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Lawrence A. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Revaccination and Protection Against Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e56643. [PMID: 38646352 PMCID: PMC11032142 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination remains a cornerstone in global efforts to combat tuberculosis (TB), a persistent public health threat worldwide. The purpose of this systematic review is to find out how well BCG revaccination protects against TB. This systematic review synthesized recent studies investigating the efficacy of BCG vaccination in preventing TB infection and disease. A total of 15 relevant publications were identified through a comprehensive search across multiple databases, including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies involving humans, written in English, and categorized as case-control, cohort, meta-analysis, or full-text. Studies were selected based on their relevance to BCG revaccination and protection against TB, and a standardized data extraction form was used to gather pertinent information from each study. Quality assessment was conducted using established tools to evaluate the rigor, study design, and risk of bias in each included study. The findings revealed significant insights into BCG's effectiveness across different populations and age groups. Several studies demonstrated a substantial reduction in latent TB infection (LTBI) and incidence rates of TB following BCG vaccination. However, the protective efficacy of BCG revaccination varied across studies and populations, with some indicating modest protection against TB disease development, particularly in high-risk populations like healthcare workers. Furthermore, investigations into the immunological mechanisms underlying BCG's protective efficacy provided valuable insights into cytokine/chemokine profiles and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Lawrence
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Bioluminux Clinical Research, Naperville, USA
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2
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Muflihah H, Yulianto FA, Rina, Sampurno E, Ferdiana A, Rahimah SB. Tuberculosis Coinfection among COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Presentation and Mortality in a Tertiary Lung Hospital in Indonesia. Int J Mycobacteriol 2024; 13:58-64. [PMID: 38771281 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_19_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are the top two killers of infectious disease. We aimed to determine the association of TB coinfection with the inhospital mortality of COVID-19 patients in Indonesia as a TB-endemic country. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary lung hospital in Indonesia. All TB-coinfected COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized between January 2020 and December 2021 were included in the study. COVID-19 patients without TB were randomly selected for the control group. Clinical characteristics and laboratory results were assessed. Survival analysis was performed to determine the estimated death rate and median survival time (MST). Multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to define the association of TB coinfection with the in-hospital mortality of COVID-19. RESULTS We included 86 (8.3%) TB coinfections among 1034 confirmed COVID-19 patients. TB coinfection patients had younger age, malnutrition, and different symptoms compared to the COVID-19 group. TB-coinfected patients had a lower estimated death rate than the COVID-19 group (6.5 vs. 18.8 per 1000 population). MST in the COVID-19 group was 38 (interquartile range 16-47) days, whereas the same observation time failed to determine the MST in the TB coinfection group. TB coinfection had a crude hazard ratio of mortality 0.37 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15-0.94, P = 0. 004). The final model analysis including age, sex, and lymphocyte as confounding factors resulted in an adjusted HR of mortality 0.31 (95% CI 0.1-0.9). CONCLUSION This study showed TB coinfection was negatively associated with the in-hospital mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heni Muflihah
- Department of Pharmacology, Universitas Islam Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Fajar A Yulianto
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rina
- Department of Human Resource Development and Education, Dr. H. A. Rotinsulu Lung Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Edi Sampurno
- Department of Human Resource Development and Education, Dr. H. A. Rotinsulu Lung Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Astri Ferdiana
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Santun B Rahimah
- Department of Pharmacology, Universitas Islam Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
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Caliskaner Ozturk B, Vardaloglu I, Ongel Harbiyeli D, Gungordu N, Senkardesler G, Aliyeva N, Ismayilova A, Can G, Balkan II, Gemicioglu B, Borekci S. Association between presence of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine scar and coronavirus disease 2019. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32185. [PMID: 36482635 PMCID: PMC9726327 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine is administered for protection against tuberculosis and may also have beneficial effects against some viral respiratory tract infections. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination which is confirmed by BCG scar, and the frequency and course of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among 490 patients, 400 patients who accepted to participate in the study were included. After the consent of patients, age, gender, body mass index, comorbidities, smoking, history, and the progress of COVID-19 of these patients were investigated; the presence and number of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin scars were recorded by a physician. Data from groups with and without COVID-19 history were compared. There was no relation between presence and number of the BCG scar and COVID-19 related hospitalization and intensive care unit admission. When groups with and without COVID-19 history compared, no statistically significant difference was found with the presence and number of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin scars (P > 0,05). No association was found between the presence or number of BCG scars and the frequency and course of COVID-19 in individuals with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination history confirmed by the presence of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine scars. Currently, the most important protection against COVID-19 is the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Caliskaner Ozturk
