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Buchanan BC, Tang Y, Lopez H, Casanova NG, Garcia JGN, Yoon JY. Development of a cloud-based flow rate tool for eNAMPT biomarker detection. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae173. [PMID: 38711808 PMCID: PMC11071447 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Increased levels of extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT) are increasingly recognized as a highly useful biomarker of inflammatory disease and disease severity. In preclinical animal studies, a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes eNAMPT has been generated to successfully reduce the extent of inflammatory cascade activation. Thus, the rapid detection of eNAMPT concentration in plasma samples at the point of care (POC) would be of great utility in assessing the benefit of administering an anti-eNAMPT therapeutic. To determine the feasibility of this POC test, we conducted a particle immunoagglutination assay on a paper microfluidic platform and quantified its extent with a flow rate measurement in less than 1 min. A smartphone and cloud-based Google Colab were used to analyze the flow rates automatically. A horizontal flow model and an immunoagglutination binding model were evaluated to optimize the detection time, sample dilution, and particle concentration. This assay successfully detected eNAMPT in both human whole blood and plasma samples (diluted to 10 and 1%), with the limit of detection of 1-20 pg/mL (equivalent to 0.1-0.2 ng/mL in undiluted blood and plasma) and a linear range of 5-40 pg/mL. Furthermore, the smartphone POC assay distinguished clinical samples with low, mid, and high eNAMPT concentrations. Together, these results indicate this POC assay, which utilizes low-cost materials, time-effective methods, and a straightforward immunoassay (without surface immobilization), may reliably allow rapid determination of eNAMPT blood/plasma levels to advantage patient stratification in clinical trials and guide ALT-100 mAb therapeutic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey C Buchanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yisha Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Hannah Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, 1040 E. 4th Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Nancy G Casanova
- Center for Inflammation Science and Systems Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Research Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, University of Florida, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Center for Inflammation Science and Systems Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Research Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, University of Florida, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1127 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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2
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Kaewarsa P, Schenkel MS, Rahn KL, Laiwattanapaisal W, Henry CS. Improving design features and air bubble manipulation techniques for a single-step sandwich electrochemical ELISA incorporating commercial electrodes into capillary-flow driven immunoassay devices. Analyst 2024; 149:2034-2044. [PMID: 38407468 PMCID: PMC10962017 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01704d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Integrating electrochemistry into capillary-flow driven immunoassay devices provides unique opportunities for quantitative point-of-care testing. Although custom electrodes can be inexpensive and are tunable, they require skilled fabrication. Here, we report the incorporation of a commercial electrode into a capillary-flow driven immunoassay (iceCaDI) device for a single end-user step sandwich electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The iceCaDI device is a pump-free portable microfluidic device with an integrated commercial screen-printed electrode and flow driven by capillary action. The iceCaDI device is composed of alternating polyester transparency film and double-sided adhesive film layers that are patterned with a laser cutter. This platform was designed to address known limitations of laminated device fabrication methods and operation. First, we developed a foldable laminated device fabrication using hinges for easy assembly and precise alignment. Second, reagent dispersing was achieved by incorporating a 1 mm wide arrow-shaped notch in the middle of the channel that trapped an air bubble and formed a baffle that facilitated reagent spreading to cover the detection area. Third, small vent holes were added to the top layer of the channels to prevent air bubbles from blocking flow. Finally, we fabricated a CRP immunosensor with a detection range of 0.625 to 10.0 μg mL-1 as a proof-of-concept to demonstrate an automatically driven sandwich electrochemical ELISA using the iceCaDI device. Three concentrations of CRP were successfully measured under flow conditions within 8 min. Our proposed device is a promising approach and a step forward in the development of point-of-care (POC) devices for techniques that traditionally require multiple user steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuritat Kaewarsa
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Melissa S Schenkel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State, University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Kira L Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State, University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
| | - Wanida Laiwattanapaisal
- Biosensors and Bioanalytical Technology for Cell and Innovative Testing Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State, University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80526, USA
- Materials and Metallurgy Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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3
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Syms RRA, Wright S. Solvent-pumped evaporation concentration on paper in linear and radial geometries. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:044103. [PMID: 37576441 PMCID: PMC10415022 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-pumped evaporation-driven concentration of an initial distribution of solutes on a porous substrate is considered in one and two dimensions. Approximate analytic solutions to the isotropic advection-dispersion equations are first found for a Gaussian kernel and an infinite domain, following the smoothed particle approximation. Analytic solutions for more general initial distributions are then found as sums of Gaussians, and comparison is made with numerical solutions. In each case, initial distributions are advected toward the stagnation point and concentrated. Two-dimensional analysis is then extended to describe anisotropy in permeability and diffusion, and hydrodynamic dispersion. Radial-flow experiments are performed using filter papers and water-soluble dyes. Diffusion coefficients, temperature and humidity profiles, and the evolution of spot distributions are measured. The results confirm minor anisotropy in permeability and diffusion, limited hydrodynamic dispersion, and largely uniform evaporation. Péclet numbers over 2500 are demonstrated. Evaporation-driven concentration provides a mechanism for solute transport over long timescales. Potential applications lie in the design of paper spray microanalytical devices operating by solvent pumping rather than capillary flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R. A. Syms
