1
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Jeon JS, Kim H, Jo S, Sim J, Kim SK. Role of microsomal metabolism in bromfenac-induced cytotoxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 391:110903. [PMID: 38331335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
This study delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying drug-induced liver injury (DILI) with a specific focus on bromfenac, the withdrawn nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. DILI is a pervasive concern in drug development, prompting market withdrawals and posing significant challenges to healthcare. Despite the withdrawal of bromfenac due to DILI, the exact role of its microsomal metabolism in inducing hepatotoxicity remains unclear. Herein, employing HepG2 cells with human liver microsomes and UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), our investigation revealed a substantial increase in bromfenac-induced cytotoxicity in the presence of UDPGA, pointing to the significance of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-dependent metabolism in augmenting toxicity. Notably, among the recombinant UGTs examined, UGT2B7 emerged as a pivotal enzyme in the metabolic activation of bromfenac. Metabolite identification studies disclosed the formation of reactive intermediates, with bromfenac indolinone (lactam) identified as a potential mediator of hepatotoxic effects. Moreover, in cytotoxicity experiments, the toxicity of bromfenac lactam exhibited a 34-fold increase, relative to bromfenac. The toxicity of bromfenac lactam was mitigated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent metabolism. This finding underscores the role of UGT-dependent metabolism in generating reactive metabolites that contribute to the observed hepatotoxicity associated with bromfenac. Understanding these metabolic pathways and the involvement of specific enzymes, such as UGT2B7, provides crucial insights into the mechanisms of bromfenac-induced liver injury. In conclusion, this research sheds light on the metabolic intricacies leading to cytotoxicity induced by bromfenac, especially emphasizing the role of UGT-dependent metabolism and the formation of reactive intermediates like bromfenac lactam. These findings offer insight into the mechanistic basis of DILI and emphasize the importance of understanding metabolism-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Su Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongyea Jo
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zillien C, Groenveld T, Schut O, Beeltje H, Blanco-Ania D, Posthuma L, Roex E, Ragas A. Assessing city-wide pharmaceutical emissions to wastewater via modelling and passive sampling. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108524. [PMID: 38458114 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
With increasing numbers of chemicals used in modern society, assessing human and environmental exposure to them is becoming increasingly difficult. Recent advances in wastewater-based epidemiology enable valuable insights into public exposure to data-poor compounds. However, measuring all >26,000 chemicals registered under REACH is not just technically unfeasible but would also be incredibly expensive. In this paper, we argue that estimating emissions of chemicals based on usage data could offer a more comprehensive, systematic and efficient approach than repeated monitoring. Emissions of 29 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to wastewater were estimated for a medium-sized city in the Netherlands. Usage data was collected both on national and local scale and included prescription data, usage in health-care institutions and over-the-counter sales. Different routes of administration were considered as well as the excretion and subsequent in-sewer back-transformation of conjugates into respective parent compounds. Results suggest model-based emission estimation on a city-level is feasible and in good agreement with wastewater measurements obtained via passive sampling. Results highlight the need to include excretion fractions in the conceptual framework of emission estimation but suggest that the choice of an appropriate excretion fraction has a substantial impact on the resulting model performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Zillien
- Radboud University, Department of Environmental Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thijs Groenveld
- Radboud University, Department of Environmental Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Odin Schut
- Open University, Department of Environmental Science, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Beeltje
- TNO, Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analysis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Blanco-Ania
- Radboud University, Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Posthuma
- Radboud University, Department of Environmental Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin Roex
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Ragas
- Radboud University, Department of Environmental Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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3
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Parvez MM, Sadighi A, Ahn Y, Keller SF, Enoru JO. Uptake Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier and Their Role in Brain Drug Disposition. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2473. [PMID: 37896233 PMCID: PMC10610385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake drug transporters play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs within the brain, facilitating their entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding brain drug disposition is always challenging, especially with respect to preclinical to clinical translation. These transporters are members of the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, which includes organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), and amino acid transporters. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of uptake drug transporters in the brain and their contribution to drug disposition. Here, we also assemble currently available proteomics-based expression levels of uptake transporters in the human brain and their application in translational drug development. Proteomics data suggest that in association with efflux transporters, uptake drug transporters present at the BBB play a significant role in brain drug disposition. It is noteworthy that a significant level of species differences in uptake drug transporters activity exists, and this may contribute toward a disconnect in inter-species scaling. Taken together, uptake drug transporters at the BBB could play a significant role in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Continuous research is crucial for advancing our understanding of active uptake across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Parvez
