1
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Fan Z, Zimmermann J, Ciacchi LC, Fischlschweiger M. Lattice-Cluster-Theory-Informed Cross-Fractionation Chromatography Revealing Degree of Crystallinity of Single Macromolecular Species. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:1043-1049. [PMID: 39079010 PMCID: PMC11340020 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between macromolecular architecture and crystallization properties is a relevant research topic in polymer science and technology. The average degree of crystallinity of disperse polymers is a well-studied quantity and is accessible by various experimental methods. However, how the different macromolecular species contribute to the degree of crystallinity and, in particular, the relationship between a certain macromolecular architecture and the degree of crystallinity are not accessible today, neither experimentally nor theoretically. Therefore, in this work, a lattice cluster theory (LCT)-informed cross-fractionation chromatography (CFC) approach is developed to access the degree of crystallinity of single and nonlinear macromolecular species crystallizing from solution. The method entangles high-throughput experimental data from CFC with the LCT for semicrystalline polymers to predict the degree of crystallinity of polymer species with different molecular weights and branching. The approach is applied to a linear low-density polyethylene (ethylene/1-octene copolymer) and a high-density polyethylene, which have specific and different bivariate distributions. The degree of crystallinity of individual macromolecular species of these polymer samples is calculated, and the predicted average degree of crystallinity is compared with experimental measurements, thus successfully validating the approach. Furthermore, the average segment length between branches is introduced as a characteristic molecular feature of branched polyethylene, and its relationship with the degree of crystallinity of certain species is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengxuan Fan
- Chair
of Technical Thermodynamics and Energy Efficient Material Treatment,
Institute for Energy Process Engineering and Fuel Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Agricolastraße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Jana Zimmermann
- Chair
of Technical Thermodynamics and Energy Efficient Material Treatment,
Institute for Energy Process Engineering and Fuel Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Agricolastraße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Lucio Colombi Ciacchi
- Hybrid
Materials Interface Group, Faculty of Production Engineering, Bremen
Center for Computational Materials Science and MAPEX Center for Materials
and Processes, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Michael Fischlschweiger
- Chair
of Technical Thermodynamics and Energy Efficient Material Treatment,
Institute for Energy Process Engineering and Fuel Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Agricolastraße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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2
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Liao Y, Lan Q. Understanding the Impact of Chain Mobility on Conformational Evolution and Kinetics of Mesophase Formation in Poly(ʟ-lactide) under Low-Pressure CO 2. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1378. [PMID: 38794571 PMCID: PMC11124961 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the mesomorphic phase as an intermediate state has been introduced to understand polymer crystallization, the understanding of the mesomorphic phase is far from complete. Here, the effect of chain mobility on the mesophase structuring in melt-quenched poly(ʟ-lactide) (PLLA) treated in low-pressure CO2 at 1.6-2.0 MPa and 0 °C was investigated using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The IR and AFM results demonstrated that the final degree of order and the kinetics of structural evolution during the CO2-induced mesophase formation were critically dependent on the CO2 pressure. This was attributed to the distinct dynamics of conformational evolution (gg to gt conformer transition) due to the different CO2 pressures. The thermal behavior from the DSC results showed that CO2 pressure dominated both the scale and dynamics of the chain motion of PLLA. At a lower CO2 pressure of 1.6 MPa, smaller-scale segmental motion was not replaced by the larger-scale cooperative motion that occurred at a relatively higher CO2 pressure of 2 MPa, which was favorable for faster mesophase formation. Consequently, by inhibiting direct crystallization under limited mobility conditions, it was demonstrated that different chain mobility controlled by CO2 pressure and thus CO2 solubility impacted the dynamics of the mesophase formation of PLLA. The present results have implications for understanding the role of chain mobility in determining the intermediate structural phases in semicrystalline polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiaofeng Lan
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
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3
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Hagita K, Yamamoto T, Saito H, Abe E. Chain-Level Analysis of Reinforced Polyethylene through Stretch-Induced Crystallization. ACS Macro Lett 2024:247-251. [PMID: 38329290 PMCID: PMC10883302 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we propose a large-scale simulation approach to perform the stretch-induced crystallization of entangled polyethylene (PE) melts. Sufficiently long (1000 ns) united-atom molecular dynamics (UAMD) simulations for 16000 chains of 1000 consecutive CH2 united-atom particles under periodic boundary conditions were performed to achieve the crystallinity observed in experiments. Before the isothermal crystallization process, we applied uniaxial stretching as pre-elongation to the embedded strain memory on the entangled PE melts. We confirmed significant differences in the morphologies of crystal domains and scattering patterns for pre-elongation ratios of 400% and 800%. The obtained scattering patterns were consistent with the experimental results. Uniaxial stretching MD simulations revealed that the elastic modulus at 800% pre-elongation was stronger than that at 400% pre-elongation. From this observation, we can derive the structure-property relationship, wherein the magnitude of the pre-elongation governs the crystal domain structures and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Hagita
