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Olschewski DN, Nazarzadeh N, Lange F, Koenig AM, Kulka C, Abraham JA, Blaschke SJ, Merkel R, Hoffmann B, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA, Vay SU. The angiotensin II receptors type 1 and 2 modulate astrocytes and their crosstalk with microglia and neurons in an in vitro model of ischemic stroke. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:29. [PMID: 38926677 PMCID: PMC11202395 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type of the central nervous system and are fundamentally involved in homeostasis, neuroprotection, and synaptic plasticity. This regulatory function of astrocytes on their neighboring cells in the healthy brain is subject of current research. In the ischemic brain we assume disease specific differences in astrocytic acting. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates arterial blood pressure through endothelial cells and perivascular musculature. Moreover, astrocytes express angiotensin II type 1 and 2 receptors. However, their role in astrocytic function has not yet been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that the angiotensin II receptors impact astrocyte function as revealed in an in vitro system mimicking cerebral ischemia. Astrocytes derived from neonatal wistar rats were exposed to telmisartan (angiotensin II type 1 receptor-blocker) or PD123319 (angiotensin II type 2 receptor-blocker) under normal conditions (control) or deprivation from oxygen and glucose. Conditioned medium (CM) of astrocytes was harvested to elucidate astrocyte-mediated indirect effects on microglia and cortical neurons. RESULT The blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptor by telmisartan increased the survival of astrocytes during ischemic conditions in vitro without affecting their proliferation rate or disturbing their expression of S100A10, a marker of activation. The inhibition of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor pathway by PD123319 resulted in both increased expression of S100A10 and proliferation rate. The CM of telmisartan-treated astrocytes reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators with simultaneous increase of anti-inflammatory markers in microglia. Increased neuronal activity was observed after treatment of neurons with CM of telmisartan- as well as PD123319-stimulated astrocytes. CONCLUSION Data show that angiotensin II receptors have functional relevance for astrocytes that differs in healthy and ischemic conditions and effects surrounding microglia and neuronal activity via secretory signals. Above that, this work emphasizes the strong interference of the different cells in the CNS and that targeting astrocytes might serve as a therapeutic strategy to influence the acting of glia-neuronal network in de- and regenerative context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Navin Olschewski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Nilufar Nazarzadeh
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Lange
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Koenig
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Kulka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jella-Andrea Abraham
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Stefan Johannes Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Coppini A, Falconieri A, Mualem O, Nasrin SR, Roudon M, Saper G, Hess H, Kakugo A, Raffa V, Shefi O. Can repetitive mechanical motion cause structural damage to axons? Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1371738. [PMID: 38912175 PMCID: PMC11191579 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1371738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological structures have evolved to very efficiently generate, transmit, and withstand mechanical forces. These biological examples have inspired mechanical engineers for centuries and led to the development of critical insights and concepts. However, progress in mechanical engineering also raises new questions about biological structures. The past decades have seen the increasing study of failure of engineered structures due to repetitive loading, and its origin in processes such as materials fatigue. Repetitive loading is also experienced by some neurons, for example in the peripheral nervous system. This perspective, after briefly introducing the engineering concept of mechanical fatigue, aims to discuss the potential effects based on our knowledge of cellular responses to mechanical stresses. A particular focus of our discussion are the effects of mechanical stress on axons and their cytoskeletal structures. Furthermore, we highlight the difficulty of imaging these structures and the promise of new microscopy techniques. The identification of repair mechanisms and paradigms underlying long-term stability is an exciting and emerging topic in biology as well as a potential source of inspiration for engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oz Mualem
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Syeda Rubaiya Nasrin
- Graduate School of Science, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marine Roudon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadiel Saper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Graduate School of Science, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Orit Shefi
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Falconieri A, Coppini A, Raffa V. Microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to mechanical force. Biol Chem 2024; 405:67-77. [PMID: 37674311 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly polar structures and are characterized by high anisotropy and stiffness. In neurons, they play a key role in the directional transport of vesicles and organelles. In the neuronal projections called axons, they form parallel bundles, mostly oriented with the plus-end towards the axonal termination. Their physico-chemical properties have recently attracted attention as a potential candidate in sensing, processing and transducing physical signals generated by mechanical forces. Here, we discuss the main evidence supporting the role of microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to a traction force. Applying a tension to the axon appears to stabilize the microtubules, which, in turn, coordinate a modulation of axonal transport, local translation and their cross-talk. We speculate on the possible mechanisms modulating microtubule dynamics under tension, based on evidence collected in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. However, the fundamental question of the causal relationship between these mechanisms is still elusive because the mechano-sensitive element in this chain has not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allegra Coppini
