1
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Villaseco Arribas E, Maitra NT, Agostini F. Nonadiabatic dynamics with classical trajectories: The problem of an initial coherent superposition of electronic states. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054102. [PMID: 38310471 DOI: 10.1063/5.0186984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in coherent light sources and development of pump-probe techniques in recent decades have opened the way to study electronic motion in its natural time scale. When an ultrashort laser pulse interacts with a molecular target, a coherent superposition of electronic states is created and the triggered electron dynamics is coupled to the nuclear motion. A natural and computationally efficient choice to simulate this correlated dynamics is a trajectory-based method where the quantum-mechanical electronic evolution is coupled to a classical-like nuclear dynamics. These methods must approximate the initial correlated electron-nuclear state by associating an initial electronic wavefunction to each classical trajectory in the ensemble. Different possibilities exist that reproduce the initial populations of the exact molecular wavefunction when represented in a basis. We show that different choices yield different dynamics and explore the effect of this choice in Ehrenfest, surface hopping, and exact-factorization-based coupled-trajectory schemes in a one-dimensional two-electronic-state model system that can be solved numerically exactly. This work aims to clarify the problems that standard trajectory-based techniques might have when a coherent superposition of electronic states is created to initialize the dynamics, to discuss what properties and observables are affected by different choices of electronic initial conditions and to point out the importance of quantum-momentum-induced electronic transitions in coupled-trajectory schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaristo Villaseco Arribas
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Neepa T Maitra
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Federica Agostini
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, 91405 Orsay, France
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2
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Crisci L, Coppola F, Petrone A, Rega N. Tuning ultrafast time-evolution of photo-induced charge-transfer states: A real-time electronic dynamics study in substituted indenotetracene derivatives. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:210-221. [PMID: 37706600 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced charge transfer (CT) states are pivotal in many technological and biological processes. A deeper knowledge of such states is mandatory for modeling the charge migration dynamics. Real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TD-DFT) electronic dynamics simulations are employed to explicitly observe the electronic density time-evolution upon photo-excitation. Asymmetrically substituted indenotetracene molecules, given their potential application as n-type semiconductors in organic photovoltaic materials, are here investigated. Effects of substituents with different electron-donating characters are analyzed in terms of the overall electronic energy spacing and resulting ultrafast CT dynamics through linear response (LR-)TD-DFT and RT-TD-DFT based approaches. The combination of the computational techniques here employed provided direct access to the electronic density reorganization in time and to its spatial and rational representation in terms of molecular orbital occupation time evolution. Such results can be exploited to design peculiar directional charge dynamics, crucial when photoactive materials are used for light-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Crisci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Petrone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo ed. 6, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Rega
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, Naples, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo ed. 6, Naples, Italy
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3
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Hamer KA, Folorunso AS, Lopata K, Schafer KJ, Gaarde MB, Mauger F. Tracking Charge Migration with Frequency-Matched Strobo-Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:20-27. [PMID: 38165105 PMCID: PMC10788909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We present frequency-matched strobo-spectroscopy (FMSS) of charge migration (CM) in bromobutadiyne, simulated with time-dependent density functional theory. CM + FMSS is a pump-probe scheme that uses a frequency-matched high harmonic generation (HHG)-driving laser as an independent probe step, following the creation of a localized hole on the bromine atom that induces CM dynamics. We show that the delay-dependent harmonic yield tracks the phase of the CM dynamics through its sensitivity to the amount of electron density on the bromine end of the molecule. FMSS takes advantage of the intrinsic attosecond time resolution of the HHG process in which different harmonics are emitted at different times and thus probe different locations of the electron hole. Finally, we show that the CM-induced modulation of the HHG signal is dominated by the recombination step of the HHG process, with a negligible contribution from the ionization step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Hamer
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Aderonke S. Folorunso
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
- Center
for Computation and Technology, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Schafer
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Mette B. Gaarde
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - François Mauger
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State
University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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4
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Buttarazzi E, Perrella F, Rega N, Petrone A. Watching the Interplay between Photoinduced Ultrafast Charge Dynamics and Nuclear Vibrations. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8751-8766. [PMID: 37991892 PMCID: PMC10720350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Here is presented the ultrafast hole-electron dynamics of photoinduced metal to ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states in a Ru(II) complex, [Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2]4- (dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine), a photoactive molecule employed in dye sensitized solar cells. Via cutting-edge computational techniques, a tailored computational protocol is here presented and developed to provide a detailed analysis of the electronic manifold coupled with nuclear vibrations to better understand the nonradiative pathways and the resulting overall dye performances in light-harvesting processes (electron injection). Thus, the effects of different vibrational modes were investigated on both the electronic levels and charge transfer dynamics through a theoretical-computational approach. First, the linear response time-dependent density functional (LR-TDDFT) formalism was employed to characterize excitation energies and spacing among electronic levels (the electronic layouts). Then, to understand the ultrafast (femtosecond) charge dynamics on the molecular scale, we relied on the nonperturbative mean-field quantum electronic dynamics via real-time (RT-) TDDFT. Three vibrational modes were selected, representative for collective nuclear movements that can have a significant influence on the electronic structure: two involving NCS- ligands and one involving dcbpy ligands. As main results, we observed that such MLCT states, under vibrational distortions, are strongly affected and a faster interligand electron transfer mechanism is observed along with an increasing MLCT character of the adiabatic electronic states approaching closer in energy due to the vibrations. Such findings can help both in providing a molecular picture of multidimensional vibro-electronic spectroscopic techniques, used to characterize ultrafast coherent and noncoherent dynamics of complex systems, and to improve dye performances with particular attention to the study of energy or charge transport processes and vibronic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Buttarazzi
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvio Perrella
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nadia Rega
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario
di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessio Petrone