- Department of Applied Physics, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka 239-8686, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Hiromu Saito
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei 184-8588, Japan
| | - Eiji Abe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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4
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Jin F, Huang Z, Zheng Y, Sun C, Kafle N, Ma J, Pan P, Miyoshi T. Impact of Entanglement on Folding of Semicrystalline Polymer during Crystallization. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1138-1143. [PMID: 37503873 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Upon cooling, semicrystalline polymers experience crystallization and form alternatively stacked layers consisting of thin crystal lamellae and amorphous ones. The unique morphology, crystallinity, and crystallization kinetics highly depend on the molecular weight. Therefore, it is deduced that entanglement impacts crystallization kinetics, as well as hierarchically crystalline structures. However, the impact of entanglement on folded crystalline chains has not been well understood due to experimental difficulties. In this work, chain-folding structures for seven 13C CH3 labeled poly(l-lactic acid)s with various molecular weights (Mws) were investigated by 13C-13C double quantum NMR spectroscopy. As a result, chain-folding events were categorized into three different Mw regimes: (i) The lowest Mw sample (2K g/mol) adopts an extended chain conformation (folding number, n = 0) (regime I); (ii) Intermediate Mw ones possess mixtures of non- and once-folded structures, and the once-folded fraction suddenly increases above the entanglement length (Me), up to Mw = 45K g/mol (regime II); (iii) The high Mw ones (Mw > 45K g/mol) adopt the highest chance for an adjacent re-entry structure with n = 1.0 in the well-developed entangled network (regime III). It was suggested that entanglement induces folding of the semicrystalline polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jin
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Zheng Huang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Ying Zheng
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Chenxuan Sun
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Navin Kafle
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Jiayang Ma
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Toshikazu Miyoshi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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5
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Yang SG, Zhang LQ, Chen C, Cui J, Zeng XB, Liu L, Liu F, Ungar G. 3D Morphology of Different Crystal Forms in β-Nucleated and Fiber-Sheared Polypropylene: α-Teardrops, α-Teeth, and β-Fans. Macromolecules 2023; 56:5502-5511. [PMID: 37521250 PMCID: PMC10373525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism of semicrystalline polymers has significant influence on their physical properties, with each form having its advantages and disadvantages. However, real-life polymer processing often results in different coexisting crystal polymorphs, and it remains a challenge to determine their shape, spatial distribution, and volume fraction. Here, i-polypropylene (i-PP) sheets containing both α- and β-forms were prepared either by adding β-nucleating agent or by fiber pulling-induced crystallization. By adding a compatible dye that is partially rejected from the growing crystalline aggregates (spherulites and cylindrites), we visualize the shape of these objects in 3D using two-photon fluorescence confocal microscopy. To distinguish between crystal forms, we take advantage of the difference in dye-retaining ability of the α- and β-aggregates. Even in 2D, fluorescence microscopy (FM) distinguishes the two crystal forms better than polarized microscopy. In 3D imaging, the volume fraction and spatial distribution of α- and β-forms in different morphological types could be determined quantitatively. Morphologies described as α-teeth, β-fans, and α-teardrops were visualized for the first time in 3D. Furthermore, internal and surface microcracks were seen to be associated predominantly with the β-form and around the fiber. Spatial distribution of α- and β-forms was also determined by scanning with a synchrotron X-ray beam. Good agreement was obtained with 3D microscopy, but XRD could not match the detail obtainable by the tomography. The work demonstrates the ability of the 3D imaging method to distinguish different crystal forms and their specific morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Gui Yang
- Shaanxi
International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Liang-Qing Zhang
- College
of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an
University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Changlong Chen
- Shaanxi
International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jiaming Cui
- Shaanxi
International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiang-bing Zeng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Liying Liu
- Biomedical
Experimental Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science
Center, Xi’an 710116, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi
International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Goran Ungar
- Shaanxi
International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory
for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
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6