- EEE Department, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Wright
- EEE Department, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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4
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Syms RRA, Wright S. Paper-based evaporation concentrators: Comparison of linear and radial geometries. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:014102. [PMID: 36619875 PMCID: PMC9815885 DOI: 10.1063/5.0129510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based evaporation concentrators with linear and radial geometries are compared. A new method of finding approximate analytic solutions of the advection-dispersion equation is proposed, based on the behavior of concentrators with infinite sources. Analytic approximations are compared with numerical solutions, and the advantage of radial concentration is highlighted: linear concentration rates scale with the square root of the Péclet number Pe while radial rates scale with Pe itself, leading to faster radial concentration beyond a critical value. Experiments are performed with Brilliant Blue FCF dye, using optical transmission and the Beer-Lambert law for quantitation. Dye concentrations are chosen for operation in the linear absorbance regime. Radial concentration is demonstrated under ambient conditions on filter paper disks with 60 mm diameter evaporation areas fed from a perimeter source, in a reverse of the well-known "coffee stain" experiment. Airflow enhanced concentration in strips and wedges is compared directly, using laser-patterned chromatography paper. The advantage of radial concentration is confirmed (and enhanced by diversion of concentrate to the corners of strips) and concentration factors greater than ∼ 500 (the dynamic range of measurement) are obtained in ∼2 h using 30 mm long columns.
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Lazzarini E, Pace A, Trozzi I, Zangheri M, Guardigli M, Calabria D, Mirasoli M. An Origami Paper-Based Biosensor for Allergen Detection by Chemiluminescence Immunoassay on Magnetic Microbeads. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:825. [PMID: 36290961 PMCID: PMC9599061 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Food allergies are adverse health effects that arise from specific immune responses, occurring upon exposure to given foods, even if present in traces. Egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies, mainly caused by egg white proteins, with ovalbumin being the most abundant. As allergens can also be present in foodstuff due to unintended contamination, there is a need for analytical tools that are able to rapidly detect allergens in food products at the point-of-use. Herein, we report an origami paper-based device for detecting ovalbumin in food samples, based on a competitive immunoassay with chemiluminescence detection. In this biosensor, magnetic microbeads have been employed for easy and efficient immobilization of ovalbumin on paper. Immobilized ovalbumin competes with the ovalbumin present in the sample for a limited amount of enzyme-labelled anti-ovalbumin antibody. By exploiting the origami approach, a multistep analytical procedure could be performed using reagents preloaded on paper layers, thus providing a ready-to-use immunosensing platform. The assay provided a limit of detection (LOD) of about 1 ng mL-1 for ovalbumin and, when tested on ovalbumin-spiked food matrices (chocolate chip cookies), demonstrated good assay specificity and accuracy, as compared with a commercial immunoassay kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lazzarini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Trozzi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Zangheri
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research (CIRI AGRO), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, I-47521 Cesena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Advanced Mechanical Engineering Applications and Materials Technology (CIRI MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Guardigli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy (CIRI FRAME), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Sant’Alberto 163, I-48123 Ravenna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Donato Calabria
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121 Forlì, Italy
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy (CIRI FRAME), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Sant’Alberto 163, I-48123 Ravenna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121 Forlì, Italy
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6
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Pajor K, Michalicha A, Belcarz A, Pajchel L, Zgadzaj A, Wojas F, Kolmas J. Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of New Hydroxyapatite-Based Granules Containing Silver or Gallium Ions with Potential Use as Bone Substitutes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137102. [PMID: 35806116 PMCID: PMC9266790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current work was to study the physicochemical properties and biological activity of different types of porous granules containing silver or gallium ions. Firstly, hydroxyapatites powders doped with Ga3+ or Ag+ were synthesized by the standard wet method. Then, the obtained powders were used to fabricate ceramic microgranules (AgM and GaM) and alginate/hydroxyapatite composite granules (AgT and GaT). The ceramic microgranules were also used to prepare a third type of granules (AgMT and GaMT) containing silver or gallium, respectively. All the granules turned out to be porous, except that the AgT and GaT granules were characterized by higher porosity and a better developed specific surface, whereas the microgranules had very fine, numerous micropores. The granules revealed a slow release of the substituted ions. All the granules except AgT were classified as non-cytotoxic according to the neutral red uptake (NRU) test and the MTT assay. The obtained powders and granules were subjected to various antibacterial test towards the following four different bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The Ag-containing materials revealed high antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Pajor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Anna Michalicha
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Belcarz
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Lukasz Pajchel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Anna Zgadzaj
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (F.W.)