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario
di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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5
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Schlegel HB. Charge Migration in HCCI Cations Probed by Strong Field Ionization: Time-Dependent Configuration Interaction and Vibrational Wavepacket Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6040-6050. [PMID: 37459461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Strong field ionization of neutral iodoacetylene (HCCI) can produce a coherent superposition of the X and A cations and results in charge migration between the CC π orbital and the iodine π-type lone pair. This charge migration causes oscillations in the rate of strong field ionization of the cation to the dication that can be monitored using intense few-cycle probe pulses. The dynamics and strong field ionization of the coherent superposition the X and A states of HCCI+ have been modeled by time-dependent configuration interaction (TDCI) simulations. When the nuclei are allowed to move, the electronic wavefunctions need to be multiplied by vibrational wavefunctions. Nuclear motion has been modeled by vibrational packets moving on quadratic approximations to the potential energy surfaces for the X and A states of the cation. The overlap of the vibrational wavepackets decays in about 10-15 fs. Consequently, the oscillations in the strong field ionization decay on the same time scale. A revival of the vibrational overlap and in the oscillations of the strong field ionization is seen at 60-110 fs. TDCI simulations show that the decay and revival of the charge migration can be monitored by strong field ionization with intense 2- and 4-cycle linearly polarized 800 nm pulses. The revival is also seen with 7-cycle pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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6
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Gu Y, Gu B, Sun S, Yong H, Chernyak VY, Mukamel S. Manipulating Attosecond Charge Migration in Molecules by Optical Cavities. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37390450 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast electronic charge dynamics in molecules upon photoionization while the nuclear motions are frozen is known as charge migration. In a theoretical study of the quantum dynamics of photoionized 5-bromo-1-pentene, we show that the charge migration process can be induced and enhanced by placing the molecule in an optical cavity, and can be monitored by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The collective nature of the polaritonic charge migration process is investigated. We find that, unlike spectroscopy, molecular charge dynamics in a cavity is local and does not show many-molecule collective effects. The same conclusion applies to cavity polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Vladimir Y Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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7
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Ranka K, Isborn CM. Size-dependent errors in real-time electron density propagation. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2887545. [PMID: 37125706 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time (RT) electron density propagation with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) or Hartree-Fock (TDHF) is one of the most popular methods to model the charge transfer in molecules and materials. However, both RT-TDHF and RT-TDDFT within the adiabatic approximation are known to produce inaccurate evolution of the electron density away from the ground state in model systems, leading to large errors in charge transfer and erroneous shifting of peaks in absorption spectra. Given the poor performance of these methods with small model systems and the widespread use of the methods with larger molecular and material systems, here we bridge the gap in our understanding of these methods and examine the size-dependence of errors in RT density propagation. We analyze the performance of RT density propagation for systems of increasing size during the application of a continuous resonant field to induce Rabi-like oscillations, during charge-transfer dynamics, and for peak shifting in simulated absorption spectra. We find that the errors in the electron dynamics are indeed size dependent for these phenomena, with the largest system producing the results most aligned with those expected from linear response theory. The results suggest that although the RT-TDHF and RT-TDDFT methods may produce severe errors for model systems, the errors in charge transfer and resonantly driven electron dynamics may be much less significant for more realistic, large-scale molecules and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karnamohit Ranka
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Christine M Isborn
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Merced, Merced, California 95343, USA
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8
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Folorunso AS, Mauger F, Hamer KA, Jayasinghe DD, Wahyutama IS, Ragains JR, Jones RR, DiMauro LF, Gaarde MB, Schafer KJ, Lopata K. Attochemistry Regulation of Charge Migration. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1894-1900. [PMID: 36791088 PMCID: PMC9986869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Charge migration (CM) is a coherent attosecond process that involves the movement of localized holes across a molecule. To determine the relationship between a molecule's structure and the CM dynamics it exhibits, we perform systematic studies of para-functionalized bromobenzene molecules (X-C6H4-R) using real-time time-dependent density functional theory. We initiate valence-electron dynamics by emulating rapid strong-field ionization leading to a localized hole on the bromine atom. The resulting CM, which takes on the order of 1 fs, occurs via an X localized → C6H4 delocalized → R localized mechanism. Interestingly, the hole contrast on the acceptor functional group increases with increasing electron-donating strength. This trend is well-described by the Hammett σ value of the group, which is a commonly used metric for quantifying the effect of functionalization on the chemical reactivity of benzene derivatives. These results suggest that simple attochemistry principles and a density-based picture can be used to predict and understand CM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert R Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Louis F DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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9
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Perrella F, Li X, Petrone A, Rega N. Nature of the Ultrafast Interligands Electron Transfers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. JACS AU 2023; 3:70-79. [PMID: 36711100 PMCID: PMC9875239 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Charge-transfer dynamics and interligand electron transfer (ILET) phenomena play a pivotal role in dye-sensitizers, mostly represented by the Ru-based polypyridyl complexes, for TiO2 and ZnO-based solar cells. Starting from metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited states, charge dynamics and ILET can influence the overall device efficiency. In this letter, we focus on N34- dye ( [Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2]4-, dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) to provide a first direct observation with high time resolution (<20 fs) of the ultrafast electron exchange between bpy-like ligands. ILET is observed in water solution after photoexcitation in the ∼400 nm MLCT band, and assessment of its ultrafast time-scale is here given through a real-time electronic dynamics simulation on the basis of state-of-the-art electronic structure methods. Indirect effects of water at finite temperature are also disentangled by investigating the system in a symmetric gas-phase structure. As main result, remarkably, the ILET mechanism appears to be based upon a purely electronic evolution among the dense, experimentally accessible, MLCT excited states manifold at ∼400 nm, which rules out nuclear-electronic couplings and proves further the importance of the dense electronic manifold in improving the efficiency of dye sensitizers in solar cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Perrella
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alessio Petrone
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed.
6, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nadia Rega
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed.
6, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- CRIB,
Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sui Biomateriali, Piazzale Tecchio 80, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
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10
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Perrella F, Petrone A, Rega N. Understanding Charge Dynamics in Dense Electronic Manifolds in Complex Environments. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:626-639. [PMID: 36602443 PMCID: PMC9878732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced charge transfer (CT) excited states and their relaxation mechanisms can be highly interdependent on the environment effects and the consequent changes in the electronic density. Providing a molecular interpretation of the ultrafast (subpicosecond) interplay between initial photoexcited states in such dense electronic manifolds in condensed phase is crucial for improving and understanding such phenomena. Real-time time-dependent density functional theory is here the method of choice to observe the charge density, explicitly propagated in an ultrafast time domain, along with all time-dependent properties that can be easily extracted from it. A designed protocol of analysis for real-time electronic dynamics to be applied to time evolving electronic density related properties to characterize both in time and in space CT dynamics in complex systems is here introduced and validated, proposing easy to be read cross-correlation maps. As case studies to test such tools, we present the photoinduced charge-transfer electronic dynamics of 5-benzyluracil, a mimic of nucleic acid/protein interactions, and the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer electronic dynamics in water solution of [Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2]4-, dcbpy = (4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine), or "N34-", a dye sensitizer for solar cells. Electrostatic and explicit ab initio treatment of solvent molecules have been compared in the latter case, revealing the importance of the accurate modeling of mutual solute-solvent polarization on CT kinetics. We observed that explicit quantum mechanical treatment of solvent slowed down the charge carriers mobilities with respect to the gas-phase. When all water molecules were modeled instead as simpler embedded point charges, the electronic dynamics appeared enhanced, with a reduced hole-electron distance and higher mean velocities due to the close fixed charges and an artificially increased polarization effect. Such analysis tools and the presented case studies can help to unveil the influence of the electronic manifold, as well as of the finite temperature-induced structural distortions and the environment on the ultrafast charge motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Perrella
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di
M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessio Petrone
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di
M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138, Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italia
| | - Nadia Rega
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli
Federico II, Complesso Universitario di
M.S. Angelo, via Cintia 21, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
- Scuola
Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, I-80138, Napoli, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo ed. 6, via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italia
- CRIB,
Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sui Biomateriali, Piazzale Tecchio 80, I-80125, Napoli, Italy
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11
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Schmidt M. Biological function investigated by time-resolved structure determination. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:010901. [PMID: 36846099 PMCID: PMC9946696 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by recent progress in time-resolved x-ray crystallography and the adoption of time-resolution by cryo-electronmicroscopy, this article enumerates several approaches developed to become bigger/smaller, faster, and better to gain new insight into the molecular mechanisms of life. This is illustrated by examples where chemical and physical stimuli spawn biological responses on various length and time-scales, from fractions of Ångströms to micro-meters and from femtoseconds to hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schmidt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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12
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Schlegel HB, Hoerner P, Li W. Ionization of HCCI Neutral and Cations by Strong Laser Fields Simulated With Time Dependent Configuration Interaction. Front Chem 2022; 10:866137. [PMID: 35548678 PMCID: PMC9081608 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.866137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong field ionization of neutral iodoacetylene (HCCI) can produce a coherent superposition of the X and A cations. This superposition results in charge migration between the CC π orbital and the iodine π-type lone pair which can be monitored by strong field ionization with short, intense probe pulses. Strong field ionization of the X and A states of HCCI cation was simulated with time-dependent configuration interaction using singly ionized configurations and singly excited, singly ionized configurations (TD-CISD-IP) and an absorbing boundary. Studies with static fields were used to obtain the 3-dimensional angular dependence of instantaneous ionization rates by strong fields and the orbitals involved in producing the cations and dications. The frequency of charge oscillation is determined by the energy separation of the X and A states; this separation can change depending on the direction and strength of the field. Furthermore, fields along the molecular axis can cause extensive mixing between the field-free X and A configurations. For coherent superpositions of the X and A states, the charge oscillations are characterized by two frequencies-the driving frequency of the laser field of the probe pulse and the intrinsic frequency due to the energy separation between the X and A states. For linear and circularly polarized pulses, the ionization rates show marked differences that depend on the polarization direction of the pulse, the carrier envelope phase and initial phase of the superposition. Varying the initial phase of the superposition at the beginning of the probe pulse is analogous to changing the delay between the pump and probe pulses. The charge oscillation in the coherent superposition of the X and A states results in maxima and minima in the ionization yield as a function of the superposition phase.
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13
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Kobayashi Y, Neumark DM, Leone SR. Theoretical analysis of the role of complex transition dipole phase in XUV transient-absorption probing of charge migration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:5673-5682. [PMID: 35209524 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the role of complex dipole phase in the attosecond probing of charge migration. The iodobromoacetylene ion (ICCBr+) is considered as an example, in which one can probe charge migration by accessing both the iodine and bromine ends of the molecule with different spectral windows of an extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) pulse. The analytical expression for transient absorption shows that the site-specific information of charge migration is encoded in the complex phase of cross dipole products for XUV transitions between the I-4d and Br-3d spectral windows. Ab-initio quantum chemistry calculations on ICCBr+ reveal that there is a constant π phase difference between the I-4d and Br-3d transient-absorption spectral windows, irrespective of the fine-structure energy splittings. Transient absorption spectra are simulated with a multistate model including the complex dipole phase, and the results correctly reconstruct the charge-migration dynamics via the quantum beats in the two element spectral windows, exhibiting out-of-phase oscillations.