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- * Correspondence: Buket Caliskaner Ozturk, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34303, Turkey (e-mail: )
| | - Ilgim Vardaloglu
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Ongel Harbiyeli
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nejdiye Gungordu
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Senkardesler
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nigar Aliyeva
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aytan Ismayilova
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunay Can
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilker Inanc Balkan
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilun Gemicioglu
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sermin Borekci
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Computational Studies on Selected Macrolides Active against Escherichia coli Combined with the NMR Study of Tylosin A in Deuterated Chloroform. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217280. [PMID: 36364103 PMCID: PMC9654277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many antibiotics are active against Gram-positive bacteria, fewer also show activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we present a combination of in silico (electron ion-interaction potential, molecular docking, ADMET), NMR, and microbiological investigations of selected macrolides (14-membered, 15-membered, and 16-membered), aiming to discover the pattern of design for macrolides active against Gram-negative bacteria. Although the conformational studies of 14-membered and 15-membered macrolides are abundant in the literature, 16-membered macrolides, and their most prominent representative tylosin A, have received relatively little research attention. We therefore report the complete 1H and 13C NMR assignment of tylosin A in deuterated chloroform, as well as its 3D solution structure determined through molecular modelling (conformational search) and 2D ROESY NMR. Additionally, due to the degradation of tylosin A in deuterated chloroform, other species were also detected in 1D and 2D NMR spectra. We additionally studied the anti-bacterial activity of tylosin A and B against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Khanam R, Islam S, Rahman S, Ahmed S, Islam A, Hasan T, Hasan E, Chowdhury NH, Roy AD, Jaben IA, Nehal AA, Yoshida S, Manu AA, Raqib R, McCollum ED, Shahidullah M, Jehan F, Sazawal S, Bahl R, Baqui AH. Sero-prevalence and risk factors for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection in women and children in a rural district of Bangladesh: A cohort study. J Glob Health 2022; 12:05030. [PMID: 35866222 PMCID: PMC9304923 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.05030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bangladesh reported its first COVID-19 case on March 8, 2020. Despite lockdowns and promoting behavioural interventions, as of December 31, 2021, Bangladesh reported 1.5 million confirmed cases and 27 904 COVID-19-related deaths. To understand the course of the pandemic and identify risk factors for SARs-Cov-2 infection, we conducted a cohort study from November 2020 to December 2021 in rural Bangladesh. Methods After obtaining informed consent and collecting baseline data on COVID-19 knowledge, comorbidities, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle, we collected data on COVID-like illness and care-seeking weekly for 54 weeks for women (n = 2683) and their children (n = 2433). Between March and July 2021, we tested all participants for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using ROCHE's Elecsys® test kit. We calculated seropositivity rates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) separately for women and children. In addition, we calculated unadjusted and adjusted relative risk (RR) and 95% CI of seropositivity for different age and risk groups using log-binomial regression models. Results Overall, about one-third of women (35.8%, 95% CI = 33.7-37.9) and one-fifth of children (21.3%, 95% CI = 19.2-23.6) were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The seroprevalence rate doubled for women and tripled for children between March 2021 and July 2021. Compared to women and children with the highest household wealth (HHW) tertile, both women and children from poorer households had a lower risk of infection (RR, 95% CI for lowest HHW tertile women (0.83 (0.71-0.97)) and children (0.75 (0.57-0.98)). Most infections were asymptomatic or mild. In addition, the risk of infection among women was higher if she reported chewing tobacco (RR = 1.19,95% CI = 1.03-1.38) and if her husband had an occupation requiring him to work indoors (RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02-1.32). The risk of infection was higher among children if paternal education was >5 years (RR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.10-1.71) than in children with a paternal education of ≤5 years. Conclusions We provided prospectively collected population-based data, which could contribute to designing feasible strategies against COVID-19 tailored to high-risk groups. The most feasible strategy may be promoting preventive care practices; however, collecting data on reported practices is inadequate. More in-depth understanding of the factors related to adoption and adherence to the practices is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheda Khanam
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Tarik Hasan
- Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emran Hasan
- Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Asim A Nehal
- Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sachiyo Yoshida