| | - Filip Wojas
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (F.W.)
| | - Joanna Kolmas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Fei L, Qin F, Zhao J, Derome D, Carmeliet J. Pore-Scale Study on Convective Drying of Porous Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6023-6035. [PMID: 35512019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a numerical model for isothermal liquid-vapor phase change (evaporation) of the two-component air-water system is proposed based on the pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann method. Through the Chapman-Enskog multiscale analysis, we show that the model can correctly recover the macroscopic governing equations of the multicomponent multiphase system with a built-in binary diffusion mechanism. The model is verified based on the two-component Stefan problem where the measured binary diffusivity is consistent with theoretical analysis. The model is then applied to convective drying of a dual-porosity porous medium at the pore scale. The simulation captures a classical transition in the drying process of porous media, from the constant rate period (CRP, first phase) showing significant capillary pumping from large to small pores, to the falling rate period (FRP, second phase) with the liquid front receding in small pores. It is found that, in the CRP, the evaporation rate increases with the inflow Reynolds number (Re), while in the FRP, the evaporation curves almost collapse at different Res. The underlying mechanism is elucidated by introducing an effective Péclet number (Pe). It is shown that convection is dominant in the CRP and diffusion in the FRP, as evidenced by Pe > 1 and Pe < 1, respectively. We also find a log-law dependence of the average evaporation rate on the inflow Re in the CRP regime. The present work provides new insights into the drying physics of porous media and its direct modeling at the pore scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Fei
- Chair of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Feifei Qin
- Chair of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- Chair of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Derome
- Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jan Carmeliet
- Chair of Building Physics, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich), Zürich 8092, Switzerland
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8
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Woolf MS, Dignan LM, Karas SM, Lewis HM, Hadley KC, Nauman AQ, Gates-Hollingsworth MA, AuCoin DP, Green HR, Geise GM, Landers JP. Characterization of a Centrifugal Microfluidic Orthogonal Flow Platform. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030487. [PMID: 35334778 PMCID: PMC8950265 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To bring to bear the power of centrifugal microfluidics on vertical flow immunoassays, control of flow orthogonally through nanoporous membranes is essential. The on-disc approach described here leverages the rapid print-cut-laminate (PCL) disc fabrication and prototyping method to create a permanent seal between disc materials and embedded nanoporous membranes. Rotational forces drive fluid flow, replacing capillary action, and complex pneumatic pumping systems. Adjacent microfluidic features form a flow path that directs fluid orthogonally (vertically) through these embedded membranes during assay execution. This method for membrane incorporation circumvents the need for solvents (e.g., acetone) to create the membrane-disc bond and sidesteps issues related to undesirable bypass flow. In other recently published work, we described an orthogonal flow (OF) platform that exploited embedded membranes for automation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Here, we more fully characterize flow patterns and cellulosic membrane behavior within the centrifugal orthogonal flow (cOF) format. Specifically, high-speed videography studies demonstrate that sample volume, membrane pore size, and ionic composition of the sample matrix significantly impact membrane behavior, and consequently fluid drainage profiles, especially when cellulosic membranes are used. Finally, prototype discs are used to demonstrate proof-of-principle for sandwich-type antigen capture and immunodetection within the cOF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shane Woolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leah M. Dignan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Scott M. Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Hannah M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Kevyn C. Hadley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Aeren Q. Nauman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
- TeGrex Technologies, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | - David P. AuCoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (M.A.G.-H.); (D.P.A.); (H.R.G.)
| | - Heather R. Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (M.A.G.-H.); (D.P.A.); (H.R.G.)