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14
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Yang M, Sissay A, Chen M, Lopata K. Intruder Peak-Free Transient Inner-Shell Spectra Using Real-Time Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:992-1002. [PMID: 35025498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Real-time methods are convenient for simulating core-level absorption spectra but suffer from nonphysical intruder peaks when using atom-centered basis sets. In transient absorption spectra, these peaks exhibit highly nonphysical time-dependent modulations in their energies and oscillator strengths. In this paper, we address the origins of these intruder peaks and propose a straightforward and effective solution based on a filtered dipole operator. In combination with real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT), we demonstrate how to compute intruder-free attosecond transient X-ray absorption spectra for the aminophenol (C6H7NO) oxygen and nitrogen K-edges and the α-quartz (SiO2) silicon L-edge. Without filtering, the computed spectra are qualitatively wrong. This procedure is suitable for both static and transient inner-shell spectroscopy studies and can easily be implemented in a range of real-time methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Adonay Sissay
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.,Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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15
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Khalili F, Vafaee M, Shokri B. Attosecond charge migration following oxygen K-shell ionization in DNA bases and base pairs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23005-23013. [PMID: 34611693 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02920g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Core ionization of DNA begins a cascade of events which could lead to cellular inactivation or death. The created core-hole following an impulse inner-shell ionization of molecules naturally decays in the auger timescale. We simulated charge migration (CM) phenomena following an impulsive core ionization of individual DNA bases at the oxygen K-edge which occurs before Auger decay of the oxygen. Our approach is based on real-time time dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT). It is shown that the pronounced hole fluctuation observed around bonds of the initial core-hole results in various valence orbital migrations. Also, the same photo-core-ionized dynamics is studied for the related base pairs. We investigate the role of base pairing and H-bonding interactions in the attosecond CM dynamics. In particular, the creation of a core-hole in the oxygen involved in H-bonding leads to an enhancement of charge migration relative to the respective single bases. Importantly, the hole oscillation of the adenine-thymine base pair upon creation of a core-hole at the oxygen, which does not contribute to the donor-acceptor interactions (not H-bonded), decreases compared to the single thymine base. Understanding the detailed dynamics of the localized core-hole initiating CM process would open the way for chemically controlling DNA damage/repair in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khalili
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Velenjak, Tehran 19839, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Vafaee
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Babak Shokri
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Velenjak, Tehran 19839, Iran. .,Laser-Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Velenjak, Tehran 19839, Iran
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16
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17
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Delgado J, Lara-Astiaso M, González-Vázquez J, Decleva P, Palacios A, Martín F. Molecular fragmentation as a way to reveal early electron dynamics induced by attosecond pulses. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:349-377. [PMID: 33571330 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00121j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of the electron and nuclear dynamics that would arise in an attosecond two-color XUV-pump/XUV-probe experiment in glycine. In this scheme, the broadband pump pulse suddenly ionizes the molecule and creates an electronic wave packet that subsequently evolves under the influence of the nuclear motion until it is finally probed by the second XUV pulse. To describe the different steps of such an experiment, we have combined a multi-reference static-exchange scattering method with a trajectory surface hopping approach. We show that by changing the central frequency of the pump pulse, i.e., by engineering the initial electronic wave packet with the pump pulse, one can drive the cation dynamics into a specific fragmentation pathway. Reminiscence of this early electron dynamics can be observed in specific fragmentation channels (not all of them) as a function of the pump-probe delay and in time-resolved photoelectron spectra at specific photoelectron energies. The optimum conditions to visualize the initial electronic coherence in photoelectron and photo-ion spectra depend very much on the characteristics of the pump pulse as well as on the electronic structure of the molecule under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Delgado
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Lara-Astiaso
- Departamento de Química, Modulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús González-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química, Modulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Piero Decleva
- CNR IOM, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Universitá di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alicia Palacios
- Departamento de Química, Modulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Química, Modulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Ruberti M. Quantum electronic coherences by attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy: ab initio B-spline RCS-ADC study. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:286-311. [PMID: 33575690 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00104j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here I present a fully ab initio time-resolved study of X-ray attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (ATAS) in a prototypical polyatomic molecule, pyrazine, and demonstrate the possibility of retrieving the many-electron quantum ionic coherences arising in attosecond molecular photoionisation and pre-determining the subsequent charge-directed photochemical reactivity. Advanced first-principles many-electron simulations are performed, within a hybrid XUV pump/X-ray probe setup, to describe the interaction of pyrazine with both XUV pump and X-ray probe pulses, and study the triggered correlated many-electron dynamics. The calculations are carried out by means of the recently-developed ab initio method for many-electron dynamics in polyatomic molecules, the time-dependent (TD) B-spline Restricted Correlation Space-Algebraic Diagrammatic Construction (RCS-ADC). RCS-ADC simulates molecular ionisation from first principles, combining the accurate description of electron correlation of quantum chemistry with the full account of the continuum dynamics of the photoelectron. Complete theoretical characterisation of the atto-ionised many-electron state and photo-induced attosecond charge dynamics is achieved by calculating the reduced ionic density matrix (R-IDM) of the bipartite ion-photoelectron system, with full inclusion of the correlated shakeup states. Deviations from the sudden approximation picture of photoionisation, in the low-photon-energy limit, are presented. The effect of the multi-channel interaction between the parent-ion and the emitted photoelectron on the onset of the quantum electronic coherences is analysed. Moreover, I show how the Schmidt decomposition of the R-IDM unravels the many-electron dynamics triggered by the pump, allowing for the identification of the key channels involved. Finally, I calculate the X-ray attosecond transient absorption spectra of XUV-ionised pyrazine. The results unveil the mapping of the ATAS measurement onto the quantum electronic coherences, and related non-zero R-IDM matrix elements, produced upon ionisation by the XUV pump laser pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruberti
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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19
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Moreno Carrascosa A, Yang M, Yong H, Ma L, Kirrander A, Weber PM, Lopata K. Mapping static core-holes and ring-currents with X-ray scattering. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:60-81. [PMID: 33605956 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00124d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Measuring the attosecond movement of electrons in molecules is challenging due to the high temporal and spatial resolutions required. X-ray scattering-based methods are promising, but many questions remain concerning the sensitivity of the scattering signals to changes in density, as well as the means of reconstructing the dynamics from these signals. In this paper, we present simulations of stationary core-holes and electron dynamics following inner-shell ionization of the oxazole molecule. Using a combination of time-dependent density functional theory simulations along with X-ray scattering theory, we demonstrate that the sudden core-hole ionization produces a significant change in the X-ray scattering response and how the electron currents across the molecule should manifest as measurable modulations to the time dependent X-ray scattering signal. This suggests that X-ray scattering is a viable probe for measuring electronic processes at time scales faster than nuclear motion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Haiwang Yong
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Lingyu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA and Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Roug, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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20
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Folorunso AS, Bruner A, Mauger F, Hamer KA, Hernandez S, Jones RR, DiMauro LF, Gaarde MB, Schafer KJ, Lopata K. Molecular Modes of Attosecond Charge Migration. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:133002. [PMID: 33861123 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.133002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
First-principles calculations are employed to elucidate the modes of attosecond charge migration (CM) in halogenated hydrocarbon chains. We use constrained density functional theory (DFT) to emulate the creation of a localized hole on the halogen and follow the subsequent dynamics via time-dependent DFT. We find low-frequency CM modes (∼1 eV) that propagate across the molecule and study their dependence on length, bond order, and halogenation. We observe that the CM speed (∼4 Å/fs) is largely independent of molecule length, but is lower for triple-bonded versus double-bonded molecules. Additionally, as the halogen mass increases, the hole travels in a more particlelike manner as it moves across the molecule. These heuristics will be useful in identifying molecules and optimal CM detection methods for future experiments, especially for halogenated hydrocarbons which are promising targets for ionization-triggered CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderonke S Folorunso