- Department for Maternal, Child, Adolescents and Ageing Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A Manu
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eric D McCollum
- Global Program for Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Eudowood Division of Paediatric Respiratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Sunil Sazawal
- Public Health Laboratory-IDC, Chake Chake, Pemba, Tanzania
| | - Rajiv Bahl
- Department for Maternal, Child, Adolescents and Ageing Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdullah H Baqui
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Nageh H, Emam MH, Ali F, Abdel Fattah NF, Taha M, Amin R, Kamoun EA, Loutfy SA, Kasry A. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Loaded Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanofibers as a Potential Face Protector against Respiratory Viral Infections. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14887-14896. [PMID: 35557678 PMCID: PMC9089365 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ZnO-NPs loaded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning and optimized using different concentrations (0, 2, and 5 wt %) of ZnO-NPs. Characterization techniques, for example, FTIR, SEM, XRD, and tensile strength analysis were performed to analyze the composite nanofibers. Molecular docking calculations were performed to evaluate the binding affinity of PVDF and ZnO@PVDF against the hexon protein of adenovirus (PDB ID: 6CGV). The cytotoxicity of tested materials was evaluated using MTT assay, and nontoxic doses subjected to antiviral evaluation against human adenovirus type-5 as a human respiratory model were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. IC50 values were obtained at concentrations of 0, 2, and 5% of ZnO-loaded PVDF; however, no cytotoxic effect was detected for the nanofibers. In 5% ZnO-loaded PVDF nanofibers, both the viral entry and its replication were inhibited in both the adsorption and virucidal antiviral mechanisms, making it a potent antiviral filter/mask. Therefore, ZnO-loaded PVDF nanofiber is a potentially prototyped filter embedded in a commercial face mask for use as an antiviral mask with a pronounced potential to reduce the spreading of infectious respiratory diseases, for example, COVID-19 and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nageh
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre (NTRC), The British University
in Egypt, El-Shorouk City, Suez Desert Road, P.O. Box 43, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- ,
| | - Merna H. Emam
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre (NTRC), The British University
in Egypt, El-Shorouk City, Suez Desert Road, P.O. Box 43, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Fedaa Ali
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre (NTRC), The British University
in Egypt, El-Shorouk City, Suez Desert Road, P.O. Box 43, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Nasra F. Abdel Fattah
- Virology
and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Taha
- Nano
Gate, 9254 Hoda shaarawy, Al Abageyah, El Mukkatam, Cairo 43511, Egypt
| | - Rehab Amin
- Nano
Gate, 9254 Hoda shaarawy, Al Abageyah, El Mukkatam, Cairo 43511, Egypt
- National
Institute of Laser Enhanced Science (NILES), Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Elbadawy A. Kamoun
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre (NTRC), The British University
in Egypt, El-Shorouk City, Suez Desert Road, P.O. Box 43, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- Polymeric
Materials Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials
Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific
Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg Al-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samah A. Loutfy
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre (NTRC), The British University
in Egypt, El-Shorouk City, Suez Desert Road, P.O. Box 43, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- Virology
and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Amal Kasry
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre (NTRC), The British University
in Egypt, El-Shorouk City, Suez Desert Road, P.O. Box 43, Cairo 11837, Egypt
- ,
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7
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Sherwood ER, Burelbach KR, McBride MA, Stothers CL, Owen AM, Hernandez A, Patil NK, Williams DL, Bohannon JK. Innate Immune Memory and the Host Response to Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:785-792. [PMID: 35115374 PMCID: PMC8982914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system has classically been characterized as being devoid of memory functions. However, recent research shows that innate myeloid and lymphoid cells have the ability to retain memory of prior pathogen exposure and become primed to elicit a robust, broad-spectrum response to subsequent infection. This phenomenon has been termed innate immune memory or trained immunity. Innate immune memory is induced via activation of pattern recognition receptors and the actions of cytokines on hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in bone marrow and innate leukocytes in the periphery. The trained phenotype is induced and sustained via epigenetic modifications that reprogram transcriptional patterns and metabolism. These modifications augment antimicrobial functions, such as leukocyte expansion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing, to facilitate an augmented host response to infection. Alternatively, innate immune memory may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN; and
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | | | - Margaret A McBride
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Cody L Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN; and