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Tu CH, Steinhart M, Berger R, Kappl M, Butt HJ, Floudas G. When crystals flow. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8865. [PMID: 37163585 PMCID: PMC10171800 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Semicrystalline polymers are solids that are supposed to flow only above their melting temperature. By using confinement within nanoscopic cylindrical pores, we show that a semicrystalline polymer can flow at temperatures below the melting point with a viscosity intermediate to the melt and crystal states. During this process, the capillary force is strong and drags the polymer chains in the pores without melting the crystal. The unexpected enhancement in flow, while preserving the polymer crystallites, is of importance in the design of polymer processing conditions applicable at low temperatures, e.g., cold drawn polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene, self-healing, and in nanoconfined donor/acceptor polymers used in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hua Tu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Steinhart
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Kappl
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - George Floudas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI) - Institute of Materials Science and Computing, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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7
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López-Beceiro J, Díaz-Díaz AM, Fernández-Pérez E, Ferreira I, Focke WW, Artiaga R. A Relatively Simple Look at the Rather Complex Crystallization Kinetics of PLLA. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081880. [PMID: 37112027 PMCID: PMC10143213 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates that, despite the existence of a significant number of works on PLA crystallization, there is still a relatively simple way, different from those already described, in which its complex kinetics can be observed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results presented here confirm that the PLLA under study crystallizes mostly in the α and α' forms. An interesting observation is that at any temperature in the studied range of the patterns, the X-ray reflections stabilize with a given shape and at a given angle, different for each temperature. That means that both α and α' forms coexist and are stable at the same temperatures so that the shape of each pattern results from both structures. However, the patterns obtained at each temperature are different because the predominance of one crystal form over the other depends on temperature. Thus, a two-component kinetic model is proposed to account for both crystal forms. The method involves the deconvolution of the exothermic DSC peaks using two logistic derivative functions. The existence of the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) in addition to the two crystal forms increases the complexity of the whole crystallization process. However, the results presented here show that a two-component kinetic model can reproduce the overall crystallization process fairly well over a broad range of temperatures. The method used here for PLLA may be useful for describing the isothermal crystallization processes of other polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge López-Beceiro
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Navais e Industriais (CITENI), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Ana-María Díaz-Díaz
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Navais e Industriais (CITENI), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Enrique Fernández-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Navais e Industriais (CITENI), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Ignatius Ferreira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Walter W Focke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Ramón Artiaga
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Navais e Industriais (CITENI), Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
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8
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Lo CY, Wang C. Kinetics and morphologies of syndiotactic polystyrene crystallized isothermally over a wide temperature range. Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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9
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Cai ZF, Chen T, Wang D. Insights into the Polymerization Reactions on Solid Surfaces Provided by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2463-2472. [PMID: 36867434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the polymerization process at the molecular level is essential for the rational design and synthesis of polymers with controllable structures and properties. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is one of the most important techniques to investigate the structures and reactions on conductive solid surfaces, and it has successfully been used to reveal the polymerization process on the surface at the molecular level in recent years. In this Perspective, after a brief introduction of on-surface polymerization reactions and STM, we focus on the applications of STM in the study of the processes and mechanism of on-surface polymerization, from one-dimensional to two-dimensional polymerization reactions. We conclude by a discussion of the challenges and perspectives on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Wu T, Wang K, Chen X, Yang X, Xiang M, Fu Q. Practicing the concept of “structuring” processing in the manufacture of polymer films. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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11
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Liu L, Yang W, Chen X, Zhao Y, Dong X, Müller AJ, Wang D. Ethylene Comonomer-Directed Epitaxial Nucleation and Growth of β-Nucleated Isotactic Polypropylene. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhong Yang