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Armin Sadighi
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Yeseul Ahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Steve F. Keller
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Julius O. Enoru
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
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4
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Miners JO, Polasek TM, Hulin JA, Rowland A, Meech R. Drug-drug interactions that alter the exposure of glucuronidated drugs: Scope, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme selectivity, mechanisms (inhibition and induction), and clinical significance. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108459. [PMID: 37263383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) arising from the perturbation of drug metabolising enzyme activities represent both a clinical problem and a potential economic loss for the pharmaceutical industry. DDIs involving glucuronidated drugs have historically attracted little attention and there is a perception that interactions are of minor clinical relevance. This review critically examines the scope and aetiology of DDIs that result in altered exposure of glucuronidated drugs. Interaction mechanisms, namely inhibition and induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes and the potential interplay with drug transporters, are reviewed in detail, as is the clinical significance of known DDIs. Altered victim drug exposure arising from modulation of UGT enzyme activities is relatively common and, notably, the incidence and importance of UGT induction as a DDI mechanism is greater than generally believed. Numerous DDIs are clinically relevant, resulting in either loss of efficacy or an increased risk of adverse effects, necessitating dose individualisation. Several generalisations relating to the likelihood of DDIs can be drawn from the known substrate and inhibitor selectivities of UGT enzymes, highlighting the importance of comprehensive reaction phenotyping studies at an early stage of drug development. Further, rigorous assessment of the DDI liability of new chemical entities that undergo glucuronidation to a significant extent has been recommended recently by regulatory guidance. Although evidence-based approaches exist for the in vitro characterisation of UGT enzyme inhibition and induction, the availability of drugs considered appropriate for use as 'probe' substrates in clinical DDI studies is limited and this should be research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Thomas M Polasek
- Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA; Centre for Medicines Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie-Ann Hulin
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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5
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Malhi D, Sohal HS, Singh K, Almarhoon ZM, Bacha AB, Al-Zaben MI. Highly Efficient Electrocarboxylation Method to Synthesize Novel Acid Derivatives of 1,4-Dihydropyridines and to Study Their Antimicrobial Activity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16055-16062. [PMID: 35571772 PMCID: PMC9097205 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) hold a top-notch position in the pharmaceutical world due to a broader spectrum of applications, whereas the carboxylic moiety has been an integral part of the physiological world, effective food preservatives, and antimicrobial agents. Seeking the enormous potential and applications of these two classes, we worked to combine these to synthesize 2,2'-[3,5-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,6-diyl]diacetic acid the novel dicarboxylic derivatives of 1,4-DHP (9a-k) achieved via the electro-carboxylation of tetrasubstituted-1,4-dihydropyridines (8a-k) derivatives using Mg-Pt electrodes in an undivided cell. The targeted compounds were established by 1H, 13C NMR, IR, and ESI-MS. Further, the synthesized compounds show excellent resistance against various microbes and the activity increased 2-3 folds after the introduction of acid groups. Compound 9b (against E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, A. niger, and P. glabrum), 9d (against E. coli, K. pneumonia, S. aureus, A. janus, and F. oxysporum), 9f (against E. coli and P. fluorescens), and 9k (against F. oxysporum and P. glabrum) were found to be highly active at 4 μg/mL with reference to standard amoxicillin and fluconazole. Further, the present synthetic protocol would open new gates for other researchers to develop new molecules by bioisosteres of these substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambeer
S. Malhi
- Department
of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan 140413, Mohali, Punjab India
| | - Harvinder S. Sohal
- Department
of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan 140413, Mohali, Punjab India
| | - Kishanpal Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab India
| | - Zainab M. Almarhoon
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abir Ben Bacha
- Biochemistry
Department, College of Sciences, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha I. Al-Zaben