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Adam Bruner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - François Mauger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Kyle A Hamer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Samuel Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Robert R Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Louis F DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Mette B Gaarde
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Kenneth J Schafer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
- Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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21
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Lee MK, Hoerner P, Li W, Schlegel HB. Effect of spin-orbit coupling on strong field ionization simulated with time-dependent configuration interaction. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244109. [PMID: 33380070 DOI: 10.1063/5.0034807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent configuration interaction with a complex absorbing potential has been used to simulate strong field ionization by intense laser fields. Because spin-orbit coupling changes the energies of the ground and excited states, it can affect the strong field ionization rate for molecules containing heavy atoms. Configuration interaction with single excitations (CIS) has been employed for strong field ionization of closed shell systems. Single and double excitation configuration interaction with ionization (CISD-IP) has been used to treat ionization of degenerate states of cations on an equal footing. The CISD-IP wavefunction consists of ionizing single (one hole) and double (two hole/one particle) excitations from the neutral atom. Spin-orbit coupling has been implemented using an effective one electron spin-orbit coupling operator. The effective nuclear charge in the spin-orbit coupling operator has been optimized for Ar+, Kr+, Xe+, HX+ (X = Cl, Br, and I). Spin-orbit effects on angular dependence of the strong field ionization have been studied for HX and HX+. The effects of spin-orbit coupling are largest for ionization from the π orbitals of HX+. In a static field, oscillations are seen between the 2Π3/2 and 2Π1/2 states of HX+. For ionization of HX+ by a two cycle circularly polarized pulse, a single peak is seen when the maximum in the carrier envelope is perpendicular to the molecular axis and two peaks are seen when it is parallel to the axis. This is the result of the greater ionization rate for the π orbitals than for the σ orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Paul Hoerner
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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22
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Li X, Govind N, Isborn C, DePrince AE, Lopata K. Real-Time Time-Dependent Electronic Structure Theory. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9951-9993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Christine Isborn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - A. Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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23
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Chen M, Lopata K. First-Principles Simulations of X-ray Transient Absorption for Probing Attosecond Electron Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:4470-4478. [PMID: 32470295 PMCID: PMC7467644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy (XTAS) is a promising technique for measuring electron dynamics in molecules and solids with attosecond time resolutions. In XTAS, the elemental specificity and spatial locality of core-to-valence X-ray absorption is exploited to relate modulations in the time-resolved absorption spectra to local electron density variations around particular atoms. However, interpreting these absorption modulations and frequency shifts as a function of the time delay in terms of dynamics can be challenging. In this paper, we present a first-principles study of attosecond XTAS in a selection of simple molecules based on real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) with constrained DFT to emulate the state of the system following the interaction with a ultraviolet pump laser. In general, there is a decrease in the optical density and a blue shift in the frequency with increasing electron density around the absorbing atom. In carbon monoxide (CO), modulations in the O K-edge occur at the frequency of the valence electron dynamics, while for dioxygen (O2) they occur at twice the frequency, due to the indistinguishability of the oxygen atoms. In 4-aminophenol (H2NC6H4OH), likewise, there is a decrease in the optical density and a blue shift in the frequency for the oxygen and nitrogen K-edges with increasing charge density on the O and N, respectively. Similar effects are observed in the nitrogen K-edge for a long-range charge-transfer excitation in a benzene (C6H6)-tetracyanoethylene (C6N4; TCNE) dimer but with weaker modulations due to the delocalization of the charge across the entire TCNE molecule. Additionally, in all cases, there are pre-edge features corresponding to core transitions to depopulated orbitals. These potentially offer a background-free signal that only appears in pumped molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.,Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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24
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Aprà E, Bylaska EJ, de Jong WA, Govind N, Kowalski K, Straatsma TP, Valiev M, van Dam HJJ, Alexeev Y, Anchell J, Anisimov V, Aquino FW, Atta-Fynn R, Autschbach J, Bauman NP, Becca JC, Bernholdt DE, Bhaskaran-Nair K, Bogatko S, Borowski P, Boschen J, Brabec J, Bruner A, Cauët E, Chen Y, Chuev GN, Cramer CJ, Daily J, Deegan MJO, Dunning TH, Dupuis M, Dyall KG, Fann GI, Fischer SA, Fonari A, Früchtl H, Gagliardi L, Garza J, Gawande N, Ghosh S, Glaesemann K, Götz AW, Hammond J, Helms V, Hermes ED, Hirao K, Hirata S, Jacquelin M, Jensen L, Johnson BG, Jónsson H, Kendall RA, Klemm M, Kobayashi R, Konkov V, Krishnamoorthy S, Krishnan M, Lin Z, Lins RD, Littlefield RJ, Logsdail AJ, Lopata K, Ma W, Marenich AV, Martin Del Campo J, Mejia-Rodriguez D, Moore JE, Mullin JM, Nakajima T, Nascimento DR, Nichols JA, Nichols PJ, Nieplocha J, Otero-de-la-Roza A, Palmer B, Panyala A, Pirojsirikul T, Peng B, Peverati R, Pittner J, Pollack L, Richard RM, Sadayappan P, Schatz GC, Shelton WA, Silverstein DW, Smith DMA, Soares TA, Song D, Swart M, Taylor HL, Thomas GS, Tipparaju V, Truhlar DG, Tsemekhman K, Van Voorhis T, Vázquez-Mayagoitia Á, Verma P, Villa O, Vishnu A, Vogiatzis KD, Wang D, Weare JH, Williamson MJ, Windus TL, Woliński K, Wong AT, Wu Q, Yang C, Yu Q, Zacharias M, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Harrison RJ. NWChem: Past, present, and future. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:184102. [PMID: 32414274 DOI: 10.1063/5.0004997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized computational chemistry packages have permanently reshaped the landscape of chemical and materials science by providing tools to support and guide experimental efforts and for the prediction of atomistic and electronic properties. In this regard, electronic structure packages have played a special role by using first-principle-driven methodologies to model complex chemical and materials processes. Over the past few decades, the rapid development of computing technologies and the tremendous increase in computational power have offered a unique chance to study complex transformations using sophisticated and predictive many-body techniques that describe correlated behavior of electrons in molecular and condensed phase systems at different levels of theory. In enabling these simulations, novel parallel algorithms have been able to take advantage of computational resources to address the polynomial scaling of electronic structure methods. In this paper, we briefly review the NWChem computational chemistry suite, including its history, design principles, parallel tools, current capabilities, outreach, and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aprà
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - E J Bylaska
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - W A de Jong
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N Govind
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K Kowalski
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - T P Straatsma
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M Valiev
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - H J J van Dam
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Y Alexeev
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J Anchell
- Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - V Anisimov
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - F W Aquino
- QSimulate, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Atta-Fynn
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - J Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - N P Bauman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J C Becca
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - D E Bernholdt
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | | | - S Bogatko
- 4G Clinical, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, USA
| | - P Borowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - J Boschen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - J Brabec
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - A Bruner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee at Martin, Martin, Tennessee 38238, USA
| | - E Cauët
- Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique (CP 160/09), Université libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Chen
- Facebook, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G N Chuev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - C J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J Daily
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M J O Deegan
- SKAO, Jodrell Bank Observatory, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, United Kingdom
| | - T H Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - M Dupuis
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - K G Dyall
- Dirac Solutions, Portland, Oregon 97229, USA
| | - G I Fann
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - S A Fischer
- Chemistry Division, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - A Fonari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - H Früchtl
- EaStCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - L Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J Garza
