1
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Tao R, Shao M, Kim Y. Polyarylene-Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401208. [PMID: 38953321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) is an emerging and promising technology that can help realize a carbon-neutral, sustainable economy. Also, compared to the proton exchange membrane counterpart, AEMFC can achieve comparable cell outputs with lower costs due to the applicability of non-platinum group metal electrocatalysts for the reaction on the electrodes' surfaces. However, the wide application of the AEMFCs has been impeded by the unsatisfactory stability and performance of the hydroxide-conductive membranes in the past. Recently researchers have made breakthroughs using polyarylene (PA)-based AEMs. This article summarizes the recent advances of a class of AEMs with aromatic backbone without ether bonds, mainly synthesized by Friedel-Crafts polycondensation. Such PA-based AEMs showed high chemical/mechanical stabilities and ionic conductivity, and even the fuel cell with those AEMs showed impressive peak power density of up to 2.58 W cm-2. In this concept article, we classify major strategies for making PA-based AEMs to show the recent trends, highlight synthesis, characterization, and properties, and provide a brief outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minhua Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CIAC-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Hydrogen Energy, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Watery Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Yoonseob Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Adhikari S, Matanovic I, Leonard D, Klein JM, Agarwal T, Kim YS. Rapid Postgrafting Reaction to Prepare Quaternized Polycarbazoles. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:28-33. [PMID: 38100721 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
We report a rapid postgrafting reaction to prepare alkyl ammonium functionalized polycarbazoles from a commercially available monomer. This novel synthetic approach provides benefit to preparing the high molecular weight quaternized polycarbazoles within 1 h of Friedel-Crafts polycondensation, avoiding the synthesis and purification step to prepare a functionalized monomer. The postgrafting reaction produces hexyl alkyl ammonium functionalized polycarbazole with 100% grafting degree. However, the postgrafting reaction produced only 60% grafting with propyl alkyl ammonium due to the competitive elimination reaction because of the higher acidity of β-hydrogen in the propyl alkyl group resulting from the proximity of the bromide and ammonium groups. The hexyl alkyl ammonium functionalized polycarbazole has a high hydroxide conductivity of 103 mS cm-1 at 80 °C and showed excellent alkaline stability with less than 3% loss of ion group after 1 M NaOH treatment at 80 °C for 500 h. This study highlights that the postgrafting reaction provides a pathway for the scale-up synthesis of quaternized aryl ether-free polyaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Adhikari
- C-CDE: Chemical Diagnostics and Engineering Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ivana Matanovic
- T-1: Physics and Chemistry of Materials Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Daniel Leonard
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Klein
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tanya Agarwal
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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3
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Li F, Chan SH, Tu Z. Recent Development of Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Performance Optimization Strategies: A Review. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300067. [PMID: 37350372 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are the most promising low-temperature fuel cells and have received extensive attention. Compared to PEMFCs, the cost per unit of power can be significantly reduced for AEMFCs because, in theory, they allow the usage of non-precious metal catalysts and low-cost cell components. Owing to the development of advanced materials and performance improvement strategies, AEMFCs have achieved new records in both initial performance and durability. However, the high performance currently achieved is contingent on certain conditions, e. g., high Pt loading, large gas flowrates, and operation in pure O2 , which are far from practical applications. Therefore, the transition to commercially relevant performance and durability is the next goal of AEMFCs. This paper reviews the performance data of H2 -fueled AEMFCs since 2010 and summarizes possible performance optimization schemes, which can provide useful insights for developing next-generation AEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangju Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Siew Hwa Chan
- Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 637553, Singapore
| | - Zhengkai Tu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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4
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Guo M, Ban T, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhu X. "Thiol-ene" crosslinked polybenzimidazoles anion exchange membrane with enhanced performance and durability. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 638:349-362. [PMID: 36746053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To address the "trade-off" between conductivity and stability of anion exchange membranes (AEMs), we developed a series of crosslinked AEMs by using polybenzimidazole with norbornene (cPBI-Nb) as backbone and the crosslinked structure was fabricated by adopting click chemical between thiol and vinyl-group. Meanwhile, the hydrophilic properties of the dithiol cross-linker were regulated to explore the effect for micro-phase separation morphology and hydroxide ion conductivity. As result, the AEMs with hydrophilic crosslinked structure (PcPBI-Nb-C2) not only had apparent micro-phase separation morphology and high OH- conductivity of 105.54 mS/cm at 80 °C, but also exhibited improved mechanical properties, dimensional stability (swelling ratio < 15%) and chemical stability (90.22 % mass maintaining in Fenton's reagent at 80 °C for 24 h, 78.30 % conductivity keeping in 2 M NaOH at 80 °C for 2016 h). In addition, the anion exchange membranes water electrolysis (AEMWEs) using PcPBI-Nb-C2 as AEMs achieved the current density of 368 mA/cm2 at 2.1 V and the durability over 500 min operated at 150 mA/cm2 under 60 °C. Therefore, this work paves the way for constructing AEMs by introduction of norbornene into polybenzimidazole and formation of hydrophilic crosslinked structure based on "thiol-ene".