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Docci L, Milani N, Ramp T, Romeo AA, Godoy P, Franyuti DO, Krähenbühl S, Gertz M, Galetin A, Parrott N, Fowler S. Exploration and application of a liver-on-a-chip device in combination with modelling and simulation for quantitative drug metabolism studies. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1187-1205. [PMID: 35107462 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01161h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) are complex and more physiologically realistic cellular in vitro tools that aim to provide more relevant human in vitro data for quantitative prediction of clinical pharmacokinetics while also reducing the need for animal testing. The PhysioMimix liver-on-a-chip integrates medium flow with hepatocyte culture and has the potential to be adopted for in vitro studies investigating the hepatic disposition characteristics of drug candidates. The current study focusses on liver-on-a-chip system exploration for multiple drug metabolism applications. Characterization of cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) and aldehyde oxidase (AO) activities was performed using 15 drugs and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) was assessed for 12 of them. Next, the utility of the liver-on-a-chip for estimation of the fraction metabolized (fm) via specific biotransformation pathways of quinidine and diclofenac was established. Finally, the metabolite identification opportunities were also explored using efavirenz as an example drug with complex primary and secondary metabolism involving a combination of CYP, UGT and sulfotransferase enzymes. A key aspect of these investigations was the application of mathematical modelling for improved parameter calculation. Such approaches will be required for quantitative assessment of metabolism and/or transporter processes in systems where medium flow and system compartments result in non-homogeneous drug concentrations. In particular, modelling was used to explore the effect of evaporation from the medium and it was found that the intrinsic clearance (CLint) might be underestimated by up to 40% for low clearance compounds if evaporation is not accounted for. Modelling of liver-on-a-chip in vitro data also enhanced the approach to fm estimation allowing objective assessment of metabolism models of different complexity. The resultant diclofenac fm,UGT of 0.64 was highly comparable with values reported previously in the literature. The current study demonstrates the integration of mathematical modelling with experimental liver-on-a-chip studies and illustrates how this approach supports generation of high quality of data from complex in vitro cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Docci
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò Milani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Ramp
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea A Romeo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Patricio Godoy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Ortiz Franyuti
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Gertz
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Järvinen E, Deng F, Kiander W, Sinokki A, Kidron H, Sjöstedt N. The Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters in the Disposition of Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:802539. [PMID: 35095509 PMCID: PMC8793843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.802539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe. They may, however, be the most prominent drug-related material in the circulation and excreta of humans. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs typically have limited cell membrane permeability and subsequently, their distribution and excretion from the human body requires transport proteins. Uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporters (OATs and OATPs), mediate the uptake of conjugates into the liver and kidney, while efflux transporters, such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mediate expulsion of conjugates into bile, urine and the intestinal lumen. Understanding the active transport of conjugated drug metabolites is important for predicting the fate of a drug in the body and its safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to compile the understanding of transporter-mediated disposition of phase II conjugates. We review the literature on hepatic, intestinal and renal uptake transporters participating in the transport of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs, other xenobiotics and endobiotics. In addition, we provide an update on the involvement of efflux transporters in the disposition of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, we discuss the interplay between uptake and efflux transport in the intestine, liver and kidneys as well as the role of transporters in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Sinokki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Docci L, Umehara K, Krähenbühl S, Fowler S, Parrott N. Construction and Verification of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Four Drugs Majorly Cleared by Glucuronidation: Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Naloxone, and Zidovudine. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:128. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Huard K, Smith AC, Cappon G, Dow RL, Edmonds DJ, El-Kattan A, Esler WP, Fernando DP, Griffith DA, Kalgutkar AS, Ross TT, Bagley SW, Beebe D, Bi YA, Cabral S, Crowley C, Doran SD, Dowling MS, Liras S, Mascitti V, Niosi M, Pfefferkorn JA, Polivkova J, Préville C, Price DA, Shavnya A, Shirai N, Smith AH, Southers JR, Tess DA, Thuma BA, Varma MV, Yang X. Optimizing the Benefit/Risk of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitors through Liver Targeting. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10879-10896. [PMID: 32809824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical data suggest that acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors have the potential to rebalance disordered lipid metabolism, leading to improvements in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Consistent with these observations, first-in-human clinical trials with our ACC inhibitor PF-05175157 led to robust reduction of de novo lipogenesis (DNL), albeit with concomitant reductions in platelet count, which were attributed to the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis within bone marrow. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of carboxylic acid-based ACC inhibitors with organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) substrate properties, which facilitated selective distribution of the compounds at the therapeutic site of action (liver) relative to the periphery. These efforts led to the discovery of clinical candidate PF-05221304 (12), which selectively inhibits liver DNL in animals, while demonstrating considerable safety margins against platelet reduction in a nonhuman primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Huard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron C Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregg Cappon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert L Dow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Edmonds