| | - Geoffrey M. Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
| | - James P. Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (L.M.D.); (S.M.K.); (H.M.L.); (K.C.H.); (A.Q.N.); (J.P.L.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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9
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Imbibition of Newtonian Fluids in Paper-like Materials with the Infinitesimal Control Volume Method. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111391. [PMID: 34832802 PMCID: PMC8626007 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices are widely used in point-of-care testing applications. Imbibition study of paper porous media is important for fluid controlling, and then significant to the applications of paper-based microfluidic devices. Here we propose an analytical approach based on the infinitesimal control volume method to study the imbibition of Newtonian fluids in commonly used paper-like materials. Three common paper shapes (rectangular paper strips, fan-shaped and circular paper sheets) are investigated with three modeling methods (corresponding to equivalent tiny pores with circle, square and regular triangle cross section respectively). A model is derived for liquid imbibition in rectangular paper strips, and the control equations for liquid imbibition in fan-shaped and circular paper sheets are also derived. The model is verified by imbibition experiments done using the mixed cellulose ester filter paper and pure water. The relation of imbibition distance and time is similar to that of the Lucas−Washburn (L−W) model. In addition, a new porosity measurement method based on the imbibition in circular paper sheets is proposed and verified. Finally, the flow rates are investigated. This study can provide guidance for the design of different shapes of paper, and for better applications of paper-based microfluidic devices.
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10
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Solin K, Borghei M, Imani M, Kämäräinen T, Kiri K, Mäkelä T, Khakalo A, Orelma H, Gane PAC, Rojas OJ. Bicomponent Cellulose Fibrils and Minerals Afford Wicking Channels Stencil-Printed on Paper for Rapid and Reliable Fluidic Platforms. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:5536-5546. [PMID: 34796333 PMCID: PMC8593863 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and easy-to-use microfluidic systems are suitable options for point-of-care diagnostics. Here, we investigate liquid transport in fluidic channels produced by stencil printing on flexible substrates as a reproducible and scalable option for diagnostics and paper-based sensing. Optimal printability and flow profiles were obtained by combining minerals with cellulose fibrils of two different characteristic dimensions, in the nano- and microscales, forming channels with ideal wettability. Biomolecular ligands were easily added by inkjet printing on the channels, which were tested for the simultaneous detection of glucose and proteins. Accurate determination of clinically relevant concentrations was possible from linear calibration, confirming the potential of the introduced paper-based diagnostics. The results indicate the promise of simple but reliable fluidic channels for drug and chemical analyses, chromatographic separation, and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Solin
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Functional Cellulose, Tietotie 4E, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Maryam Borghei
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Monireh Imani
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa Kiri
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Micronova, Tietotie 3, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tapio Mäkelä
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Micronova, Tietotie 3, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Alexey Khakalo
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Functional Cellulose, Tietotie 4E, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Hannes Orelma
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Functional Cellulose, Tietotie 4E, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Patrick A. C. Gane
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
- The
Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
Chemistry and Wood Science, University of
British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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11
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Wang E, Guo Z, Tang R, Lo YH. Using airflow-driven, evaporative gradients to improve sensitivity and fluid control in colorimetric paper-based assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4249-4261. [PMID: 34608465 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) are foundational devices for point-of-care testing, yet suffer from limitations in regards to their sensitivity and capability in handling complex assays. Here, we demonstrate an airflow-based, evaporative method that is capable of manipulating fluid flows within paper membranes to offer new functionalities for multistep delivery of reagents and improve the sensitivity of μPADs by 100-1000 times. This method applies an air-jet to a pre-wetted membrane, generating an evaporative gradient such that any solutes become enriched underneath the air-jet spot. By controlling the lateral position of this spot, the solutes in the paper strip are enriched and follow the air jet trajectory, driving the reactions and enhancing visualization for colorimetric readout in multistep assays. The technique has been successfully applied to drive the sequential delivery in multistep immunoassays as well as improve sensitivity for colorimetric detection assays for nucleic acids and proteins via loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and ELISA. For colorimetric LAMP detection of the COVID-19 genome, enrichment of the solution on paper could enhance the contrast of the dye in order to more clearly distinguish between the positive and negative results to achieve a sensitivity of 3 copies of SARS-Cov-2 RNAs. For ELISA, enrichment of the oxidized TMB substrate yielded a sensitivity increase of two-to-three orders of magnitude when compared to non-enriched samples - having a limit of detection of around 200 fM for IgG. Therefore, this enrichment method represents a simple process that can be easily integrated into existing detection assays for controlling fluid flows and improving detection of biomarkers on paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Wang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC-San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Zhilin Guo
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC-San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UC-San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Yu-Hwa Lo
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC-San Diego, San Diego, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UC-San Diego, San Diego, USA
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12