- PetroChina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xia Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Zhu J, Liu S, Lu Y, Cheng H, Han X, Liu L, Meng L, Yu W, Cui K, Li L. A versatile biaxial stretching device for in situ synchrotron radiation small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering measurements of polymer films. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:023906. [PMID: 36859001 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A biaxial stretching device is designed and developed for the real-time structural measurements of polymer films. This device adopts a vertical layout to perform real-time x-ray scattering measurements. It has a maximum stretching ratio of 8 × 8 in two perpendicular directions. Its maximum experimental temperature and stretching rate are 250 °C and 100 mm/s, respectively. The control accuracies of the experimental temperature and stretching rate are ±1 °C and 0.01 mm, respectively. All the parameters related to film biaxial processing, such as stretching speed, stretching ratio, and temperature, can be independently set. The device feasibility is demonstrated via a real-time experiment in a synchrotron radiation beamline. Wide-angle x-ray diffraction, small-angle x-ray scattering, and stress-strain data can be simultaneously obtained during various stretching modes. The proposed device fills the gap between the synchrotron radiation x-ray scattering technique and the biaxial stretching processing of polymer films. This device will play an important role in improving the understanding of the physics behind biaxial polymer processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhe Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shenghui Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yimin Lu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xueqing Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liangbao Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wancheng Yu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kunpeng Cui
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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13
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Wang Z, Duan R, Pang X, Wu R, Guo B, Xu J. Critical Size and Formation Mechanism of Secondary Nuclei in Melt-Crystallized Polylactide Stereocomplex Crystals. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Wang
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084Beijing, China
| | - Ranlong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun130022, China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun130022, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania17033, United States
| | - Baohua Guo
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084Beijing, China
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14
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Martínez-Fernández D, Herranz M, Foteinopoulou K, Karayiannis NC, Laso M. Local and Global Order in Dense Packings of Semi-Flexible Polymers of Hard Spheres. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030551. [PMID: 36771852 PMCID: PMC9919756 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The local and global order in dense packings of linear, semi-flexible polymers of tangent hard spheres are studied by employing extensive Monte Carlo simulations at increasing volume fractions. The chain stiffness is controlled by a tunable harmonic potential for the bending angle, whose intensity dictates the rigidity of the polymer backbone as a function of the bending constant and equilibrium angle. The studied angles range between acute and obtuse ones, reaching the limit of rod-like polymers. We analyze how the packing density and chain stiffness affect the chains' ability to self-organize at the local and global levels. The former corresponds to crystallinity, as quantified by the Characteristic Crystallographic Element (CCE) norm descriptor, while the latter is computed through the scalar orientational order parameter. In all cases, we identify the critical volume fraction for the phase transition and gauge the established crystal morphologies, developing a complete phase diagram as a function of packing density and equilibrium bending angle. A plethora of structures are obtained, ranging between random hexagonal closed packed morphologies of mixed character and almost perfect face centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystals at the level of monomers, and nematic mesophases, with prolate and oblate mesogens at the level of chains. For rod-like chains, a delay is observed between the establishment of the long-range nematic order and crystallization as a function of the packing density, while for right-angle chains, both transitions are synchronized. A comparison is also provided against the analogous packings of monomeric and fully flexible chains of hard spheres.
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15
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Staub MC, Yu S, Li CY. Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) Crystalsomes: Tiling 1D Polymer Crystals on a Spherical Surface. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200529. [PMID: 35879644 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymer crystalsomes are a class of hollow crystalline polymer nanoparticles with shells formed by single crystals with broken translational symmetry. They have shown intriguing mechanical, thermal, and biomedical properties associated with spherical packing. Previously reported crystalsomes are formed by quasi-2D lamellae which can readily tile on a spherical surface. In this work, the formation of polymer crystalsomes formed by 1D polymer crystals is reported. Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is chosen as the model polymer because of its 1D growth habit. P3HT crystalsomes are successfully fabricated using a miniemulsion solution crystallization method, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction experiments confirm that P3HT crystallized into a Form I crystal structure. XRD, differential scanning calorimetry and UV-Vis results reveal curvature-dependent structural, thermal and electro-optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Clyde Staub
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shichen Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christopher Yuren Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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16
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Ye C, Liu Z, Li J, Ni Y, Xin Z, Zhao S. Effect of calcium stearate and a fluoroelastomer on the flowability of UHMWPE/HDPE composites and the underlying mechanism. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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17