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolian Guo
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tao Ban
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiuling Zhu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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5
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Cao D, Sun X, Gao H, Pan L, Li N, Li Y. Crosslinked Polynorbornene-Based Anion Exchange Membranes with Perfluorinated Branch Chains. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051073. [PMID: 36904314 PMCID: PMC10007585 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of perfluorinated substituent on the properties of anion exchange membranes (AEMs), cross-linked polynorbornene-based AEMs with perfluorinated branch chains were prepared via ring opening metathesis polymerization, subsequent crosslinking reaction, and quaternization. The crosslinking structure enables the resultant AEMs (CFnB) to exhibit a low swelling ratio, high toughness, and high water uptake, simultaneously. In addition, benefiting from the ion gathering and side chain microphase separation caused by their flexible backbone and perfluorinated branch chain, these AEMs had high hydroxide conductivity up to 106.9 mS cm-1 at 80 °C even at low ion content (IEC < 1.6 meq g-1). This work provides a new approach to achieve improved ion conductivity at low ion content by introducing the perfluorinated branch chains and puts forward a referable way to prepare AEMs with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafu Cao
- Institute of Advanced Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Institute of Advanced Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Huan Gao
- Institute of Advanced Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Pan
- Institute of Advanced Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Nanwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Institute of Advanced Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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6
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Highly alkali-stable polyolefin-based anion exchange membrane enabled by N-cyclic quaternary ammoniums for alkaline fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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7
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Cao D, Nie F, Liu M, Sun X, Wang B, Wang F, Li N, Wang B, Ma Z, Pan L, Li Y. Crosslinked anion exchange membranes prepared from highly reactive polyethylene and polypropylene intermediates. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Zhao Z, Zhang M, Du W, Xiao Y, Yang Z, Dong D, Zhang X, Fan M. Strong and Flexible High-Performance Anion Exchange Membranes with Long-Distance Interconnected Ion Transport Channels for Alkaline Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38132-38143. [PMID: 35971597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), which operate on a variety of green fuels, can achieve high power without emitting greenhouse gases. However, the lack of high ionic conductivity and long-term durability of anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) as their key components is a major obstacle hindering the commercial application of AEMFCs. Here, a series of homogeneous semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) AEMs formed by cross-linking a copolymer of styrene (St) and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) with branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) were designed. The pure carbon copolymer skeleton without sulfone/ether bonds accompanied by the semi-IPN endows the AEMs with excellent chemical stability. Moreover, the cross-linking effect of flexible BPEI chains is supposed to promote the "strong-flexible" mechanical properties, while the presence of multiquaternary ammonium groups can boost the formation of microphase separation, thereby enhancing the ionic conductivity of these AEMs. Consequently, the optimized (S1V1)3Q AEM exhibits an excellent hydroxide conductivity of 106 mS cm-1 at 80 °C, as well as more than 81% residual conductivity after soaking in 1 M NaOH at 60 °C for 720 h. Furthermore, the H2/O2 fuel cell assembled with (S1V1)3Q AEM delivers a peak power density of 150.2 mW cm-2 at 60 °C and 40% relative humidity. All results indicate that the approach of combining a pure carbon backbone polymer with a semi-IPN structure may be a viable strategy for fabricating AEMs that can be used in AEMFCs for long-term applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Zhao
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Du
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Xiao
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojie Yang
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Dong
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Minmin Fan
- Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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9
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Balzade Z, Sharif F, Ghaffarian Anbaran SR. Tailor-Made Functional Polyolefins of Complex Architectures: Recent Advances, Applications, and Prospects. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Balzade
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 158754413, Iran
| | - Farhad Sharif
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 158754413, Iran
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10
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Abstract
This Review provides an overview of the emerging concepts of catalysts, membranes, and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for water electrolyzers with anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), also known as zero-gap alkaline water electrolyzers. Much of the recent progress is due to improvements in materials chemistry, MEA designs, and optimized operation conditions. Research on anion-exchange polymers (AEPs) has focused on the cationic head/backbone/side-chain structures and key properties such as ionic conductivity and alkaline stability. Several approaches, such as cross-linking, microphase, and organic/inorganic composites, have been proposed to improve the anion-exchange performance and the chemical and mechanical stability of AEMs. Numerous AEMs now exceed values of 0.1 S/cm (at 60-80 °C), although the stability specifically at temperatures exceeding 60 °C needs further enhancement. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still a limiting factor. An analysis of thin-layer OER data suggests that NiFe-type catalysts have the highest activity. There is debate on the active-site mechanism of the NiFe catalysts, and their long-term stability needs to be understood. Addition of Co to NiFe increases the conductivity of these catalysts. The same analysis for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) shows carbon-supported Pt to be dominating, although PtNi alloys and clusters of Ni(OH)2 on Pt show competitive activities. Recent advances in forming and embedding well-dispersed Ru nanoparticles on functionalized high-surface-area carbon supports show promising HER activities. However, the stability of these catalysts under actual AEMWE operating conditions needs to be proven. The field is advancing rapidly but could benefit through the adaptation of new in situ techniques, standardized evaluation protocols for AEMWE conditions, and innovative catalyst-structure designs. Nevertheless, single AEM water electrolyzer cells have been operated for several thousand hours at temperatures and current densities as high as 60 °C and 1 A/cm2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiying Du
- National
Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Energy,
Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Claudie Roy
- Energy,
Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- National
Research Council of Canada, 2620 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B1, Canada
| | - Retha Peach
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstaße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthew Turnbull
- National
Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Energy,
Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstaße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Bock
- National
Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Energy,
Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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11
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Ultrathin Al-air batteries by reducing the thickness of solid electrolyte using aerosol jet printing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9801. [PMID: 35697927 PMCID: PMC9192594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible Al–air batteries have great potential in the field of wearable electronic devices. However, how to reduce the thickness of the battery and improve their applicability in wearable applications is still an unresolved thorny problem. Therefore, this article focuses on the strategies to minimize the thickness of the solid electrolyte for flexible Al–air batteries. In this paper, an innovative aerosol jet printing method is used to prepare the ultrathin neutral electrolyte with a thickness of 18.3–74.5 μm. This study discusses the influence of the thickness and ion concentration on the conductance of the electrolyte in detail. The ultrathin electrolyte has been applied to the flexible Al–air battery, and the battery performance has been explored. The cell pack composed of single cells is light and thin, and can successfully drive small electrical equipment. This study provided new ideas for the preparation of ultrathin electrolyte for flexible energy products.