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - N Gawande
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 5545, USA
| | - K Glaesemann
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - A W Götz
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - J Hammond
- Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - V Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - E D Hermes
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - K Hirao
- Next-generation Molecular Theory Unit, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Hirata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - M Jacquelin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B G Johnson
- Acrobatiq, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206, USA
| | - H Jónsson
- Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland and Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - R A Kendall
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M Klemm
- Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - R Kobayashi
- ANU Supercomputer Facility, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - V Konkov
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - S Krishnamoorthy
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M Krishnan
- Facebook, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z Lin
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - R D Lins
- Aggeu Magalhaes Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - A J Logsdail
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - K Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - W Ma
- Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - A V Marenich
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - J Martin Del Campo
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - D Mejia-Rodriguez
- Quantum Theory Project, Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - J E Moore
- Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - J M Mullin
- DCI-Solutions, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, USA
| | - T Nakajima
- Computational Molecular Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - D R Nascimento
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J A Nichols
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - P J Nichols
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Nieplocha
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - A Otero-de-la-Roza
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - B Palmer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - A Panyala
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - T Pirojsirikul
- Department of Chemistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - B Peng
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - R Peverati
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA
| | - J Pittner
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - L Pollack
- StudyPoint, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | - P Sadayappan
- School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - G C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - W A Shelton
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | | | - D M A Smith
- Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - T A Soares
- Dept. of Fundamental Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - D Song
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M Swart
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Girona, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - H L Taylor
- CD-adapco/Siemens, Melville, New York 11747, USA
| | - G S Thomas
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - V Tipparaju
- Cray Inc., Bloomington, Minnesota 55425, USA
| | - D G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | - T Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Á Vázquez-Mayagoitia
- Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - P Verma
- 1QBit, Vancouver, British Columbia V6E 4B1, Canada
| | - O Villa
- NVIDIA, Santa Clara, California 95051, USA
| | - A Vishnu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K D Vogiatzis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - D Wang
- College of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - J H Weare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - M J Williamson
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - T L Windus
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - K Woliński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - A T Wong
- Qwil, San Francisco, California 94107, USA
| | - Q Wu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - C Yang
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Q Yu
- AMD, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - M Zacharias
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Z Zhang
- Stanford Research Computing Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Y Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - R J Harrison
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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25
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Perfetto E, Trabattoni A, Calegari F, Nisoli M, Marini A, Stefanucci G. Ultrafast Quantum Interference in the Charge Migration of Tryptophan. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:891-899. [PMID: 31944766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extreme-ultraviolet-induced charge migration in biorelevant molecules is a fundamental step in the complex path leading to photodamage. In this work we propose a simple interpretation of the charge migration recently observed in an attosecond pump-probe experiment on the amino acid tryptophan. We find that the decay of the prominent low-frequency spectral structure with increasing pump-probe delay is due to a quantum beating between two geometrically distinct, almost degenerate charge oscillations. Quantum beating is ubiquitous in these systems, and at least on the few-to-tens of femtosecond time scales, it may dominate over decoherence the line intensities of time-resolved spectra. We also address the experimentally observed phase shift in the charge oscillations of two different amino acids, tryptophan and phenylalanine. Our results indicate that a beyond mean-field treatment of the electron dynamics is necessary to reproduce the correct behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Perfetto
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Roma Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
- CNR-ISM , Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit) , Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.3 , I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo , Italy
| | - A Trabattoni
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL) , DESY , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - F Calegari
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL) , DESY , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies , IFN-CNR , 20133 Milano , Italy
- Institut fur Experimentalphysik , Universität Hamburg , D-22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - M Nisoli
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies , IFN-CNR , 20133 Milano , Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - A Marini
- CNR-ISM , Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit) , Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.3 , I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo , Italy
| | - G Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Roma Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
- INFN , Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
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26
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Nascimento DR, Zhang Y, Bergmann U, Govind N. Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy of Heteroatomic Core-Hole States as a Probe for Nearly Indistinguishable Chemical Environments. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:556-561. [PMID: 31899644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy of single and double core-hole states created by the ionization of a heteroatom can be used to probe subtle changes in intramolecular chemical environments that are nearly indistinguishable by conventional NEXAFS spectroscopy. Using prototypical organic molecules (2/3-pentanone and pentanal), we show how new spectral features emerge in the C K-edge NEXAFS spectra, when creating single and double core-holes at the oxygen heteroatom site. The effect on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals is analyzed by studying the double-core-hole-induced ultrafast valence electron dynamics of the three molecules. The predicted changes from our simulations should be observable with state-of-the-art experiments at X-ray free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Nascimento
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Stanford PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
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27
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Zhang X, Lu G, Baer R, Rabani E, Neuhauser D. Linear-Response Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory with Stochastic Range-Separated Hybrids. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1064-1072. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Roi Baer
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Eran Rabani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center of Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Daniel Neuhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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28
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Lacombe L, Maitra NT. Developing new and understanding old approximations in TDDFT. Faraday Discuss 2020; 224:382-401. [PMID: 32926040 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00049c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When a system has evolved far from a ground-state, the adiabatic approximations commonly used in time-dependent density functional theory calculations completely fail in some applications, while giving qualitatively good predictions in others, and sometimes even quantitative predictions. It is not clearly understood why this is so, and developing practical approximations going beyond the adiabatic approximation remains a challenge. This paper explores three different lines of investigation. First, an expression for the exact time-dependent exchange-correlation potential suggests that the accuracy of an adiabatic approximation is intimately related to the deviation between the natural orbital occupation numbers of the physical system and those of the Kohn-Sham system, and we explore this on some exactly-solvable model systems. The exact expression further suggests a path to go beyond the adiabatic approximations, and in the second part we discuss a newly proposed class of memory-dependent approximations developed in this way. Finally, we derive a new expression for the exact exchange-correlation potential from a coupling-constant path integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Lacombe
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA.