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Multilayered nature in crystallization of polymer droplets studied by MD simulations: Orientation and entanglement. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Hannigan MD, Tami JL, Zimmerman PM, McNeil AJ. Rethinking Catalyst Trapping in Ni-Catalyzed Thieno[3,2- b]thiophene Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022; 55:10821-10830. [PMID: 37396500 PMCID: PMC10312364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst-transfer polymerization (CTP) is a chain-growth method used to synthesize conjugated polymers. Although CTP works well for most donor-type monomers, the polymerization stalls with thieno[3,2-b]thiophene when using Ni catalysts. Previous reports have rationalized this result by suggesting that the catalyst is trapped in a Ni0 π-complex with the highly electron-rich arene. In this study, evidence is provided that the catalyst trap is more likely a NiII complex that arises from oxidative insertion of Ni0 into the C-S bonds of thieno[3,2-b]thiophene. This result is consistent with the known reactivity of Ni0 complexes toward S-heteroarenes and is supported herein by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra acquired in situ, as well as data collected from small-molecule model reactions and density-functional theory simulations of the polymerization. We propose that this C-S insertion pathway and related off-cycle reactions may be relevant to understanding or enabling the CTP of other monomers with fused thiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hannigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jessica L Tami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2800, United States
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19
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Improved piezoelectricity of porous cellulose material via flexible polarization-initiate bridge for self-powered sensor. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Wang Y, Jia D, Zhan S, Tu J, Yang T, Li J, Duan H. Properties of compression molded ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene: effects of varying process conditions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2022-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been extensively used in various tribological systems because of its outstanding tribological properties and excellent overall performance. Compression molding is the main molding method for UHMWPE, and the process parameters of molding have a profound effect on its material properties. In this study, three groups of UHMWPE samples were prepared, and their physical, mechanical, and tribological properties under different molding process parameters were examined—with a particular focus on the frictional and wear behavior of the material under various heating-temperatures, pressing-temperatures and pressures—and the friction and wear mechanisms of UHMWPE were analysed. Studies have shown that the rise in heating-temperature promotes the diffusion of polymer chains, resulting in an increased friction coefficient and wear loss of UHMWPE. The main wear mechanism switches from plastic deformation to fatigue wear. With an increase in the pressuring-temperature, the friction coefficient first increases and then decreases, while the wear loss increases, and the dominant wear mechanism switches from fatigue wear and plastic flow to plastic flow. With an increase in pressure, the friction coefficient and wear loss first decrease and then increase, and the prime wear mechanism changes from plastic deformation and fatigue wear to fatigue wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , China
| | - Dan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , China
| | - Shengpeng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , China
| | - Jiesong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , China
| | - Tian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , China
| | - Haitao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Special Surface Protection Materials and Application Technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , China
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21
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Wu T, Han X, Min X, An M, Zhao J, Yu W, Li L. Regulation of orientation birefringence for cellulose acetate film: The role of crystallization and orientation. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119915. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Crystallization of D-A Conjugated Polymers: A Review of Recent Research. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214612. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
D-A conjugated polymers are key materials for organic solar cells and organic thin-film transistors, and their film structure is one of the most important factors in determining device performance. The formation of film structure largely depends on the crystallization process, but the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers is not well understood. In this review, we attempted to achieve a clearer understanding of the crystallization of D-A conjugated polymers. We first summarized the features of D-A conjugated polymers, which can affect their crystallization process. Then, the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers was discussed, including the possible chain conformations in the solution as well as the nucleation and growth processes. After that, the crystal structure of D-A conjugated polymers, including the molecular orientation and polymorphism, was reviewed. We proposed that the nucleation process and the orientation of the nuclei on the substrate are critical for the crystal structure. Finally, we summarized the possible crystal morphologies of D-A conjugated polymers and explained their formation process in terms of nucleation and growth processes. This review provides fundamental knowledge on how to manipulate the crystallization process of D-A conjugated polymers to regulate their film structure.
