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdecir Farias Ximenes
- Department Chemistry, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Ikeda Yoguim
- Department Chemistry, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nelson Henrique Morgon
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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3
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Schönbeck C, Kari J, Westh P. ITC analysis of polydisperse systems: Unravelling the impact of sample heterogeneity. Anal Biochem 2024; 687:115446. [PMID: 38147946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Binding interactions often involve heterogeneous samples displaying a distribution of binding sites that vary in affinity and binding enthalpy. Examples include biological samples like proteins and chemically produced samples like modified cyclodextrins. Experimental studies often ignore sample heterogeneity and treat the system as an interaction of two homogeneous species, i.e. a chemically well-defined ligand binding to one type of site. The present study explores, by simulations and experiments, the impact of heterogeneity in isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) setups where one of the binding components is heterogeneous. It is found that the standard single-site model, based on the assumption of two homogeneous binding components, provides excellent fits to simulated ITC data when the binding free energy is normally distributed and all sites have similar binding enthalpies. In such cases, heterogeneity can easily go undetected but leads to underestimated binding constants. Heterogeneity in the binding enthalpy is a bigger problem and may result in enthalpograms of increased complexity that are likely to be misinterpreted as two-site binding or other complex binding models. Finally, it is shown that heterogeneity can account for previously observed experimental anomalies. All simulations are accessible in Google Colab for readers to experiment with the simulation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeppe Kari
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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Maszota-Zieleniak M, Samsonov SA. Molecular Dynamics Simulation-Based Prediction of Glycosaminoglycan Interactions with Drug Molecules. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2714:143-153. [PMID: 37676597 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3441-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of long linear anionic periodic polysaccharides. Their biological activities are very broad including tissue remodeling, regulation of cell proliferation, cell migration, cell differentiation, participation in bacterial/viral infections, and immune response. They can interact with many important biomolecular partners in the extracellular matrix of the cell including small drug molecules. Recently, several GAG-bioactive small molecule complexes have been experimentally and theoretically studied. Some of these compounds in complexes with GAGs may potentially interfere with protein-GAG or peptide-GAG multimolecular systems affecting the processes of cellular differentiation or have anti-inflammatory, antiviral as well as antithrombotic effects. Although many studies have been conducted on GAG-drug complexes, the molecular mechanisms of the formation of such complexes are still poorly understood. At the same time, the complexity of their physicochemical properties renders the use of both experimental and computational methods to study these molecular systems challenging. Here, we present the molecular dynamics-based protocols successfully employed to in silico analyze GAG-small molecule interactions.
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5
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An ultrasensitive and selective method for visual detection of heparin in 100 % human plasma. Talanta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Co-formulations of adalimumab with hyaluronic acid / polyvinylpyrrolidone to combine intraarticular drug delivery and viscosupplementation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:39-49. [PMID: 35691537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based formulations present an attractive strategy in intraarticular drug-delivery to refrain biologicals from early leakage from the joint. In this study, co-formulations of hyaluronic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone were investigated for their potential as viscosupplements and their influence on the transsynovial loss of adalimumab. For this purpose, polymer mixtures were evaluated for their viscosity and elasticity behavior while their influence on the permeation of adalimumab across a porcine ex-vivo synovial membrane was determined. Hyaluronic acid showed strong shear thinning behavior and exhibited high viscosity and elasticity at low motions, while combinations with polyvinylpyrrolidone provided absorption and stiffness at high mechanical stress, so that they can potentially restore the rheological properties of the synovial fluid over the range of joint motion. In addition, the formulations showed significant influence on transsynovial permeation kinetics of adalimumab and hyaluronic acid, which could be decelerated up to 5- and 3-fold, respectively. Besides viscosity effects, adalimumab was retained primarily by an electrostatic interaction with hyaluronic acid, as detected by isothermal calibration calorimetry. Furthermore, polymer-mediated stabilization of the antibody activity was detected. In summary, hyaluronic acid - polyvinylpyrrolidone combinations can be efficiently used to prolong the residence of adalimumab in the joint cavity while simultaneously supplying viscosupplementation.