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Aspatwar A, Gong W, Wang S, Wu X, Parkkila S. Tuberculosis vaccine BCG: the magical effect of the old vaccine in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:283-296. [PMID: 33960271 PMCID: PMC8108189 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1922685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated M. bovis vaccine that was developed about 100 years ago by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin. Many countries have been using the vaccine for decades against tuberculosis (TB). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a single dose of BCG for infants in TB endemic as well as leprosy high risk countries, and globally almost 130 million infants are vaccinated yearly. The role of BCG is well known in reducing neonatal and childhood death rates. Epidemiological and retrospective cross-sectional studies demonstrated that the BCG vaccination protects the children against respiratory tract infections and lowers the risk of malaria in children. In addition, BCG enhances IFN-γ and IL-10 levels, thus providing immunity against respiratory tract infection even in elderly people. The BCG is also known to provide nonspecific innate immunity against viruses and parasites, through an innate immune mechanism termed ‘trained immunity’ and is defined as the immunological recall of the innate immune system by epigenetic reprogramming. Based on these studies it is suggested that the BCG has the potential to act as a protective agent against COVID-19. Further proven safety records of BCG in humans, its adjuvant activity and low-cost manufacturing make it an attractive option to stop the pandemic and reduce the COVID-19 related mortality. In this review we discuss the heterologous effects of BCG, induction of trained immunity and its implication in development of a potential vaccine against COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Wenping Gong
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, the 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyong Wang
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, the 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research, the 8th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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9
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Garzon-Chavez D, Rivas-Condo J, Echeverria A, Mozo J, Quentin E, Reyes J, Teran E. COVID-19 Infection and Previous BCG Vaccination Coverage in the Ecuadorian Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:91. [PMID: 33513693 PMCID: PMC7912416 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a well-known vaccine with almost a century of use, with the apparent capability to improve cytokine production and epigenetics changes that could develop a better response to pathogens. It has been postulated that BCG protection against SARS-CoV-2 has a potential role in the pandemic, through the presence of homologous amino acid sequences. To identify a possible link between BCG vaccination coverage and COVID-19 cases, we used official epidemic data and Ecuadorian Ministry of Health and Pan American Health Organization vaccination information. BCG information before 1979 was available only at a national level. Therefore, projections based on the last 20 years were performed, to compare by specific geographic units. We used a Mann-Kendall test to identify BCG coverage variations, and mapping was conducted with a free geographic information system (QGIS). Nine provinces where BCG vaccine coverage was lower than 74.25% show a significant statistical association (χ2 Pearson's = 4.800, df = 1, p = 0.028), with a higher prevalence of cases for people aged 50 to 64 years than in younger people aged 20 to 49 years. Despite the availability of BCG vaccination data and the mathematical models needed to compare these data with COVID-19 cases, our results show that, in geographic areas where BCG coverage was low, 50% presented a high prevalence of COVID-19 cases that were young; thus, low-coverage years were more affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garzon-Chavez
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito CP 170901, Ecuador;
| | - Jackson Rivas-Condo
- Ministerio de Salud Publica del Ecuador, Quito CP 170146, Ecuador; (J.R.-C.); (A.E.); (J.M.)
| | - Adriana Echeverria
- Ministerio de Salud Publica del Ecuador, Quito CP 170146, Ecuador; (J.R.-C.); (A.E.); (J.M.)
| | - Jhoanna Mozo
- Ministerio de Salud Publica del Ecuador, Quito CP 170146, Ecuador; (J.R.-C.); (A.E.); (J.M.)
| | - Emmanuelle Quentin
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito CP 170527, Ecuador;
| | - Jorge Reyes
- Servicio de Laboratorio, Hospital IESS Quito Sur, Quito CP 170111, Ecuador;
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito CP 170403, Ecuador
| | - Enrique Teran
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito CP 170901, Ecuador;
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10
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Basak P, Sachdeva N, Dayal D. Can BCG vaccine protect against COVID-19 via trained immunity and tolerogenesis? Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000200. [PMID: 33169410 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the number of infections and mortalities from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to rise, the development of an effective therapy against COVID-19 becomes ever more urgent. A few reports showing a positive correlation between BCG vaccination and reduced COVID-19 mortality have ushered in some hope. BCG has been suggested to confer a broad level of nonspecific protection against several pathogens, mainly via eliciting "trained immunity" in innate immune cells. Secondly, BCG has also been proven to provide benefits in autoimmune diseases by inducing tolerogenicity. Being an acute inflammatory disease, COVID-19 requires a therapy that induces early priming of anti-viral immune responses and regulates aberrant hyperactivity of innate-immune cells. Here, we hypothesize that BCG can offer reliable spatiotemporal protection from COVID-19 by triggering trained immunity and tolerogenesis, through multiple cellular pathways. We propose further research on BCG-mediated immunoprotection, especially in vulnerable individuals, as a strategy to halt the progress of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/P2D2RXfq6Vg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetam Basak
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Devi Dayal
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman S. Thakur
- Proteomics and Cell Signaling, Lab
W110, Centre for Cellular & Molecular
Biology, Habsiguda, Uppal
Road, Hyderabad 500 007, Telangana, India
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