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ayman El-Kattan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William P Esler
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dilinie P Fernando
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Griffith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Trenton T Ross
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Scott W Bagley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Beebe
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Collin Crowley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shawn D Doran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S Dowling
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Spiros Liras
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vincent Mascitti
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Niosi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jana Polivkova
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cathy Préville
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Price
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andre Shavnya
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andrew H Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James R Southers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A Tess
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Benjamin A Thuma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Manthena V Varma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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10
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Rong Y, Tu Y, Yin T, Meng Z, Dou G, Hu M. Rapid intestinal glucuronidation and hepatic glucuronide recycling contributes significantly to the enterohepatic circulation of icaritin and its glucuronides in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3737-3749. [PMID: 32918091 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Icaritin (ICT), a prenylflavonoid derivative extracted from the Epimedium genus, has exhibited antitumor effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and safety and tolerance in clinical settings. However, ICT exhibits low blood concentration and the in vivo dominant plasma species of ICT is glucuronides [icaritin-3-glucuronide (G1), icaritin-7-glucuronide (G2) and icaritin-3, 7-diglucuronide (DIG)]. Therefore, how ICT reaches the liver and exerts its effect with low toxicity remains unknown. Therefore, pharmacokinetic experiments (p.o. 5 mg/kg with/out 50 mg/kg inhibitor combo), intestinal perfusion (2 μM ICT), portal vein infusion (1.6 μM ICT, 7.1 μM G1, 6.8 μM G2 and 4.4 μM DIG), and in vitro studies (the concentration range of substrates: 0.3-10 μM) were conducted in the present study. Ultimately, ICT was shown to undergo glucuronidation by the intestine and subsequent uptake by hepatocytes via organic anion transporting peptides (OATPs) as conjugates, followed by biliary excretion mainly as diglucuronide. In conclusion, we found for the first time that the intestine is considered as the major metabolic organ, liver as the main recycling organ for the enterohepatic recycling (EHR) of ICT. Moreover, DIG is the main species in the systemic circulation following oral administration of ICT which explains the low toxicity of ICT in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Rong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Tu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Zhiyun Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifang Dou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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11
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Türk D, Hanke N, Wolf S, Frechen S, Eissing T, Wendl T, Schwab M, Lehr T. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Prediction of Complex CYP2C8 and OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1) Drug-Drug-Gene Interactions: A Modeling Network of Gemfibrozil, Repaglinide, Pioglitazone, Rifampicin, Clarithromycin and Itraconazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 58:1595-1607. [PMID: 31129789 PMCID: PMC6885506 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-019-00777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) and drug–gene interactions (DGIs) pose a serious health risk that can be avoided by dose adaptation. These interactions are investigated in strictly controlled setups, quantifying the effect of one perpetrator drug or polymorphism at a time, but in real life patients frequently take more than two medications and are very heterogenous regarding their genetic background. Objectives The first objective of this study was to provide whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of important cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 perpetrator and victim drugs, built and evaluated for DDI and DGI studies. The second objective was to apply these models to describe complex interactions with more than two interacting partners. Methods PBPK models of the CYP2C8 and organic-anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 perpetrator drug gemfibrozil (parent–metabolite model) and the CYP2C8 victim drugs repaglinide (also an OATP1B1 substrate) and pioglitazone were developed using a total of 103 clinical studies. For evaluation, these models were applied to predict 34 different DDI studies, establishing a CYP2C8 and OATP1B1 PBPK DDI modeling network. Results The newly developed models show a good performance, accurately describing plasma concentration–time profiles, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) values, DDI studies as well as DGI studies. All 34 of the modeled DDI AUC ratios (AUC during DDI/AUC control) and DDI Cmax ratios (Cmax during DDI/Cmax control) are within twofold of the observed values. Conclusions Whole-body PBPK models of gemfibrozil, repaglinide, and pioglitazone have been built and qualified for DDI and DGI prediction. PBPK modeling is applicable to investigate complex interactions between multiple drugs and genetic polymorphisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40262-019-00777-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Türk