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Molecular Dynamics Approaches Dissect Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Methylene Blue-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092654. [PMID: 35566005 PMCID: PMC9105714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of periodic anionic linear polysaccharides involved in a number of biologically relevant processes in the extracellular matrix via interactions with various types of molecules including proteins, peptides and small organic molecules. The metachromatic dye methylene blue (MB) is a GAG binding agent. This molecule possesses a tricyclic, monocationic phenothiazine ring system, while the terminal methyl groups attached to the nitrogen atoms bear the most positive charges of the cation and, therefore, represent potential binding sites for negatively charged GAGs. In this study, we rigorously explored molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions for several GAG types: heparin, heparan and chondroitin sulfates. We found that GAG-MB interactions are predominantly electrostatically driven, with the particularly important role of sulfate groups. MB oligomeric stack formation was favored in the presence of GAGs. Furthermore, the impact of MB binding on the conformation of GAGs was also evaluated. The novel results allow for better quantitative analytics of GAG composition in the studied biochemical systems using MB dye as a GAG-specific marker. Our data add to the knowledge on small molecule-GAG interactions and could be potentially useful for novel developments in drug design and putative disease therapies in which GAGs are involved.
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de Paiva RE, Johnson WE, Gorle AK, Berners-Price SJ, Farrell NP. Metalloglycomics of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) cobalt and ruthenium compounds. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 229:111731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zsila F. Comment on "Emissive H-Aggregates of an Ultrafast Molecular Rotor: A Promising Platform for Sensing Heparin". ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50585-50588. [PMID: 34670370 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For heparin sensing, Mudliar and Singh developed fluorescence and absorption spectroscopic approaches by utilizing emissive H-aggregates of thioflavin T (ThT) formed upon heparin binding. It has been proposed that the methods work not only in pure aqueous solution but also in complex biological media such as human serum. However, the optical features used to detect and quantify heparin are very sensitive to the ionic strength of the solution and completely vanish at 1.45 mM NaCl. Curiously, the authors were able to determine the heparin content of 1% serum samples containing the same level of electrolyte. In addition, the experimental conditions employed for heparin detection in serum samples were substantially modified, reducing the optical path length from 1 to 0.1 cm and increasing the dye concentration by an unknown measure. ThT shows a concentration-dependent tendency for aqueous aggregation, which markedly modifies its absorption and fluorescence properties. The authors have failed to verify that spectral characteristics of the ThT-heparin system observed in pure aqueous medium remain unchanged at higher dye concentrations and in the presence of serum components. Taking these issues into consideration, the heparin detection scheme offered for serum samples cannot be reproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Zsila
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 286, Budapest H-1519, Hungary
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Maszota-Zieleniak M, Zsila F, Samsonov SA. Computational insights into heparin-small molecule interactions: Evaluation of the balance between stacking and non-stacking binding modes. Carbohydr Res 2021; 507:108390. [PMID: 34271478 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), anionic periodic linear polysaccharides, are involved in a manifold of key biochemical processes ongoing in the extracellular matrix via establishing direct intermolecular interactions with diverse classes of biopolymers as well as with bioactive small molecules. Due to their acidic nature, they are capable of binding positively charged ligands, which, in turn could affect their binding with protein and peptide targets, modulating a number of physiologically important signaling pathways. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve our understanding on the molecular basis underlying GAG-small molecule interactions. In this study, we applied in silico approaches (molecular dynamics and free energy calculations) complemented with circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy to characterize the complex formation between heparin, one of the principal members of GAG family, and twenty different cationic ligands including therapeutic drugs, alkaloids and organic dyes. In particular, the oligomerization propensity of ligands prior to heparin binding, binding free energy parameters, effects of the ionic strength are rigorously described. Based on the performed analysis, the ligands are classified into three main groups depending on their heparin binding and oligomerization properties. The computational data agree and provide rationale for the corresponding experimental findings, contributing to the general knowledge of the physico-chemical nature of ligand-GAG intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferenc Zsila
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Hungary.