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12
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Wu I, Park RJ, Ghosh R, Kuo MC, Seifert S, Coughlin EB, Herring AM. Enhancing desalination performance by manipulating block ratios in a polyethylene-based triblock copolymer anion exchange membrane for electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Shen S, Wang N, Jia J, Song D, Zuo T, Liu K, Che Q. Constructing the basal nanofibers suit of layer-by-layer self-assembly membranes as anion exchange membranes. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Highly conductive fluorinated poly(biphenyl piperidinium) anion exchange membranes with robust durability. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Yang Y, Peltier CR, Zeng R, Schimmenti R, Li Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Potsi G, Selhorst R, Lu X, Xu W, Tader M, Soudackov AV, Zhang H, Krumov M, Murray E, Xu P, Hitt J, Xu L, Ko HY, Ernst BG, Bundschu C, Luo A, Markovich D, Hu M, He C, Wang H, Fang J, DiStasio RA, Kourkoutis LF, Singer A, Noonan KJT, Xiao L, Zhuang L, Pivovar BS, Zelenay P, Herrero E, Feliu JM, Suntivich J, Giannelis EP, Hammes-Schiffer S, Arias T, Mavrikakis M, Mallouk TE, Brock JD, Muller DA, DiSalvo FJ, Coates GW, Abruña HD. Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Media and Alkaline Membrane-Based Energy Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6117-6321. [PMID: 35133808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen energy-based electrochemical energy conversion technologies offer the promise of enabling a transition of the global energy landscape from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of electrocatalysis in alkaline media and applications in alkaline-based energy technologies, particularly alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Anion exchange (alkaline) membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) enable the use of nonprecious electrocatalysts for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), relative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which require Pt-based electrocatalysts. However, the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) kinetics is significantly slower in alkaline media than in acidic media. Understanding these phenomena requires applying theoretical and experimental methods to unravel molecular-level thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis and, particularly, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process that takes place in a proton-deficient alkaline media. Extensive electrochemical and spectroscopic studies, on single-crystal Pt and metal oxides, have contributed to the development of activity descriptors, as well as the identification of the nature of active sites, and the rate-determining steps of the HOR and ORR. Among these, the structure and reactivity of interfacial water serve as key potential and pH-dependent kinetic factors that are helping elucidate the origins of the HOR and ORR activity differences in acids and bases. Additionally, deliberately modulating and controlling catalyst-support interactions have provided valuable insights for enhancing catalyst accessibility and durability during operation. The design and synthesis of highly conductive and durable alkaline membranes/ionomers have enabled AEMFCs to reach initial performance metrics equal to or higher than those of PEMFCs. We emphasize the importance of using membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) to integrate the often separately pursued/optimized electrocatalyst/support and membranes/ionomer components. Operando/in situ methods, at multiscales, and ab initio simulations provide a mechanistic understanding of electron, ion, and mass transport at catalyst/ionomer/membrane interfaces and the necessary guidance to achieve fuel cell operation in air over thousands of hours. We hope that this Review will serve as a roadmap for advancing the scientific understanding of the fundamental factors governing electrochemical energy conversion in alkaline media with the ultimate goal of achieving ultralow Pt or precious-metal-free high-performance and durable alkaline fuel cells and related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Cheyenne R Peltier
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roberto Schimmenti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Qihao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhifei Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Georgia Potsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xinyao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Weixuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mariel Tader
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hanguang Zhang
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mihail Krumov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ellen Murray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Pengtao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy Hitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Linxi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brian G Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Colin Bundschu
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aileen Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Danielle Markovich
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Meixue Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng He
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Hongsen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin J T Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bryan S Pivovar
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Piotr Zelenay
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Juan M Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Jin Suntivich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Emmanuel P Giannelis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Tomás Arias
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joel D Brock
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Francis J DiSalvo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Center for Alkaline Based Energy Solutions (CABES), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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16