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23
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Snyder Y, Jana S. Anisotropicity and flexibility in trilayered microfibrous substrates promote heart valve leaflet tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2022; 17:10.1088/1748-605X/ac94ae. [PMID: 36150373 PMCID: PMC9629372 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac94ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Heart valve leaflet substrates with native trilayer and anisotropic structures are crucial for successful heart valve tissue engineering. In this study, we used the electrospinning technique to produce trilayer microfibrous leaflet substrates using two biocompatible and biodegradable polymers-poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL), separately. Different polymer concentrations for each layer were applied to bring a high degree of mechanical and structural anisotropy to the substrates. PCL leaflet substrates exhibited lower unidirectional tensile properties than PLLA leaflet substrates. However, the PLLA substrates exhibited a lower flexural modulus than the PCL substrates. These substrates were seeded with porcine valvular interstitial cells (PVICs) and cultured for one month in static conditions. Both substrates exhibited cellular adhesion and proliferation, resulting in the production of tissue-engineered constructs. The PLLA tissue-engineered constructs had more cellular growth than the PCL tissue-engineered constructs. The PLLA substrates showed higher hydrophilicity, lower crystallinity, and more significant anisotropy than PCL substrates, which may have enhanced their interactions with PVICs. Analysis of gene expression showed higherα-smooth muscle actin and collagen type 1 expression in PLLA tissue-engineered constructs than in PCL tissue-engineered constructs. The differences in anisotropic and flexural properties may have accounted for the different cellular behaviors in these two individual polymer substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Snyder
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Soumen Jana
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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24
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Tunable β-crystals formation from transcrystallinity to cylindrites at PP/PE interface via using melt penetration engineering. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Mechanism of calcium stearate deteriorating the wear resistance of UHMWPE: structure–property relationship. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Chen Q, Auras R, Corredig M, Kirkensgaard JJK, Mamakhel A, Uysal-Unalan I. New opportunities for sustainable bioplastic development: Tailorable polymorphic and three-phase crystallization of stereocomplex polylactide by layered double hydroxide. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1101-1109. [PMID: 36174869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Stereocomplexation between enantiomeric poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(d-lactide) (PDLA) is a promising sustainable approach and gaining momentum to overcome the shortcomings of polylactide (PLA) for its use as a replacement for fossil-based plastics. Filler addition in tailoring the crystallization of stereocomplex PLA (SC-PLA) attracts extensive attention; however, research has primarily focused on the heterogeneous nucleation effect of filler. The impact of filler on the chain behavior of SC-PLA during crystallization has not been exclusively discussed, and the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) development remains unknown. In this study, the crystallization of PLLA/PDLA blends was modified by low loading of layered double hydroxide (LDH) (≤ 1 wt%) with the proposed local effect of such filler, and additional RAF development was incurred. In the early stage of crystallization, LDH facilitates the pairing of PLLA and PDLA and arrests the ordered SC pairs during the dynamic balance between the separation and pairing of racemic segments. This explains the severely suppressed homochiral (HC) crystallization, promoted SC crystallization, and additional RAF formation driven by the nucleation-induced chain ordering. This work, for the first time, highlights the role of LDH in creating SC-PLA with tailorable polymorphism and RAF, where the mechanism can be extended to other filler-type nucleator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; CiFOOD - Center for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park, 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Rafael Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA
| | - Milena Corredig
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; CiFOOD - Center for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park, 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Aref Mamakhel
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ilke Uysal-Unalan
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; CiFOOD - Center for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park, 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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27
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Fall WS, Baschnagel J, Lhost O, Meyer H. Role of Short Chain Branching in Crystalline Model Polyethylenes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William S. Fall
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jörg Baschnagel
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Lhost
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, B-7181 Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Meyer
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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28
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Nie C, Peng F, Cao R, Cui K, Sheng J, Chen W, Li L. Recent progress in flow‐induced polymer crystallization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Nie
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Fan Peng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Renkuan Cao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Kunpeng Cui
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Junfang Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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29
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Time-domain NMR in polyolefin research. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Li LB. Chain Flexibility and Connectivity: The Uniqueness of Polymer Crystallization. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Zhang L, Li H, Zhao K, Zhang T, Liu D, Wang S, Wu F, Zhang Q, Han Y. Improving crystallinity and ordering of PBTTT by inhibiting nematic to smectic phase transition via rapid cooling. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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32
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Entanglement on Nucleation Barrier of Polymer Crystal. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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33