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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Raffa V. Force: A messenger of axon outgrowth. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:3-12. [PMID: 35817654 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The axon is a sophisticated macromolecular machine composed of interrelated parts that transmit signals like spur gears transfer motion between parallel shafts. The growth cone is a fine sensor that integrates mechanical and chemical cues and transduces these signals through the generation of a traction force that pushes the tip and pulls the axon shaft forward. The axon shaft, in turn, senses this pulling force and transduces this signal in an orchestrated response, coordinating cytoskeleton remodeling and intercalated mass addition to sustain and support the advancing of the tip. Extensive research suggests that the direct application of active force is per se a powerful inducer of axon growth, potentially bypassing the contribution of the growth cone. This review provides a critical perspective on current knowledge of how the force is a messenger of axon growth and its mode of action for controlling navigation, including aspects that remain unclear. It also focuses on novel approaches and tools designed to mechanically manipulate axons, and discusses their implications in terms of potential novel therapies for re-wiring the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero, 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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5
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De Vincentiis S, Baggiani M, Merighi F, Cappello V, Lopane J, Di Caprio M, Costa M, Mainardi M, Onorati M, Raffa V. Low Forces Push the Maturation of Neural Precursors into Neurons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2205871. [PMID: 37058009 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation modulates neural development and neuronal activity. In a previous study, magnetic "nano-pulling" is proposed as a tool to generate active forces. By loading neural cells with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), a precise force vector is remotely generated through static magnetic fields. In the present study, human neural stem cells (NSCs) are subjected to a standard differentiation protocol, in the presence or absence of nano-pulling. Under mechanical stimulation, an increase in the length of the neural processes which showed an enrichment in microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria is found. A stimulation lasting up to 82 days induces a strong remodeling at the level of synapse density and a re-organization of the neuronal network, halving the time required for the maturation of neural precursors into neurons. The MNP-loaded NSCs are then transplanted into mouse spinal cord organotypic slices, demonstrating that nano-pulling stimulates the elongation of the NSC processes and modulates their orientation even in an ex vivo model. Thus, it is shown that active mechanical stimuli can guide the outgrowth of NSCs transplanted into the spinal cord tissue. The findings suggest that mechanical forces play an important role in neuronal maturation which could be applied in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Baggiani
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Cappello
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, 56025, Italy
| | - Jakub Lopane
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Di Caprio
- Laboratory of Biology "Bio@SNS", Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, 56126, Italy
| | - Mario Costa
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Marco Mainardi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Marco Onorati
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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6
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Yazdanpanah Moghadam E, Sonenberg N, Packirisamy M. Microfluidic Wound-Healing Assay for ECM and Microenvironment Properties on Microglia BV2 Cells Migration. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:290. [PMID: 36832056 PMCID: PMC9954450 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia cells, as the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are highly motile and migratory in development and pathophysiological conditions. During their migration, microglia cells interact with their surroundings based on the various physical and chemical properties in the brain. Herein, a microfluidic wound-healing chip is developed to investigate microglial BV2 cell migration on the substrates coated with extracellular matrixes (ECMs) and substrates usually used for bio-applications on cell migration. In order to generate the cell-free space (wound), gravity was utilized as a driving force to flow the trypsin with the device. It was shown that, despite the scratch assay, the cell-free area was created without removing the extracellular matrix coating (fibronectin) using the microfluidic assay. It was found that the substrates coated with Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) and gelatin stimulated microglial BV2 migration, while collagen and fibronectin coatings had an inhibitory effect compared to the control conditions (uncoated glass substrate). In addition, the results showed that the polystyrene substrate induced higher cell migration than the PDMS and glass substrates. The microfluidic migration assay provides an in vitro microenvironment closer to in vivo conditions for further understanding the microglia migration mechanism in the brain, where the environment properties change under homeostatic and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Yazdanpanah Moghadam
- Optical-Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Muthukumaran Packirisamy
- Optical-Bio Microsystems Laboratory, Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
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Cell Stretcher Assay to Analyze Mechanoresponses to Cyclic Stretching. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:91-105. [PMID: 36587092 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In their natural environment, most cells and tissues are continuously exposed to cyclic mechanical strain. Sensing these stimuli by mechanosensory proteins and subsequent conversion into a variety of biological responses (referred to as mechanotransduction) are key processes for tissue homeostasis, survival, and differentiation. Perturbations of underlying signaling pathways lead to severe diseases in vivo (Urciuoli E, Peruzzi B, Int J Mol Sci 21(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249426, (2020)). In addition, cellular mechanoresponses to cyclic stretching of an isolated single cell differ from those of a cell monolayer, network, or even three-dimensional tissue. Since these processes depend on various physical and biological parameters, the development of a precise, well-characterized, and highly reproducible but also easily tunable stretcher assay is indispensable. Here, we describe the fabrication of defined elastic substrates and their application in cyclic stretching of cultured cells in a custom-made cell stretcher device. We focus on the detailed description of the system and provide a possibility for mechanoresponse characterization, using the analysis of actin stress fiber orientation as exemplary mechanoresponse to cyclic stretching of adherent cells.