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Li L, Zhang N, Wang JA, Ma L, Bai L, Zhang A, Chen Y, Hao C, Yan X, Zhang F, He G. Stable alkoxy chain enhanced anion exchange membrane and its fuel cell. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Kim HM, Hu C, Wang HH, Park JH, Chen N, Lee YM. Impact of side-chains in poly(dibenzyl-co-terphenyl piperidinium) copolymers for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Becerra-Arciniegas RA, Narducci R, Ercolani G, Pasquini L, Knauth P, Di Vona ML. Aliphatic Anion Exchange Ionomers with Long Spacers and No Ether Links by Ziegler-Natta Polymerization: Properties and Alkaline Stability. Molecules 2022; 27:395. [PMID: 35056709 PMCID: PMC8780620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report the synthesis of poly(vinylbenzylchloride-co-hexene) copolymer grafted with N,N-dimethylhexylammonium groups to study the effect of an aliphatic backbone without ether linkage on the ionomer properties. The copolymerization was achieved by the Ziegler-Natta method, employing the complex ZrCl4 (THF)2 as a catalyst. A certain degree of crosslinking with N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) was introduced with the aim of avoiding excessive swelling in water. The resulting anion exchange polymers were characterized by 1H-NMR, FTIR, TGA, and ion exchange capacity (IEC) measurements. The ionomers showed good alkaline stability; after 72 h of treatment in 2 M KOH at 80 °C the remaining IEC of 76% confirms that ionomers without ether bonds are less sensitive to a SN2 attack and suggests the possibility of their use as a binder in a fuel cell electrode formulation. The ionomers were also blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The water uptake of the blend membranes was around 110% at 25 °C. The ionic conductivity at 25 °C in the OH- form was 29.5 mS/cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Andres Becerra-Arciniegas
- Department of Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy;
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, MADIREL (UMR 7246) and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, Campus St Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France; (L.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Riccardo Narducci
- Department of Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy;
| | - Gianfranco Ercolani
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma, Italy;
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, MADIREL (UMR 7246) and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, Campus St Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France; (L.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Philippe Knauth
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, MADIREL (UMR 7246) and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, Campus St Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France; (L.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Maria Luisa Di Vona
- Department of Industrial Engineering and International Laboratory “Ionomer Materials for Energy”, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy;
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19
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Polynorbornene-based anion exchange membranes with hydrophobic large steric hindrance arylene substituent. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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21
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Enhanced performance of poly(olefin)-based anion exchange membranes cross-linked by triallylmethyl ammonium iodine and divinylbenzene. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Chen N, Hu C, Wang HH, Park JH, Kim HM, Lee YM. Chemically & physically stable crosslinked poly(aryl-co-aryl piperidinium)s for anion exchange membrane fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Wang C, Liao J, Li J, Chen Q, Ruan H, Shen J. Alkaline enrichment via electrodialysis with alkaline stable side-chain-type polysulfone-based anion exchange membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Xu F, Chen Y, Lin B, Li J, Qiu K, Ding J. Highly Durable Ether-Free Polyfluorene-Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1180-1185. [PMID: 35549033 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with excellent chemical and dimensional stability and high conductivity faces several challenges. In the present work, a novel ether-free durable polyfluorene (PF) without fluorine-bearing pendant piperidinium groups was synthesized by the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. Alkyl groups were introduced into the backbone of PF to enhance the solubility and flexibility of PF-based AEMs, and the transparent and flexible polymer membrane showed a high conductivity of 80.44 mS cm-1 and excellent alkaline stability in 2 M KOH solution at 80 °C. Although the membrane possesses a high ion exchange capacity (IEC) (2.49 mequiv g-1), it exhibits a low swelling ratio (9.4% at 80 °C), excellent mechanical properties, and dimensional stability. The H2/O2 single cell assembled with PFPE-Pi exhibited a maximum power density of 661 mW cm-2 at a current density of 1280 mA cm-2 at 80 °C. The present work provides a simple and effective strategy for the preparation of ether-free polyfluorene-based AEMs with high conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and dimensional stability for application in alkaline fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Bencai Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Ke Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Jianning Ding
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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25
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Staiger A, Paren BA, Zunker R, Hoang S, Häußler M, Winey KI, Mecking S. Anhydrous Proton Transport within Phosphonic Acid Layers in Monodisperse Telechelic Polyethylenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16725-16733. [PMID: 34585919 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymers bearing phosphonic acid groups have been proposed as anhydrous proton-conducting membranes at elevated operating temperatures for applications in fuel cells. However, the synthesis of phosphonated polymers and the control over the nanostructure of such polymers is challenging. Here, we report the straightforward synthesis of phosphonic acid-terminated, long-chain aliphatic materials with precisely 26 and 48 carbon atoms (C26PA2 and C48PA2). These materials combine the structuring ability of monodisperse polyethylenes with the ability of phosphonic acid groups to form strong hydrogen-bonding networks. Anhydride formation is absent so that charge carrier loss by a condensation reaction is avoided even at elevated temperatures. Below the melting temperature (Tm), both materials exhibit a crystalline polyethylene backbone and a layered morphology with planar phosphonic acid aggregates separated by 29 and 55 Å for C26PA2 and C48PA2, respectively. Above Tm, the amorphous polyethylene (PE) segments coexist with the layered aggregates. This phenomenon is especially pronounced for the C26PA2 and is identified as a thermotropic smectic liquid crystalline phase. Under these conditions, an extraordinarily high correlation length (940 Å) along the layer normal is observed, demonstrating the strength of the hydrogen bond network formed by the phosphonic acid groups. The proton conductivity in both materials in the absence of water reaches 10-4 S/cm at 150 °C. These new precise phosphonic acid-based materials illustrate the importance of controlling the chemistry to form self-assembled nanoscale aggregates that facilitate rapid proton conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Staiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Paren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robin Zunker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Son Hoang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Manuel Häußler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karen I Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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26