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Wang X, Jia P, Sun S, He X, Lu TJ, Xu F, Feng S. Evaporation-Induced Diffusion Acceleration in Liquid-Filled Porous Materials. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21646-21654. [PMID: 34471768 PMCID: PMC8388088 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-filled porous materials exist widely in nature and engineering fields, with the diffusion of substances in them playing an important role in system functions. Although surface evaporation is often inevitable in practical scenarios, the evaporation effects on diffusion behavior in liquid-filled porous materials have not been well explored yet. In this work, we performed noninvasive diffusion imaging experiments to observe the diffusion process of erioglaucine disodium salt dye in a liquid-filled nitrocellulose membrane under a wide range of relative humidities (RHs). We found that evaporation can significantly accelerate the diffusion rate and alter concentration distribution compared with the case without evaporation. We explained the accelerated diffusion phenomenon by the mechanism that evaporation would induce a weak flow in liquid-filled porous materials, which leads to convective diffusion, i.e., evaporation-induced flow and diffusion (EIFD). Based on the EIFD mechanism, we proposed a convective diffusion model to quantitatively predict the diffusion process in liquid-filled porous materials under evaporation and experimentally validated the model. Introducing the dimensionless Peclet (P e) number to measure the relative contribution of the evaporation effect to pure molecular diffusion, we demonstrated that even at a high RH of 95%, where the evaporation effect is usually assumed negligible in common sense, the evaporation-induced diffusion still overwhelms the molecular diffusion. The flow velocity induced by evaporation in liquid-filled porous materials was found to be 0.4-5 μm/s, comparable to flow in many biological and biomedical systems. The present analysis may help to explain the driving mechanism of tissue perfusion and provide quantitative analysis or inspire new control methods of flow and material exchange in numerous cutting-edge technologies, such as paper-based diagnostics, hydrogel-based flexible electronics, evaporation-induced electricity generation, and seawater purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of
Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired
Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.
R. China
| | - Pengpeng Jia
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of
Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired
Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.
R. China
| | - Shanyouming Sun
- Bioinspired
Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.
R. China
| | - Xiaocong He
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of
Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired
Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.
R. China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
- Nanjing
Center for Multifunctional Lightweight Materials and Structures (MLMS), Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of
Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired
Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.
R. China
| | - Shangsheng Feng
- The
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of
Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired
Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.
R. China
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13
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Experimental investigation of wet pharmaceutical granulation using in-situ synchrotron X-ray imaging. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Khalil A, Schäfer F, Postulka N, Stanzel M, Biesalski M, Andrieu-Brunsen A. Wettability-defined droplet imbibition in ceramic mesopores. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:24228-24236. [PMID: 33291122 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06650h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wettability-defined liquid infiltration into porous materials in nature and several industrial applications is of fundamental interest. Direct observation of wetting-controlled imbibition in mesopores is anticipated to deliver important insights into the interplay between nanoconfined liquid movement and nanoscale wettability. We present a systematic study of water imbibition into mesoporous silica thin films with wetting properties precisely adjusted through chemical functionalization. We observe the liquid infiltration, resulting in an imbibition ring around the water droplet, by top-view imaging using a camera with collimated coaxial illumination. With decreasing hydrophilicity, the maximum imbibition area around the droplet decreases, accompanied by a simultaneous change in the imbibition kinetics and imbibition mechanism. Initially, the imbibition kinetics follow a modified Lucas-Washburn law that considers a strong influence of evaporation. However, with increasing imbibition time after reaching constant imbibition ring dimensions, the imbibition area starts to increase again, causing a deviation from the applied model. This observation is ascribed to water-mediated surface activation at the imbibition front, leading to a slightly increased wettability, which is also confirmed by water adsorption measurements. Furthermore, recently described spontaneous condensation-evaporation imbalances that cause oscillations of the imbibition front could be verified and were studied with regard to changing wetting properties. By increasing the contact angle of the material and therefore the partial pressure needed for capillary condensation, the amplitude of the imbibition front oscillations decreases. These results provide insights into the wettability-defined complex movement of water in mesoporous structures, which has practical implications, e.g., for nano/microfluidic devices and water purification or harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Khalil
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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15
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Evaporation versus imbibition in a porous medium. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 576:280-290. [PMID: 32438102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Predicting and controlling the liquid dynamics in a porous medium is of large importance in numerous technological and industrial situations. We derive here a general analytical solution for the dynamics of a flat liquid front in a porous medium, considering the combined effects of capillary imbibition, gravity and evaporation. We highlight that the dynamics of the liquid front in the porous medium is controlled by two dimensionless numbers: a gravity-capillary number G and an evaporation-capillary number E. We analyze comprehensively the dynamics of the liquid front as functions of G and E, and show that the liquid front can exhibit seven kinds of dynamics classified in three types of behaviors. For each limiting case, a simplified expression of the general solution is also derived. Finally, estimations of G and E are computed to evidence the most common regimes and corresponding liquid front dynamics encountered in usual applied conditions. This is realized by investigating the influence of the liquid and porous medium properties, as well as of the atmospheric conditions, on the values of the dimensionless numbers.