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8
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Liu M, An Z, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Xu J, Zhao Z, Huang C, Wang A, Zhou G, Li P, Fan Y. Mechanical Stretch Promotes Neurite Outgrowth of Primary Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons via Suppression of Semaphorin 3A-Neuropilin-1/Plexin-A1 Signaling. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3416-3426. [PMID: 36413805 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant attempts have been made to promote neuronal extension and migration in nerve development and regeneration. Although mechanical stretch induces persistent elongation of the axon, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet clear. Some axonal guidance cues secreted in the growth cone that affect the axonal growth could attract or repel axons in neurite connection. As semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is an important repulsion guidance molecule, inhibition of Sema3A has been postulated to promote neuronal development. In this study, the effects of mechanical stretch on dorsal root ganglion neuronal growth and the underlying mechanisms were investigated by assessing the extension direction, neurite length, cell body size, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression of Sema3A and its receptors. Our results showed that cell viability significantly increased at tensile strains of 2.5, 5, and 10% for 4 h, with the most prominent effect at 5% tensile strain. Moreover, neurons migrated closer to the stretching direction at 5% tensile strain (0-12 h), while the neurons of the control group moved in a disorderly manner. Furthermore, Sema3A-Neuropilin-1/Plexin-A1 signaling pathway was found to be suppressed after mechanical stretch at 5% tensile strain for 4 h by immunofluorescence staining, immunoprecipitation, and western blot assay. Finally, a Sema3A-SiRNA (SiRNA = small interfering RNA) treatment led to remarkable guidance growth in the stretch-grown neurons. Importantly, there was significant decrease of repulsive cue Sema3A expression and remarkable increase of attractive molecule Netrin-1 expression after mechanical stretching treatment, which jointly promoted neurite outgrowth. This study provides a promising new approach for the development of mechanical stretching therapy or guidance factor-related drugs in injured neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zitong An
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chongquan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Anqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.,School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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9
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Zuela-Sopilniak N, Lammerding J. Can't handle the stress? Mechanobiology and disease. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:710-725. [PMID: 35717527 PMCID: PMC9420767 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanobiology is a rapidly growing research area focused on how mechanical forces and properties influence biological systems at the cell, molecular, and tissue level, and how those biological systems, in turn, control mechanical parameters. Recently, it has become apparent that disrupted mechanobiology has a significant role in many diseases, from cardiovascular disease to muscular dystrophy and cancer. An improved understanding of this intricate process could be harnessed toward developing alternative and more targeted treatment strategies, and to advance the fields of regenerative and personalized medicine. Modulating the mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment has already been used successfully to boost antitumor immune responses and to induce cardiac and spinal regeneration, providing inspiration for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Zuela-Sopilniak
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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10
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Magnetically-actuated microposts stimulate axon growth. Biophys J 2022; 121:374-382. [PMID: 34979131 PMCID: PMC8822606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
New strategies to promote neuronal regeneration should aim to increase the speed of axonal elongation. Biochemical signaling is a key factor in axon growth, but recent discoveries have shown that mechanical force, through a process referred to as stretch growth, can significantly influence the elongation rate. Here, we develop a method to apply forces to primary hippocampal neurons from mice using magnetic microposts that actuate in response to an external magnetic field. Neurons are cultured onto these microposts and subjected to an average displacement of 0.2 μm at a frequency of 5 Hz. We find that the mechanical stimulation promotes an increase in the length of the axons compared to control conditions. In addition, there is an increase in the density of microtubules and in the amount of cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, providing evidence that stretch growth is accompanied by a mass addition to the neurite. Together, these results indicate that magnetically-actuated microposts can accelerate the rate of axon growth, paving the way for future applications in neuronal regeneration. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Xu K, Liu X, Li X, Yin J, Wei P, Qian J, Sun J. Effect of Electrical and Electromechanical Stimulation on PC12 Cell Proliferation and Axon Outgrowth. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:757906. [PMID: 34746110 PMCID: PMC8566739 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.757906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries have become a common clinical disease with poor prognosis and complicated treatments. The development of tissue engineering pointed a promising direction to produce nerve conduits for nerve regeneration. Electrical and mechanical stimulations have been incorporated with tissue engineering, since such external stimulations could promote nerve cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. However, the combination of electrical and mechanical stimulations (electromechanical stimulation) and its effects on neuron proliferation and axon outgrowth have been rarely investigated. Herein, silver nanowires (AgNWs) embedded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) electrodes were developed to study the effects of electromechanical stimulation on rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) behaviors. AgNWs/PDMS electrodes demonstrated good biocompatibility and established a stable electric field during mechanical stretching. PC12 cells showed enhanced proliferation rate and axon outgrowth under electrical stimulation alone, and the cell number significantly increased with higher electrical stimulation intensity. The involvement of mechanical stretching in electrical stimulation reduced the cell proliferation rate and axon outgrowth, compared with the case of electrical stimulation alone. Interestingly, the cellular axons outgrowth was found to depend on the stretching direction, where the axons prefer to align perpendicularly to the stretch direction. These results suggested that AgNWs/PDMS electrodes provide an in vitro platform to investigate the effects of electromechanical stimulation on nerve cell behaviors and can be potentially used for nerve regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailei Xu
- Central Laboratory, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xixia Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaokeng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Central Laboratory, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
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12
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Abraham JA, Blaschke S, Tarazi S, Dreissen G, Vay SU, Schroeter M, Fink GR, Merkel R, Rueger MA, Hoffmann B. NSCs Under Strain-Unraveling the Mechanoprotective Role of Differentiating Astrocytes in a Cyclically Stretched Coculture With Differentiating Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:706585. [PMID: 34630042 PMCID: PMC8497758 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.706585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural stem cell (NSC) niche is a highly vascularized microenvironment that supplies stem cells with relevant biological and chemical cues. However, the NSCs’ proximity to the vasculature also means that the NSCs are subjected to permanent tissue deformation effected by the vessels’ heartbeat-induced pulsatile movements. Cultivating NSCs under common culture conditions neglects the—yet unknown—influence of this cyclic mechanical strain on neural stem cells. Under the hypothesis that pulsatile strain should affect essential NSC functions, a cyclic uniaxial strain was applied under biomimetic conditions using an in-house developed stretching system based on cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer. While lineage commitment remained unaffected by cyclic deformation, strain affected NSC quiescence and cytoskeletal organization. Unexpectedly, cyclically stretched stem cells aligned in stretch direction, a phenomenon unknown for other types of cells in the mammalian organism. The same effect was observed for young astrocytes differentiating from NSCs. In contrast, young neurons differentiating from NSCs did not show mechanoresponsiveness. The exceptional orientation of NSCs and young astrocytes in the stretch direction was blocked upon RhoA activation and went along with a lack of stress fibers. Compared to postnatal astrocytes and mature neurons, NSCs and their young progeny displayed characteristic and distinct mechanoresponsiveness. Data suggest a protective role of young astrocytes in mixed cultures of differentiating neurons and astrocytes by mitigating the mechanical stress of pulsatile strain on developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jella-Andrea Abraham
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Samar Tarazi
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Georg Dreissen
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Sabine U Vay
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria A Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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13
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De Vincentiis S, Falconieri A, Mickoleit F, Cappello V, Schüler D, Raffa V. Induction of Axonal Outgrowth in Mouse Hippocampal Neurons via Bacterial Magnetosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4126. [PMID: 33923565 PMCID: PMC8072586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetosomes are membrane-enclosed iron oxide crystals biosynthesized by magnetotactic bacteria. As the biomineralization of bacterial magnetosomes can be genetically controlled, they have become promising nanomaterials for bionanotechnological applications. In the present paper, we explore a novel application of magnetosomes as nanotool for manipulating axonal outgrowth via stretch-growth (SG). SG refers to the process of stimulation of axonal outgrowth through the application of mechanical forces. Thanks to their superior magnetic properties, magnetosomes have been used to magnetize mouse hippocampal neurons in order to stretch axons under the application of magnetic fields. We found that magnetosomes are avidly internalized by cells. They adhere to the cell membrane, are quickly internalized, and slowly degrade after a few days from the internalization process. Our data show that bacterial magnetosomes are more efficient than synthetic iron oxide nanoparticles in stimulating axonal outgrowth via SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Vincentiis
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandro Falconieri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Frank Mickoleit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (F.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Valentina Cappello
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Dirk Schüler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (F.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (S.D.V.); (A.F.)