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nina Hanke
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sarah Wolf
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Wendl
- Clinical Pharmacometrics, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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12
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Zhi H, Yuan Y, Zhang C, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang C, Ruan J. Importance of OATP1B1 and 1B3 in the Liver Uptake of Luteolin and Its Consequent Glucuronidation Metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2063-2070. [PMID: 32009392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Luteolin is a typical flavonoid and broadly distributed in the plants. Oral bioavailability of luteolin is low owing to extensive metabolism. Regioselective glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and liver uptake by organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) of luteolin and consequent glucuronidation metabolites were studied. Luteolin-3'-O-glucuronide (L-3'-G) and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (L-7-G) were the major metabolites in human liver microsomes. Further study demonstrated that UGT1A9 played a predominant role in the glucuronidation of luteolin. Transporter study showed that OATP1B1- and 1B3-transfected cells selectively uptake L-3'-G into cells but not luteolin or L-7-G. After intravenous administration of luteolin to mice, the area under the curve of L-3'-G in the plasma was the highest among luteolin, L-3'-G, and L-7-G. In the liver, the concentration of L-3'-G was significantly greater than L-7-G. In conclusion, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 play an important role in the liver disposition of luteolin and its glucuronidation metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
- Clinical Pharmacy Lab, Department of Pharmacy , The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy , The Affiliated Wuxi Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi 214000 , China
| | - Chunzhen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yiguo Jiang
- Clinical Pharmacy Lab, Department of Pharmacy , The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacy Lab, Department of Pharmacy , The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Clinical Pharmacy Lab, Department of Pharmacy , The Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Jianqing Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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13
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Carter SJ, Ferecskó AS, King L, Ménochet K, Parton T, Chappell MJ. A mechanistic modelling approach for the determination of the mechanisms of inhibition by cyclosporine on the uptake and metabolism of atorvastatin in rat hepatocytes using a high throughput uptake method. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:415-426. [PMID: 31389297 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1652781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Determine the inhibition mechanism through which cyclosporine inhibits the uptake and metabolism of atorvastatin in fresh rat hepatocytes using mechanistic models applied to data generated using a high throughput oil spin method.Atorvastatin was incubated in fresh rat hepatocytes (0.05-150 nmol/ml) with or without 20 min pre-incubation with 10 nmol/ml cyclosporine and sampled over 0.25-60 min using a high throughput oil spin method. Micro-rate constant and macro-rate constant mechanistic models were ranked based on goodness of fit values.The best fitting model to the data was a micro-rate constant mechanistic model including non-competitive inhibition of uptake and competitive inhibition of metabolism by cyclosporine (Model 2). The association rate constant for atorvastatin was 150-fold greater than the dissociation rate constant and 10-fold greater than the translocation into the cell. The association and dissociation rate constants for cyclosporine were 7-fold smaller and 10-fold greater, respectively, than atorvastatin. The simulated atorvastatin-transporter-cyclosporine complex derived using the micro-rate constant parameter estimates increased in line with the incubation concentration of atorvastatin.The increased amount of data generated with the high throughput oil spin method, combined with a micro-rate constant mechanistic model helps to explain the inhibition of uptake by cyclosporine following pre-incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Carter
- Biomedical and Biological Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Chappell
- Biomedical and Biological Systems Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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14
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Organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 – More than a glass-full of drug interactions. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 196:204-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Kimoto E, Vourvahis M, Scialis RJ, Eng H, Rodrigues AD, Varma MVS. Mechanistic Evaluation of the Complex Drug-Drug Interactions of Maraviroc: Contribution of Cytochrome P450 3A, P-Glycoprotein and Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B1. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:493-503. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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16