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16
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Jang I, Carrão DB, Menger RF, Moraes de Oliveira AR, Henry CS. Pump-Free Microfluidic Rapid Mixer Combined with a Paper-Based Channel. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2230-2238. [PMID: 32583663 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Capillary forces are commonly employed to transport fluids in pump-free microfluidic platforms such as paper-based microfluidics. However, since paper is a porous material consisting of nonuniform cellulose fibers, it has some limitations in performing stable flow functions like mixing. Here, we developed a pump-free microfluidic device that enables rapid mixing by combining paper and plastic. The device was fabricated by laminating transparency film and double-sided adhesive and is composed of an overlapping inlet ending in a paper-based reaction area. The mixing performance of the developed device was confirmed experimentally using aqueous dyes and pH indicators. In addition, the absolute mixing index was evaluated by numerically calculating the concentration field across the microfluidic channels. To demonstrate the utility of the new approach, the detection of an organophosphate pesticide was carried out using a colorimetric enzymatic inhibition assay. The developed device and a smartphone application were used to detect organophosphate pesticide on food samples, demonstrating the potential for onsite analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Daniel B. Carrão
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14090-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Ruth F. Menger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Anderson R. Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14090-901, SP, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT—DATREM), Unesp, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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17
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Poudel S, Zou A, Maroo SC. Evaporation Dynamics in Buried Nanochannels with Micropores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:7801-7807. [PMID: 32527087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cross-connected buried nanochannels of height ∼728 nm, with micropores of ∼2 μm diameter present at each intersection, are used in this work to numerically and experimentally study droplet-coupled evaporation dynamics at room temperature. The uniformly structured channels/pores, along with their well-defined porosity, allow for computational fluid dynamics simulations and experiments to be performed on the same geometry of samples. A water droplet is placed on top of the sample causing water to wick into the nanochannels through the micropores. After advancing, the meniscus front stabilizes when evaporation flux is balanced with the wicking flux, and it recedes once the water droplet is completely wicked in. Evaporation flux at the meniscus interface of channels/pores is estimated over time, while the flux at the water droplet interface is found to be negligible. When the meniscus recedes in the channels, local contact line regions are found to form underneath the pores, thus rapidly enhancing evaporation flux as a power-law function of time. Temporal variation of wicking flux velocity and pressure gradient in the nanochannels is also independently computed, from which the viscous resistance variation is estimated and compared to the theoretical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajag Poudel
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - An Zou
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Shalabh C Maroo
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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18
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Mao N, Peng H, Quan Z, Zhang H, Wu D, Qin X, Wang R, Yu J. Wettability Control in Tree Structure-Based 1D Fiber Assemblies for Moisture Wicking Functionality. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:44682-44690. [PMID: 31596064 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the fundamental properties of natural systems is their water transport ability, and living systems have efficient moisture management features. Here, a unique structure, inspired by the water transfer behavior in trees, was designed for one-dimensional (1D) fiber assemblies. In this 1D fiber assembly structure, a differential capillary effect enabling rapid water transfer at the interface between traditional cotton fibers and electrospun nanofibers was explored. A tree-like structure yarn was constructed successfully by novel electrospinning technology, and the effect was quantitatively controlled by precisely regulating the fibers' wettability. Fabrics based on these tree-like core-spun yarns possessed advanced moisture-wicking performance, a high one-way transport index (R) of 1034.5%, and a desirable overall moisture management capability of 0.88, which are over two times higher than those of conventional fabrics. This moisture-wicking regime endowed these 1D fiber assemblies with unique water transfer channels, providing a new strategy for moisture-heat transmission, microfluidics, and biosensor applications.