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29
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Bruner A, Cavaletto SM, Govind N, Mukamel S. Resonant X-ray Sum-Frequency-Generation Spectroscopy of K-Edges in Acetyl Fluoride. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:6832-6839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bruner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Stefano M. Cavaletto
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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30
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Schriber JB, Evangelista FA. Time dependent adaptive configuration interaction applied to attosecond charge migration. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:171102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5126945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Schriber
- Center for Computational Molecular Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Francesco A. Evangelista
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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31
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Nenov A, Segatta F, Bruner A, Mukamel S, Garavelli M. X-ray linear and non-linear spectroscopy of the ESCA molecule. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5116699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Adam Bruner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697,
USA
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697,
USA
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli studi di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4,
40136 Bologna, Italy
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32
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Ruberti M. Onset of ionic coherence and ultrafast charge dynamics in attosecond molecular ionisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17584-17604. [PMID: 31372608 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Here is presented a fully ab initio theoretical framework for simulating the correlated many-electron dynamics occurring during and emerging from molecular ionisation by attosecond laser pulses. This is based on the time-dependent (TD) version of the B-spline restricted correlation space (RCS)-algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC) method, with the full description of the photoelectron and inclusion of electron correlation effects, such as shakeup processes and inter-channel couplings. The nature of the ultrafast charge dynamics in the molecular ion is elucidated by quantitatively predicting the degree of electronic coherence and eigenstate content of the prepared molecular cationic state, beyond the commonly used sudden approximation. The results presented here for the acetylene and ethylene molecules show that even in the high photon energy regime the simulated hole dynamics is quantitatively different from the prediction of the sudden approximation. Moreover, for high-bandwidth ionising pulse, the residual interaction between the cation, in highly-excited shake-up states, and the emitted slow photoelectron gives rise to a loss of coherence in the ionic system which can persist for the first few femtoseconds after ionisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruberti
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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33
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Perfetto E, Sangalli D, Palummo M, Marini A, Stefanucci G. First-Principles Nonequilibrium Green’s Function Approach to Ultrafast Charge Migration in Glycine. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:4526-4534. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Perfetto
- CNR-ISM, Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.3, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - D. Sangalli
- CNR-ISM, Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.3, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - M. Palummo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - A. Marini
- CNR-ISM, Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.3, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - G. Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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34
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Mauger F, Abanador PM, Scarborough TD, Gorman TT, Agostini P, DiMauro LF, Lopata K, Schafer KJ, Gaarde MB. High-harmonic spectroscopy of transient two-center interference calculated with time-dependent density-functional theory. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:044101. [PMID: 31341934 PMCID: PMC6635122 DOI: 10.1063/1.5111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate high-harmonic spectroscopy in many-electron molecules using time-dependent density-functional theory. We show that a weak attosecond-pulse-train ionization seed that is properly synchronized with the strong driving mid-infrared laser field can produce experimentally relevant high-harmonic generation (HHG) signals, from which we extract both the spectral amplitude and the target-specific phase (group delay). We also show that further processing of the HHG signal can be used to achieve molecular-frame resolution, i.e., to resolve the contributions from rescattering on different sides of an oriented molecule. In this framework, we investigate transient two-center interference in CO2 and OCS, and how subcycle polarization effects shape the oriented/aligned angle-resolved spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mauger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Paul M Abanador
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | | | - Timothy T Gorman
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Pierre Agostini
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Louis F DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Kenneth J Schafer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Mette B Gaarde
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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35
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Cho D, Rouxel JR, Kowalewski M, Lee J, Mukamel S. Imaging of transition charge densities involving carbon core excitations by all X-ray sum-frequency generation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170470. [PMID: 30929629 PMCID: PMC6452053 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction signals from the time-evolving molecular charge density induced by selective core excitation of chemically inequivalent carbon atoms are calculated. A narrowband X-ray pulse selectively excites the carbon K-edge of the -CH3 or -CH2F groups in fluoroethane (CH3-CH2F). Each excitation creates a distinct core coherence which depends on the character of the electronic transition. Direct propagation of the reduced single-electron density matrix, using real-time time-dependent density functional theory, provides the time-evolving charge density following interactions with external fields. The interplay between partially filled valence molecular orbitals upon core excitation induces characteristic femtosecond charge migration which depends on the core-valence coherence, and is monitored by the sum-frequency generation diffraction signal. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeheum Cho
- Departments of Chemistry, and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- e-mail:
| | - Jérémy R. Rouxel
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - JinYong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- e-mail:
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Departments of Chemistry, and Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- e-mail:
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36
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Vlček V, Baer R, Neuhauser D. Stochastic time-dependent DFT with optimally tuned range-separated hybrids: Application to excitonic effects in large phosphorene sheets. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:184118. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5093707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Vlček
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Roi Baer
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daniel Neuhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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37
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Gorman TT, Scarborough TD, Abanador PM, Mauger F, Kiesewetter D, Sándor P, Khatri S, Lopata K, Schafer KJ, Agostini P, Gaarde MB, DiMauro LF. Probing the interplay between geometric and electronic-structure features via high-harmonic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:184308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5086036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. T. Gorman
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T. D. Scarborough
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - P. M. Abanador
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - F. Mauger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - D. Kiesewetter
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - P. Sándor
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - S. Khatri
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - K. Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - K. J. Schafer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - P. Agostini
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M. B. Gaarde
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - L. F. DiMauro
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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38
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Lacombe L, Maitra NT. Density-Matrix Coupled Time-Dependent Exchange-Correlation Functional Approximations. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:1672-1678. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Lacombe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Neepa T. Maitra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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39