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Houk BE, Alvey CW, Visswanathan R, Kirkovsky L, Matschke KT, Kimoto E, Ryder T, Obach RS, Durairaj C. Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Gedatolisib in Healthy Male Volunteers After a Single Intravenous Infusion. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 8:22-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emi Kimoto
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research and Development; Groton CT USA
| | - Tim Ryder
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research and Development; Groton CT USA
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research and Development; Groton CT USA
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17
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Ryder TF, Calabrese MF, Walker GS, Cameron KO, Reyes AR, Borzilleri KA, Delmore J, Miller R, Kurumbail RG, Ward J, Kung DW, Brown JA, Edmonds DJ, Eng H, Wolford AC, Kalgutkar AS. Acyl Glucuronide Metabolites of 6-Chloro-5-[4-(1-hydroxycyclobutyl)phenyl]-1 H-indole-3-carboxylic Acid (PF-06409577) and Related Indole-3-carboxylic Acid Derivatives are Direct Activators of Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7273-7288. [PMID: 30036059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies on indole-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as direct activators of human adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α1β1γ1 isoform have culminated in the identification of PF-06409577 (1), PF-06885249 (2), and PF-06679142 (3) as potential clinical candidates. Compounds 1-3 are primarily cleared in animals and humans via glucuronidation. Herein, we describe the biosynthetic preparation, purification, and structural characterization of the glucuronide conjugates of 1-3. Spectral characterization of the purified glucuronides M1, M2, and M3 indicated that they were acyl glucuronide derivatives. In vitro pharmacological evaluation revealed that all three acyl glucuronides retained selective activation of β1-containing AMPK isoforms. Inhibition of de novo lipogenesis with representative parent carboxylic acids and their respective acyl glucuronide conjugates in human hepatocytes demonstrated their propensity to activate cellular AMPK. Cocrystallization of the AMPK α1β1γ1 isoform with 1-3 and M1-M3 provided molecular insights into the structural basis for AMPK activation by the glucuronide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim F Ryder
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Matthew F Calabrese
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Gregory S Walker
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | | | - Kris A Borzilleri
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | | | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | - Daniel W Kung
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Janice A Brown
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | - Heather Eng
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Angela C Wolford
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
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18
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Yao Y, Toshimoto K, Kim SJ, Yoshikado T, Sugiyama Y. Quantitative Analysis of Complex Drug-Drug Interactions between Cerivastatin and Metabolism/Transport Inhibitors Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:924-933. [PMID: 29712725 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerivastatin (CER) was withdrawn from the world market because of lethal rhabdomyolysis. Coadministrations of CER and cyclosporine A (CsA) or gemfibrozil (GEM) have been reported to increase the CER blood concentration. CsA is an inhibitor of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1 and CYP3A4, and GEM and its glucuronide (GEM-glu) inhibit OATP1B1 and CYP2C8. The purpose of this study was to describe the transporter-/enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of CER with CsA or GEM based on unified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models and to investigate whether the DDIs can be quantitatively analyzed by a bottom-up approach. Initially, the PBPK models for CER and GEM/GEM-glu were constructed based on the previously reported standard protocols. Next, the drug-dependent parameters were optimized by Cluster Newton Method. Thus, described concentration-time profiles for CER and GEM/GEM-glu agreed well with the clinically observed data. The DDIs were then simulated using the established PBPK models with previously obtained in vitro inhibition constants of CsA or GEM/GEM-glu against the OATP1B1 and cytochrome P450s. DDIs with the inhibitors were underestimated compared with observed data using the geometric means of reported values. To search for better described parameters within the range of in vitro values, sensitivity analyses were performed for DDIs of CER. Using the in vitro parameter sets selected by sensitivity analyses, these DDIs were well reproduced, indicating that the present PBPK models were able to describe adequately the clinical DDIs based on a bottom-up approach. The approaches in this study would be applicable to the prediction of other DDIs involving both transporters and metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yao
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.Y.), and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., S.K., T.Y., Y.S.)
| | - Kota Toshimoto
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.Y.), and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., S.K., T.Y., Y.S.)
| | - Soo-Jin Kim
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.Y.), and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., S.K., T.Y., Y.S.)
| | - Takashi Yoshikado
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.Y.), and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., S.K., T.Y., Y.S.)
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan (Y.Y.), and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (K.T., S.K., T.Y., Y.S.)