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19
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Shen LL, Zhang GR, Biesalski M, Etzold BJM. Paper-based microfluidic aluminum-air batteries: toward next-generation miniaturized power supply. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3438-3447. [PMID: 31556903 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidics (lab on paper) emerges as an innovative platform for building small-scale devices for sensing, diagnosis, and energy storage/conversions due to the power-free fluidic transport capability of paper via capillary action. Herein, we report for the first time that paper-based microfluidic concept can be employed to fabricate high-performing aluminum-air batteries, which entails the use of a thin sheet of fibrous capillary paper sandwiched between an aluminum foil anode and a catalyst coated graphite foil cathode without using any costly air electrode or external pump device for fluid transport. The unique microfluidic configuration can help overcome the major drawbacks of conventional aluminum-air batteries including battery self-discharge, product-induced electrode passivation, and expensive and complex air electrodes which have long been considered as grand obstacles to aluminum-air batteries penetrating the market. The paper-based microfluidic aluminum-air batteries are not only miniaturized in size, easy to fabricate and cost-effective, but they are also capable of high electrochemical performance. With a specific capacity of 2750 A h kg-1 (@20 mA cm-2) and an energy density of 2900 W h kg-1, they are 8.3 and 12.6 times higher than those of the non-fluidic counterpart and significantly outperform many other miniaturized energy sources, respectively. The superior performance of microfluidic aluminum-air batteries originates from the remarkable efficiency of paper capillarity in transporting electrolyte along with O2 to electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Liu Shen
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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20
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Krainer S, Smit C, Hirn U. The effect of viscosity and surface tension on inkjet printed picoliter dots. RSC Adv 2019; 9:31708-31719. [PMID: 35527935 PMCID: PMC9072721 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04993b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of liquid viscosity and surface tension for inkjet printing on porous cellulose sheets. We used five model liquids, representing the operational field of an industrial high speed inkjet printer, as specified by Ohnesorge- and Reynolds number. Drops with 30 pl and 120 pl drop size were jetted with a commercial HSI printhead. We printed on four uncoated papers representing the most relevant grades on the market in terms of hydrophobisation and surface treatment. We are presenting a quantitative analysis of viscosity and surface tension on the print outcome, evaluating dot size, liquid penetration (print through) and surface coverage of the printed dots. The most important finding is that for liquids within the jetting window the variation of the liquid viscosity typically has a 2–3 times higher impact on the print outcome than variation of the liquid surface tension. Increased viscosity in all cases reduces dot area, liquid penetration and liquid surface coverage. Surface tension plays a smaller role for liquid spreading and penetration, except for hydrophobised substrates, where both are reduced for higher surface tension. Interestingly, higher surface tension consistently increases liquid surface coverage for all papers and drop sizes. A detailed analysis on the competing effect of dot spreading and liquid penetration is presented, in terms of viscosity, surface tension and surface coverage of the liquid. In this study, we investigated the effect of liquid viscosity and surface tension for inkjet printing on porous cellulose sheets.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Krainer
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
- TU Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance
| | - Chris Smit
- CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Océ
- Venlo
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
- TU Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance
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21
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Liu M, Suo S, Wu J, Gan Y, Ah Hanaor D, Chen CQ. Tailoring porous media for controllable capillary flow. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 539:379-387. [PMID: 30594833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Control of capillary flow through porous media has broad practical implications. However, achieving accurate and reliable control of such processes by tuning the pore size or by modification of interface wettability remains challenging. Here we propose that the liquid flow by capillary penetration can be accurately adjusted by tuning the geometry of porous media. METHODOLOGIES On the basis of Darcy's law, a general framework is proposed to facilitate the control of capillary flow in porous systems by tailoring the geometric shape of porous structures. A numerical simulation approach based on finite element method is also employed to validate the theoretical prediction. FINDINGS A basic capillary component with a tunable velocity gradient is designed according to the proposed framework. By using the basic component, two functional capillary elements, namely, (i) flow accelerator and (ii) flow resistor, are demonstrated. Then, multi-functional fluidic devices with controllable capillary flow are realized by assembling the designed capillary elements. All the theoretical designs are validated by numerical simulations. Finally, it is shown that the proposed concept can be extended to three-dimensional design of porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Si Suo
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixiang Gan
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dorian Ah Hanaor
- Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - C Q Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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22
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Burkitt D, Searle J, Worsley DA, Watson T. Sequential Slot-Die Deposition of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Dimethylsulfoxide Lead Iodide Ink. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11112106. [PMID: 30373145 PMCID: PMC6265966 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a sequential deposition of lead iodide followed by methylammonium iodide using the industrially compatible slot-die coating method that produces homogeneous pin-hole free films without the use of the highly toxic dimethylformamide. This is achieved through the careful selection and formulation of the solvent system and coating conditions for both the lead iodide layer and the methylammonium iodide coating. The solvent system choice is found to be critical to achieving good coating quality, conversion to the final perovskite and for the film morphology formed. A range of alcohols are assessed as solvent for methylammonium iodide formulations for use in slot-die coating. A dimethylsulfoxide solvent system for the lead iodide layer is shown which is significantly less toxic than the dimethylformamide solvent system commonly used for lead iodide deposition, which could find utility in high throughput manufacture of perovskite solar cells.