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Gong Y, Zhang W, Larson RG. Interfacial Oriented Precursor to Secondary Nucleation of Alkane Oligomer Crystals Revealed by Molecular Dynamic Simulations. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gong
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wenlin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ronald G. Larson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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34
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Zhou C, Wang J, Liu H. Two-dimensional crystallization of cyclopolymers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Song Y, Ma Z, Zhang W. Manipulation of a Single Polymer Chain: From the Nanomechanical Properties to Dynamic Structure Evolution. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ziwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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36
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Yu M, Du Y, Xu P, Yang W, Zhang P, Liu T, Lemstra PJ, Ma P. Nucleation and crystallization of poly(L-lactide) assisted by terminal hydrogen-bonding segments. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Li B, Zhao Y, Chen X, Wang Z, Xu J, Shi W. Polymer Crystallization with Configurable Birefringence in Double Emulsion Droplets. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Advanced Materials Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Weichao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education; Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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38
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Liu Z, Du Y, Ma H, Li J, Zhang X, Zhu E, Shi C, Zhu Z, Zhao S. Mechanism of boron carbide particles improving the wear resistance of UHMWPE: Structure-property relationship. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Murphy JG, Raybin JG, Sibener SJ. Correlating polymer structure, dynamics, and function with atomic force microscopy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia G. Murphy
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Jonathan G. Raybin
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Steven J. Sibener
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
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40
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Structural evolution and related physical properties of machine direction oriented poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) films. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Jin F, Yuan S, Wang S, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Hong YL, Miyoshi T. Polymer Chains Fold Prior to Crystallization. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:284-288. [PMID: 35575358 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are long-standing debates in crystallization mechanism of polymer chains at the molecular levels: Which comes first, chain folding or lamellae formation during crystallization? In this study, we report the local chain trajectory of 13C-labeled semicrystalline polymer in an extreme case of rapidly quenched glassy state as well as thermodynamically stable crystals formed via different pathways from glass and melt. Magnetically dipole interactions do not require a long-range order of molecular objects and thus enable us to trace the local chain trajectory of polymer chains even in a glassy state. To accurately characterize the local chain trajectory of polymer glass, the natural abundance effect on 13C-13C double-quantum (DQ) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal is re-examined using extended chain conformation. As results, it is found that glassy chains adopt the same adjacent re-entry structure (adjacent re-entry number, n = 1) with the melt- and cold-grown crystals. From these results, it is concluded that (i) folding occurs prior to crystallization and (ii) melt and cold crystallization do not induce additional folding but proceed with rearrangements of polymer chains in the existing templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jin
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Shichen Yuan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Shijun Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Ying Zheng
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - You-lee Hong
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Toshikazu Miyoshi
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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42
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Kwon Y, Ma H, Kim KT. Self-Assembly of Stereoblock Copolymers Driven by the Chain Folding of Discrete Poly( d-lactic acid- b- l-lactic acid) via Intramolecular Stereocomplexation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongbeom Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyunji Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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43
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Sheng J, Chen W, Cui K, Li L. Polymer crystallization under external flow. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:036601. [PMID: 35060493 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac4d92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The general aspects of polymer crystallization under external flow, i.e., flow-induced crystallization (FIC) from fundamental theoretical background to multi-scale characterization and modeling results are presented. FIC is crucial for modern polymer processing, such as blowing, casting, and injection modeling, as two-third of daily-used polymers is crystalline, and nearly all of them need to be processed before final applications. For academics, the FIC is intrinsically far from equilibrium, where the polymer crystallization behavior is different from that in quiescent conditions. The continuous investigation of crystallization contributes to a better understanding on the general non-equilibrium ordering in condensed physics. In the current review, the general theories related to polymer nucleation under flow (FIN) were summarized first as a preliminary knowledge. Various theories and models, i.e., coil-stretch transition and entropy reduction model, are briefly presented together with the modified versions. Subsequently, the multi-step ordering process of FIC is discussed in detail, including chain extension, conformational ordering, density fluctuation, and final perfection of the polymer crystalline. These achievements for a thorough understanding of the fundamental basis of FIC benefit from the development of various hyphenated rheometer, i.e., rheo-optical spectroscopy, rheo-IR, and rheo-x-ray scattering. The selected experimental results are introduced to present efforts on elucidating the multi-step and hierarchical structure transition during FIC. Then, the multi-scale modeling methods are summarized, including micro/meso scale simulation and macroscopic continuum modeling. At last, we briefly describe our personal opinions related to the future directions of this field, aiming to ultimately establish the unified theory of FIC and promote building of the more applicable models in the polymer processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunpeng Cui