| | - Sergey A Samsonov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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11
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Bu C, Jin L. NMR Characterization of the Interactions Between Glycosaminoglycans and Proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:646808. [PMID: 33796549 PMCID: PMC8007983 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.646808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) constitute a considerable fraction of the glycoconjugates found on cellular membranes and in the extracellular matrix of virtually all mammalian tissues. The essential role of GAG-protein interactions in the regulation of physiological processes has been recognized for decades. However, the underlying molecular basis of these interactions has only emerged since 1990s. The binding specificity of GAGs is encoded in their primary structures, but ultimately depends on how their functional groups are presented to a protein in the three-dimensional space. This review focuses on the application of NMR spectroscopy on the characterization of the GAG-protein interactions. Examples of interpretation of the complex mechanism and characterization of structural motifs involved in the GAG-protein interactions are given. Selected families of GAG-binding proteins investigated using NMR are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkai Bu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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12
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Achazi K, Haag R, Ballauff M, Dernedde J, Kizhakkedathu JN, Maysinger D, Multhaup G. Understanding the Interaction of Polyelectrolyte Architectures with Proteins and Biosystems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3882-3904. [PMID: 32589355 PMCID: PMC7894192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The counterions neutralizing the charges on polyelectrolytes such as DNA or heparin may dissociate in water and greatly influence the interaction of such polyelectrolytes with biomolecules, particularly proteins. In this Review we give an overview of studies on the interaction of proteins with polyelectrolytes and how this knowledge can be used for medical applications. Counterion release was identified as the main driving force for the binding of proteins to polyelectrolytes: Patches of positive charge become multivalent counterions of the polyelectrolyte and lead to the release of counterions from the polyelectrolyte and a concomitant increase in entropy. This is shown from investigations on the interaction of proteins with natural and synthetic polyelectrolytes. Special emphasis is paid to sulfated dendritic polyglycerols (dPGS). The Review demonstrates that we are moving to a better understanding of charge-charge interactions in systems of biological relevance. Research along these lines will aid and promote the design of synthetic polyelectrolytes for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Achazi
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität BerlinTakustrasse 314195BerlinGermany
- IRIS AdlershofHumboldt Universität zu BerlinZum Grossen Windkanal 612489BerlinGermany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry, and PathobiochemistryCVK Augustenburger Platz 113353BerlinGermany
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood ResearchDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineLife Science InstituteDepartment of ChemistrySchool of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverV6T 1Z3Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontrealH3G 1Y6Canada
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontrealH3G 1Y6Canada
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Judy E, Kishore N. Discrepancies in Thermodynamic Information Obtained from Calorimetry and Spectroscopy in Ligand Binding Reactions: Implications on Correct Analysis in Systems of Biological Importance. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Judy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400 076, India
| | - Nand Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400 076, India
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Zsila F, Samsonov SA, Maszota-Zieleniak M. Mind Your Dye: The Amyloid Sensor Thioflavin T Interacts with Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans Used To Induce Cross-β-Sheet Motifs. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11625-11633. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Zsila
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sergey A. Samsonov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Achazi K, Haag R, Ballauff M, Dernedde J, Kizhakkedathu JN, Maysinger D, Multhaup G. Wechselwirkung von Polyelektrolyt‐Architekturen mit Proteinen und Biosystemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Achazi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Matthias Ballauff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Zum Großen Windkanal 6 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie CVK Augustenburger Platz 1 13353 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Life Science Institute Department of Chemistry School of Biomedical Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z3 Kanada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montreal H3G 1Y6 Kanada
| | - Gerd Multhaup
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montreal H3G 1Y6 Kanada
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Samsonov SA, Freza S, Zsila F. In silico analysis of heparin and chondroitin sulfate binding mechanisms of the antiprotozoal drug berenil and pentamidine. Carbohydr Res 2019; 482:107742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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