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24
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Min M, Liu Y, Song C, Zhao D, Wang X, Qiao Y, Feng R, Hao W, Tao P, Shang W, Wu J, Deng T. Photothermally Enabled Pyro-Catalysis of a BaTiO 3 Nanoparticle Composite Membrane at the Liquid/Air Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:21246-21253. [PMID: 29870218 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the highly efficient pyroelectric nanomaterial-based catalytic degradation of waste dye under rapid temperature oscillation, which was achieved by periodical solar irradiation on a porous pyroelectric membrane that was floating at the liquid/air interface. Such a membrane consists of the light-to-heat conversion carbon black film as the top layer and the porous poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) film embedded with pyroelectric barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles (BTO NPs) as the bottom layer. By using an optical chopper, solar light can be modulated to periodically irradiate on the floating membrane. Because of the photothermal effect and low thermal conductivity of the PVDF polymer, the generated heat is localized at the surface of the membrane and substantially increases the surface temperature within a short period of time. When the solar light is blocked by the chopper, interfacial evaporation through the porous membrane along with convective air cooling and radiative cooling leads to heat dissipation, and then the temperature of the membrane is rapidly decreased. Such an efficient thermal cycle results in a substantial rate of temperature change of the membrane, which enhances its pyroelectric capability and subsequent pyro-catalysis. In contrast, the efficiency of pyro-catalysis through the dispersed BTO NP solution is about 4 times lower than that of the BTO composite membrane. With the large heat capacity of the aqueous solution and inevitable thermal loss because of bulk heating, the rate of temperature change of the BTO NP solution is much smaller than that of the BTO composite membrane and thus results in a relatively small pyro-catalytic capability. Furthermore, the reusability and transferability of this newly developed composite membrane make it amenable to practical use in treating contaminated water. The findings in our report not only offer a new design strategy for efficient solar-enabled pyro-catalysis but also pave a new way to rationally harvest solar-thermal energy in nature for various applications that involve pyroelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Min
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Yanming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Dengwu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Yiming Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Rui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Wei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Wen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
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25
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Evaporation effect on two-dimensional wicking in porous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 514:21-29. [PMID: 29232597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the effect of evaporation on expanding capillary flow for losses normal to the plane of a two-dimensional porous medium using the potential flow theory formulation of the Lucas-Washburn method. Evaporation induces a finite steady state liquid flux on capillary flows into fan-shaped domains which is significantly greater than the flux into media of constant cross section. We introduce the evaporation-capillary number, a new dimensionless quantity, which governs the frontal motion when multiplied by the scaled time. This governing product divides the wicking behavior into simple regimes of capillary dominated flow and evaporative steady state, as well as the intermediate regime of evaporation influenced capillary driven motion. We also show flow dimensionality and evaporation reduce the propagation rate of the wet front relative to the Lucas-Washburn law.
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Mercuri M, Pierpauli K, Bellino MG, Berli CLA. Complex Filling Dynamics in Mesoporous Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:152-157. [PMID: 27959560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fluid-front dynamics resulting from the coexisting infiltration and evaporation phenomena in nanofluidic systems has been investigated. More precisely, water infiltration in both titania and silica mesoporous films was studied through a simple experiment: a sessile drop was deposited over the film and the advancement of the fluid front into the porous structure was optically followed and recorded in time. In the case of titania mesoporous films, capillary infiltration was arrested at a given distance, and a steady annular region of the wetted material was formed. A simple model that combines Lucas-Washburn infiltration and surface evaporation was derived, which appropriately describes the observed filling dynamics and the annulus width in dissimilar mesoporous morphologies. In the case of wormlike mesoporous morphologies, a remarkable phenomenon was found: instead of reaching a steady infiltration-evaporation balance, the fluid front exhibits an oscillating behavior. This complex filling dynamics opens interesting possibilities to study the unusual nanofluidic phenomena and to discover novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalí Mercuri
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Avenida General Paz 1499, San Martín, B1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Pierpauli
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Avenida General Paz 1499, San Martín, B1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín G Bellino
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Avenida General Paz 1499, San Martín, B1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio L A Berli
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET) Predio CCT CONICET Santa Fe , RN 168, S3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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