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Ma L, Hussain M, Li L, Qaisrani NA, Bai L, Jia Y, Yan X, Zhang F, He G. Octopus-like side chain grafted poly(arylene piperidinium) membranes for fuel cell application. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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27
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Zhu ZY, Gou WW, Chen JH, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Liu QL. Crosslinked naphthalene-based triblock polymer anion exchange membranes for fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Wang Y. Virtual Special Issue: Polymeric Membranes for Advanced Separations. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Yuan C, Li P, Zeng L, Duan H, Wang J, Wei Z. Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Hydrogel Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cell. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caili Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Pan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lingping Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hanzhao Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jianchuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zidong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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30
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Abdi ZG, Chen J, Chiu T, Yang H, Yu H. Synthesis of ionic polybenzimidazoles with broad ion exchange capacity range for anion exchange membrane fuel cell application. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Gudeta Abdi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jyh‐Chien Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tse‐Han Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsiharng Yang
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA) National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan
| | - Hsuan‐Hung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Precision Engineering National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan
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31
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Facilitating ionic conduction for anion exchange membrane via employing star-shaped block copolymer. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Lee MT. Designing Highly Conductive Block Copolymer-Based Anion Exchange Membranes by Mesoscale Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2729-2740. [PMID: 33719456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxide ion conductivity is a key aspect of anion exchange membranes and is mainly determined by the nanoscale membrane morphologies. Fundamental understanding of the structural and transport properties of membranes in terms of polymer architectures is crucial for future development of membrane-based applications. Using mesoscale simulations, this work predicts the mesostructure of the hydrated triblock copolymers; the designed polymers are composed of aromatic (polyphenylene oxide, PPO) or aliphatic (polystyrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene, SEBS) backbones, with cationic side chains being modified by hydrophobic or hydrophilic spacers. For PPO-based polymers, using octyl spacers creates a meshlike water network, yielding ion conductivity equal to 30.6 mS/cm at room temperature. For SEBS-based polymers, the nonmodified form is sufficient to produce ion-conducting pathways. Adding hydrophobic spacers further enhances the nanosegregation, and the membranes provide similar conductivity at a lower ion exchange capacity and water content. Adding hydrophilic spacers, however, has negative impacts on the ion transport. The side chains are in the stretched configurations, which sterically hinder the mobility of water and hydroxide ions. Such a resistance can be overcome by adapting multication side-chain designs, where large water channels are formed, yielding ion conductivity as high as 32.8 mS/cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tsung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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33
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Flexible cationic side chains for enhancing the hydroxide ion conductivity of olefinic-type copolymer-based anion exchange membranes: An experimental and theoretical study. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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35
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Tan X, Sun Z, Pan J, Zhao J, Cao H, Zhu H, Yan F. Alkaline stable pyrrolidinium-type main-chain polymer: The synergetic effect between adjacent cations. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Shan N, Shen C, Evans CM. Critical Role of Ion Exchange Conditions on the Properties of Network Ionic Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1718-1725. [PMID: 35653674 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ionic polymers are important in a wide range of applications and can exhibit widely different properties depending on the ionic species. In the case of single ion conducting polymers, where one charge is attached to the backbone or as a side group, ion exchange is performed to control the mobile species. While the conditions are often specified, the final ion content is not always quantified, and there are no clear criteria for what concentration of salt is needed in the exchange. A series of ammonium network ionic polymers with different precise carbon spacers (C4-C7) between ionic junctions were synthesized as model systems to understand how the ion exchange conditions impact the resultant polymer properties. The initial networks with free bromide anions were exchanged with 1.5, 3, or 10 equiv of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) salt in solution. For networks with seven carbons between cross-links, increasing the LiTFSI concentration led to an increase in ion exchange efficiency from 83.6 to 97.6 mol %. At the highest conversion, the C7 network showed a 4 °C decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg), a 50 °C increase in degradation temperature, 12-fold lower water uptake from air, and a greater than 10-fold increase in conductivity at 90 °C. These results illustrate that properties such as Tg are less sensitive to residual ion impurities, whereas the conductivity is highly dependent on the final exchange conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naisong Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chengtian Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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37