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Northey T, Duffield J, Penfold TJ. Non-equilibrium x-ray spectroscopy using direct quantum dynamics. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:124107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5047487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Northey
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - J. Duffield
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - T. J. Penfold
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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40
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Ruberti M, Decleva P, Averbukh V. Full Ab Initio Many-Electron Simulation of Attosecond Molecular Pump–Probe Spectroscopy. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:4991-5000. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ruberti
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - P. Decleva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - V. Averbukh
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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41
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Norman P, Dreuw A. Simulating X-ray Spectroscopies and Calculating Core-Excited States of Molecules. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7208-7248. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Norman
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Ruprecht-Karls University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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Chalabala J, Uhlig F, Slavíček P. Assessment of Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (RT-TDDFT) in Radiation Chemistry: Ionized Water Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2018. [PMID: 29513531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionization in the condensed phase and molecular clusters leads to a complicated chain of processes with coupled electron-nuclear dynamics. It is difficult to describe such dynamics with conventional nonadiabatic molecular dynamics schemes since the number of states swiftly increases as the molecular system grows. It is therefore attractive to use a direct electron and nuclear propagation such as the real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT). Here we report a RT-TDDFT benchmark study on simulations of singly and doubly ionized states of a water monomer and dimer as a prototype for more complex processes in a condensed phase. We employed the RT-TDDFT based Ehrenfest molecular dynamics with a generalized gradient approximate (GGA) functional and compared it with wave-function-based surface hopping (SH) simulations. We found that the initial dynamics of a singly HOMO ionized water dimer is similar for both the RT-TDDFT/GGA and the SH simulations but leads to completely different reaction channels on a longer time scale. This failure is attributed to the self-interaction error in the GGA functionals and it can be avoided by using hybrid functionals with large fraction of exact exchange (represented here by the BHandHLYP functional). The simulations of doubly ionized states are reasonably described already at the GGA level. This suggests that the RT-TDDFT/GGA method could describe processes following the autoionization processes such as Auger emission, while its applicability to more complex processes such as intermolecular Coulombic decay remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Chalabala
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Frank Uhlig
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague , Czech Republic.,Institute for Computational Physics , University of Stuttgart , Allmandring 3 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague , Czech Republic.,Jaroslav Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3 , 18200 Prague , Czech Republic
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43
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Perfetto E, Sangalli D, Marini A, Stefanucci G. Ultrafast Charge Migration in XUV Photoexcited Phenylalanine: A First-Principles Study Based on Real-Time Nonequilibrium Green's Functions. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1353-1358. [PMID: 29494772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The early-stage density oscillations of the electronic charge in molecules irradiated by an attosecond XUV pulse takes place on femto- or subfemtosecond time scales. This ultrafast charge migration process is a central topic in attoscience because it dictates the relaxation pathways of the molecular structure. A predictive quantum theory of ultrafast charge migration should incorporate the atomistic details of the molecule, electronic correlations, and the multitude of ionization channels activated by the broad-bandwidth XUV pulse. We propose a first-principles nonequilibrium Green's function method fulfilling all three requirements and apply it to a recent experiment on the photoexcited phenylalanine amino acid. Our results show that dynamical correlations are necessary for a quantitative overall agreement with the experimental data. In particular, we are able to capture the transient oscillations at frequencies 0.15 and 0.30 PHz in the hole density of the amine group as well as their suppression and the concomitant development of a new oscillation at frequency 0.25 PHz after ∼14 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Perfetto
- CNR-ISM, Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit) , Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.3 , I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo , Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Roma Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - D Sangalli
- CNR-ISM, Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit) , Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.3 , I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo , Italy
| | - A Marini
- CNR-ISM, Division of Ultrafast Processes in Materials (FLASHit) , Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.3 , I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo , Italy
| | - G Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Roma Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
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Cho D, Rouxel JR, Kowalewski M, Saurabh P, Lee JY, Mukamel S. Phase Cycling RT-TDDFT Simulation Protocol for Nonlinear XUV and X-ray Molecular Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1072-1078. [PMID: 29431442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) provides a practical algorithm for propagating a many-electron system driven by external laser fields. The fields are included nonperturbatively in the propagation, and the molecular reduced single-electron density operator and various spectroscopic and diffraction signals can be computed directly, avoiding the expensive calculation of many-body states. Nonlinear optical signals contain contributions of multiple pathways. A phase cycling protocol is implemented in order to separate these pathways. Simulations of XUV four-wave mixing signals in the CO molecule are compared with ab initio sum-over-states calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeheum Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jérémy R Rouxel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Prasoon Saurabh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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45
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Parise A, Alvarez-Ibarra A, Wu X, Zhao X, Pilmé J, Lande ADL. Quantum Chemical Topology of the Electron Localization Function in the Field of Attosecond Electron Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:844-850. [PMID: 29384381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report original analyses of attosecond electron dynamics of molecules subject to collisions by high energy charged particles based on Real-Time Time-Dependent-Density-Functional-Theory simulations coupled to Topological Analyses of the Electron Localization Function (TA-TD-ELF). We investigate irradiation of water and guanine. TA-TD-ELF enables qualitative and quantitative characterizations of bond breaking and formation, of charge migration within topological basins, or of electron attachment to the colliding particle. Whereas the Lewis-VSEPR structure of gas phase water is blown out within a few attoseconds after collision, that of guanine is far more robust and reconstitutes rapidly after impact even though the molecule remains electronically excited. This difference is accounted by the presence of the electron bath surrounding the impact point which enables energy relaxation within the molecule. Our approach should stimulate future studies to unravel the early steps following irradiation of various types of systems (isolated molecules, biomolecules, nanoclusters, solids, etc.) and is also readily applicable to irradiation by photons of various energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Parise
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Sud, CNRS , Université Paris Saclay. 15 avenue Jean Perrin, F91405 Orsay, France
| | - Aurelio Alvarez-Ibarra
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Sud, CNRS , Université Paris Saclay. 15 avenue Jean Perrin, F91405 Orsay, France
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Sud, CNRS , Université Paris Saclay. 15 avenue Jean Perrin, F91405 Orsay, France
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Sud, CNRS , Université Paris Saclay. 15 avenue Jean Perrin, F91405 Orsay, France
| | - Julien Pilmé
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS , F75005 Paris, France
| | - Aurélien de la Lande
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Sud, CNRS , Université Paris Saclay. 15 avenue Jean Perrin, F91405 Orsay, France
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Cho D, Rouxel JR, Kowalewski M, Lee JY, Mukamel S. Attosecond X-ray Diffraction Triggered by Core or Valence Ionization of a Dipeptide. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 14:329-338. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daeheum Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- School
of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SKKU Advanced Institute
of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jérémy R. Rouxel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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