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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44
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Ni L, Xu S, Sun C, Qin Y, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Yu C, Pan P. Retarded Crystallization and Promoted Phase Transition of Freeze-Dried Polybutene-1: Direct Evidence for the Critical Role of Chain Entanglement. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:257-263. [PMID: 35574778 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism and crystal transition are common phenomena of semicrystalline polymers. These two behaviors are known to be controlled by the nucleation and chain mobility of polymers, both of which are constrained by the chain entanglement at the molecular level. However, the role of chain entanglement in polymorphic crystallization and crystal phase transition of polymers has not been well understood. Herein, we use isotactic polybutene-1 (PB-1) as a model polymorphic polymer and present the crucial role of chain entanglement in the polymorphic crystallization kinetics and solid-solid phase transition. A series of less-entangled PB-1 with different entanglement degrees were successfully prepared by freeze-drying the polymer dilute solution. Compared to the bulk sample and re-entangled one, chain disentangling of PB-1 suppressed the crystallization kinetics of form II but significantly increased the phase transition rate and final transition degree from form II to form I. The disentangling-promoted II-I phase transition originated from the reduced nucleation barrier and enhanced chain mobility. This work would advance the in-depth understanding on the formation and transition mechanisms of polymorphic polymer crystals at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chenxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yanan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Chengtao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou 324000, China
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45
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Cao X, Fan H. Formation of D-A conjugated polymer crystals: Diffusion and conformational transition theory. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Wang H, Yan X, Tang X, Ma Y, Fan X, Li W, Yu W, Wang J, Yang Y. Contribution of the Initially Entangled State and Particle Size to the Sintering Kinetics of UHMWPE. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Handing Wang
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xin Tang
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Fan
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jingdai Wang
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yongrong Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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47
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Jiang S, Lu Y, Luo C. State Transitions and Crystalline Structures of a Single Polyethylene Chain: MD Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:964-975. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230 026, P. R. China
| | - Yuyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230 026, P. R. China
| | - Chuanfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230 026, P. R. China
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48
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Schulz M, Schäfer M, Saalwächter K, Thurn-Albrecht T. Competition between crystal growth and intracrystalline chain diffusion determines the lamellar thickness in semicrystalline polymers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:119. [PMID: 35013275 PMCID: PMC8748680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-equilibrium thickness of lamellar crystals in semicrystalline polymers varies significantly between different polymer systems and depends on the crystallization temperature Tc. There is currently no consensus on the mechanism of thickness selection. Previous work has highlighted the decisive role of intracrystalline chain diffusion (ICD) in special cases, but a systematic dependence of lamellar thickness on relevant timescales such as that of ICD and stem attachment has not yet been established. Studying the morphology by small-angle X-ray scattering and the two timescales by NMR methods and polarization microscopy respectively, we here present data on poly(oxymethylene), a case with relatively slow ICD. It fills the gap between previously studied cases of absent and fast ICD, enabling us to establish a quantitative dependence of lamellar thickness on the competition between the noted timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Schulz
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle, Germany
| | - Mareen Schäfer
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle, Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle, Germany.
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle, Germany.
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49
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Precursor formation and crystal nucleation in stretched polyethylene/carbon nanotube nanocomposites. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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50
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Seidi F, Yazdi MK, Jouyandeh M, Habibzadeh S, Munir MT, Vahabi H, Bagheri B, Rabiee N, Zarrintaj P, Saeb MR. Crystalline polysaccharides: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118624. [PMID: 34742405 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biodegradability and mechanical properties of polysaccharides are dependent on their architecture (linear or branched) as well as their crystallinity (size of crystals and crystallinity percent). The amount of crystalline zones in the polysaccharide significantly governs their ultimate properties and applications (from packaging to biomedicine). Although synthesis, characterization, and properties of polysaccharides have been the subject of several review papers, the effects of crystallization kinetics and crystalline domains on the properties and application have not been comprehensively addressed. This review places focus on different aspects of crystallization of polysaccharides as well as applications of crystalline polysaccharides. Crystallization of cellulose, chitin, chitosan, and starch, as the main members of this family, were discussed. Then, application of the aforementioned crystalline polysaccharides and nano-polysaccharides as well as their physical and chemical interactions were overviewed. This review attempts to provide a complete picture of crystallization-property relationship in polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Babak Bagheri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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