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Li Z, Guo J, Zheng J, Sherazi TA, Li S, Zhang S. A Microporous Polymer with Suspended Cations for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jifu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Tauqir A. Sherazi
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Shenghai Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Suobo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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38
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39
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Abdi ZG, Chiu TH, Pan YZ, Chen JC. Anion exchange membranes based on ionic polybenzimidazoles crosslinked by thiol-ene reaction. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Pagels MK, Adhikari S, Walgama RC, Singh A, Han J, Shin D, Bae C. One-Pot Synthesis of Proton Exchange Membranes from Anion Exchange Membrane Precursors. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1489-1493. [PMID: 35653668 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) play a critical role in many electrochemical devices that could solve the shortcomings of current energy storage and conversion systems. Hydrocarbon-based PEMs are an attractive alternative for replacing the state-of-the-art perfluorosulfonic acid PEMs; however, synthetic routes are generally limited to sulfonation of aromatic units (pre- or postpolymerization functionalization). Here we disclose a facile and scalable one-pot synthetic method of converting an alkyl halide functionality to a sulfonate in polymer systems. With this method, sulfonated hydrocarbon PEMs can be conveniently prepared from a precursor polymer of anion exchange membranes which have recently experienced significant advances. Polyphenylene type PEMs (BPSA and mTPSA in this report) were generated in one-pot SN2 reaction of bromoalkyl side chains of polymers followed by oxidation. These PEMs showed excellent proton conductivity with BPSA showing 250 mS/cm in water at 80 °C, nearly 1.5 times higher than that of Nafion 212. Furthermore, the separation of the sulfonic acid group from the rigid backbone with a flexible alkyl chain mitigates excessive water uptake and in-plane swelling ratio of the polymer, despite having a high ion exchange capacity of 2.6 mequiv/g. Oxidative stability was also shown to be superior for hydrocarbon-based PEMs with negligible changes in mass, NMR, and proton conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Pagels
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Santosh Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ramali C Walgama
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Asheesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Junyoung Han
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Dongwon Shin
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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41
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Trant C, Hwang S, Bae C, Lee S. Synthesis and Characterization of Anion-Exchange Membranes Using Semicrystalline Triblock Copolymers in Ordered and Disordered States. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Trant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Quaternized Tröger’s base polymer with crown ether unit for alkaline stable anion exchange membranes. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pan J, Sun Z, Zhu H, Cao H, Wang B, Zhao J, Yan F. Synthesis and characterization of main-chain type polyimidazolium-based alkaline anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shen C, Zhao Q, Shan N, Jing BB, Evans CM. Conductivity–modulus–
T
g
relationships in solvent‐free, single lithium ion conducting network electrolytes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengtian Shen
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Qiujie Zhao
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Naisong Shan
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Brian B. Jing
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
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Xu F, Su Y, Yuan W, Han J, Ding J, Lin B. Piperidinium-Based Anion-Exchange Membranes with an Aliphatic Main Chain for Alkaline Fuel Cells. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Yue Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Wensen Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Juanjuan Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jianning Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Bencai Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
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46
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Olefin metathesis-crosslinked, bulky imidazolium-based anion exchange membranes with excellent base stability and mechanical properties. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Zhang S, Wang Y, Gao X, Liu P, Wang X, Zhu X. Enhanced conductivity and stability via comb-shaped polymer anion exchange membrane incorporated with porous polymeric nanospheres. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Lin B, Xu F, Su Y, Zhu Z, Ren Y, Ding J, Yuan N. Facile Preparation of Anion-Exchange Membrane Based on Polystyrene- b-polybutadiene- b-polystyrene for the Application of Alkaline Fuel Cells. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bencai Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Fei Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Yue Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Zhijie Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Yurong Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Jianning Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
- Micro/Nano Science and Technology Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ningyi Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
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