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14
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Delivery of the Radionuclide 131I Using Cationic Fusogenic Liposomes as Nanocarriers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010457. [PMID: 33466417 PMCID: PMC7796481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are highly biocompatible and versatile drug carriers with an increasing number of applications in the field of nuclear medicine and diagnostics. So far, only negatively charged liposomes with intercalated radiometals, e.g., 64Cu, 99mTc, have been reported. However, the process of cellular uptake of liposomes by endocytosis is rather slow. Cellular uptake can be accelerated by recently developed cationic liposomes, which exhibit extraordinarily high membrane fusion ability. The aim of the present study was the development of the formulation and the characterization of such cationic fusogenic liposomes with intercalated radioactive [131I]I- for potential use in therapeutic applications. The epithelial human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was used as a model for invasive cancer cells and cellular uptake of [131I]I- was monitored in vitro. Delivery efficiencies of cationic and neutral liposomes were compared with uptake of free iodide. The best cargo delivery efficiency (~10%) was achieved using cationic fusogenic liposomes due to their special delivery pathway of membrane fusion. Additionally, human blood cells were also incubated with cationic control liposomes and free [131I]I-. In these cases, iodide delivery efficiencies remained below 3%.
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15
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Blaschke SJ, Demir S, König A, Abraham JA, Vay SU, Rabenstein M, Olschewski DN, Hoffmann C, Hoffmann M, Hersch N, Merkel R, Hoffmann B, Schroeter M, Fink GR, Rueger MA. Substrate Elasticity Exerts Functional Effects on Primary Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:590500. [PMID: 33250714 PMCID: PMC7674555 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.590500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-the brain's primary immune cells-exert a tightly regulated cascade of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects upon brain pathology, either promoting regeneration or neurodegeneration. Therefore, harnessing microglia emerges as a potential therapeutic concept in neurological research. Recent studies suggest that-besides being affected by chemokines and cytokines-various cell entities in the brain relevantly respond to the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. For example, we lately reported considerable effects of elasticity on neural stem cells, regarding quiescence and differentiation potential. However, the effects of elasticity on microglia remain to be explored.Under the hypothesis that the elasticity of the microenvironment affects key characteristics and functions of microglia, we established an in vitro model of primary rat microglia grown in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer-based cell culture system. This way, we simulated the brain's physiological elasticity range and compared it to supraphysiological stiffer PDMS controls. We assessed functional parameters of microglia under "resting" conditions, as well as when polarized towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) by interleukin-4 (IL-4). Microglia viability was unimpaired on soft substrates, but we found various significant effects with a more than two-fold increase in microglia proliferation on soft substrate elasticities mimicking the brain (relative to PDMS controls). Furthermore, soft substrates promoted the expression of the activation marker vimentin in microglia. Moreover, the M2-marker CD206 was upregulated in parallel to an increase in the secretion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1). The upregulation of CD206 was abolished by blockage of stretch-dependent chloride channels. Our data suggest that the cultivation of microglia on substrates of brain-like elasticity promotes a basic anti-inflammatory activation state via stretch-dependent chloride channels. The results highlight the significance of the omnipresent but mostly overlooked mechanobiological effects exerted on microglia and contribute to a better understanding of the complex spatial and temporal interactions between microglia, neural stem cells, and glia, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Seda Demir
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna König
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jella-Andrea Abraham
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sabine U Vay
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel N Olschewski
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nils Hersch
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Department of Mechanobiology, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria A Rueger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, The University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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16
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Manipulation of Axonal Outgrowth via Exogenous Low Forces. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218009. [PMID: 33126477 PMCID: PMC7663625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are mechanosensitive cells. The role of mechanical force in the process of neurite initiation, elongation and sprouting; nerve fasciculation; and neuron maturation continues to attract considerable interest among scientists. Force is an endogenous signal that stimulates all these processes in vivo. The axon is able to sense force, generate force and, ultimately, transduce the force in a signal for growth. This opens up fascinating scenarios. How are forces generated and sensed in vivo? Which molecular mechanisms are responsible for this mechanotransduction signal? Can we exploit exogenously applied forces to mimic and control this process? How can these extremely low forces be generated in vivo in a non-invasive manner? Can these methodologies for force generation be used in regenerative therapies? This review addresses these questions, providing a general overview of current knowledge on the applications of exogenous forces to manipulate axonal outgrowth, with a special focus on forces whose magnitude is similar to those generated in vivo. We also review the principal methodologies for applying these forces, providing new inspiration and insights into the potential of this approach for future regenerative therapies.
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17
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Pfister BJ, Grasman JM, Loverde JR. Exploiting biomechanics to direct the formation of nervous tissue. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Complex Size and Surface Charge Determine Nucleic Acid Transfer by Fusogenic Liposomes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062244. [PMID: 32213928 PMCID: PMC7139958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient, biocompatible, and fast nucleic acid delivery methods are essential for biomedical applications and research. At present, two main strategies are used to this end. In non-viral transfection liposome- or polymer-based formulations are used to transfer cargo into cells via endocytosis, whereas viral carriers enable direct nucleic acid delivery into the cell cytoplasm. Here, we introduce a new generation of liposomes for nucleic acid delivery, which immediately fuse with the cellular plasma membrane upon contact to transfer the functional nucleic acid directly into the cell cytoplasm. For maximum fusion efficiency combined with high cargo transfer, nucleic acids had to be complexed and partially neutralized before incorporation into fusogenic liposomes. Among the various neutralization agents tested, small, linear, and positively charged polymers yielded the best complex properties. Systematic variation of liposomal composition and nucleic acid complexation identified surface charge as well as particle size as essential parameters for cargo-liposome interaction and subsequent fusion induction. Optimized protocols were tested for the efficient transfer of different kinds of nucleic acids like plasmid DNA, messenger RNA, and short-interfering RNA into various mammalian cells in culture and into primary tissues.
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19
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Suar ZM, Fabris G, Kurt M. Isolation and Immunofluorescent Staining of Fresh Rat Pia-Arachnoid Complex Tissue for Micromechanical Characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 89:e83. [PMID: 31532920 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a protocol for the isolation and staining of fresh tissue of the inner rat meningeal layers, or pia-arachnoid complex (PAC). The PAC is believed to act as a mechanical damper offering a fundamental layer of protection against brain injury; however, its overall mechanical properties are still rather unexplored. In order to perform micromechanical measurements on the PAC, the tissue must be extracted and characterized while maintaining its native mechanical properties (i.e., avoiding any chemical or physical modification that could alter it). In light of this need, we developed a protocol for the immunofluorescent staining of fresh PAC tissue that does not require any fixation or permeabilization step. This approach will allow researchers to investigate important properties of the anatomy of ex vivo PAC tissue while at the same time offering a platform for the mechanical analysis of this complex material. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of fresh rat pia-arachnoid complex tissue Basic Protocol 2: Fresh immunofluorescent staining of rat pia-arachnoid complex tissue Alternate Protocol: Adhesion of pia-arachnoid complex tissue to glass slides for micromechanical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep M Suar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Gloria Fabris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Mehmet Kurt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey.,Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (TMII), Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
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20
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Takahara A. Preface to the Interfaces and Biology 1: Mechanobiology Special Issue. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7333-7334. [PMID: 31181916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Magnetic fields pass through tissue undiminished and without producing harmful effects, motivating their use as a wireless, minimally invasive means to control neural activity. Here, we review mechanisms and techniques coupling magnetic fields to changes in electrochemical potentials across neuronal membranes. Biological magnetoreception, although incompletely understood, is discussed as a potential source of inspiration. The emergence of magnetic properties in materials is reviewed to clarify the distinction between biomolecules containing transition metals and ferrite nanoparticles that exhibit significant net moments. We describe recent developments in the use of magnetic nanomaterials as transducers converting magnetic stimuli to forms readily perceived by neurons and discuss opportunities for multiplexed and bidirectional control as well as the challenges posed by delivery to the brain. The variety of magnetic field conditions and mechanisms by which they can be coupled to neuronal signaling cascades highlights the desirability of continued interchange between magnetism physics and neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Christiansen
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander W Senko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
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