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19
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Drennen C, Gorse E, Stratford RE. Cellular Pharmacokinetic Model-Based Analysis of Genistein, Glyceollin, and MK-571 Effects on 5 (and 6)-Carboxy-2',7'-Dichloroflourescein Disposition in Caco-2 Cells. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1194-1203. [PMID: 29247742 PMCID: PMC5856607 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic modeling was used to describe 5 (and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichloroflourescein (CDF) disposition in Caco-2 cells following CDF or CDFDA (CDF diacetate) dosing. CDF transcellular flux was modeled by simple passive diffusion. CDFDA dosing models were based on simultaneous fitting of CDF levels in apical, basolateral, and intracellular compartments. Predicted CDF efflux was 50% higher across the apical versus the basolateral membrane. This difference was similar following apical and basolateral CDFDA dosing, despite intracellular levels being 3-fold higher following basolateral dosing, thus supporting nonsaturable CDF efflux kinetics. A 3-compartment catenary model with intracellular CDFDA hydrolysis described CDF disposition. This model predicted that apical CDF efflux was not altered in the presence of MK-571, and that basolateral membrane clearance was enhanced to account for reduced intracellular CDF in the presence of this multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) inhibitor. Similar effects were predicted for glyceollin, while genistein exposure had no predicted effects on CDF efflux. These modulator effects are discussed in the context of model predicted intracellular CDF concentrations relative to reports of CDF affinity (measured by Km) for MRP2 and MRP3. This model-based analysis confirms the complexity of efflux kinetics and suggests that other transporters may have contributed to CDF efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie Drennen
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmacetical Sciences, 600 Forbes Road, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Erin Gorse
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmacetical Sciences, 600 Forbes Road, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Robert E Stratford
- Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmacetical Sciences, 600 Forbes Road, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282.
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20
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Obach RS, Lin J, Kimoto E, Duvvuri S, Nicholas T, Kadar EP, Tremaine LM, Sawant-Basak A. Estimation of Circulating Drug Metabolite Exposure in Human Using In Vitro Data and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Example of a High Metabolite/Parent Drug Ratio. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 46:89-99. [PMID: 29150544 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(R)-4-((4-(((4-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)oxy)methyl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ol (TBPT), a serotonin-4 receptor partial agonist, is metabolized to two metabolites: an N-dealkylation product [(R)-3-(piperidin-4-ylmethoxy)-4-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)benzo[d]isoxazole (M1)] and a cyclized oxazolidine structure [7-(((4-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)oxy)benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)oxy)methyl)octahydro-3H (M2)]. After administration of TBPT to humans the exposure to M1 was low and the exposure to M2 was high, relative to the parent drug, despite this being the opposite in vitro. In this study, projection of the plasma metabolite/parent (M/P) ratios for M1 and M2 was attempted using in vitro metabolism, binding, and permeability data in static and dynamic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. In the static model, the fraction of parent clearance yielding the metabolite (which also required taking into account secondary metabolites of M1 and M2), the clearance of the metabolites and parent, and an estimate of the availability of the metabolites from the liver were combined to yield estimated parent/metabolite ratios of 0.32 and 23 for M1 and M2, respectively. PBPK modeling that used in vitro and physicochemical data input yielded estimates of 0.26 and 20, respectively. The actual values were 0.12 for M1/TBPT and 58 for M2/TBPT. Thus, the ratio for M1 was overpredicted, albeit at values less than unity. The ratio for M2/TBPT was underpredicted, and the high ratio of 58 may exceed a limiting ceiling of the approach. Nevertheless, when considered in the context of determining whether a potential circulating metabolite may be quantitatively important prior to administration of a drug for the first time to humans, the approaches succeeded in highlighting the importance of M2 (M/P ratio >> 1) relative to M1, despite M1 being much greater than M2 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Obach
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (RSO, JL, EK, EPK, and RSO), and Cambridge, Massachusetts (ASB); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (SD and TN)
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (RSO, JL, EK, EPK, and RSO), and Cambridge, Massachusetts (ASB); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (SD and TN)
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (RSO, JL, EK, EPK, and RSO), and Cambridge, Massachusetts (ASB); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (SD and TN)
| | - Sridhar Duvvuri
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (RSO, JL, EK, EPK, and RSO), and Cambridge, Massachusetts (ASB); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (SD and TN)
| | - Timothy Nicholas
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (RSO, JL, EK, EPK, and RSO), and Cambridge, Massachusetts (ASB); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (SD and TN)
| | - Eugene P Kadar
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (RSO, JL, EK, EPK, and RSO), and Cambridge, Massachusetts (ASB); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (SD and TN)
| | - Larry M Tremaine
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (RSO, JL, EK, EPK, and RSO), and Cambridge, Massachusetts (ASB); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (SD and TN)
| | - Aarti Sawant-Basak
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (RSO, JL, EK, EPK, and RSO), and Cambridge, Massachusetts (ASB); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (SD and TN)
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Kim SJ, Toshimoto K, Yao Y, Yoshikado T, Sugiyama Y. Quantitative Analysis of Complex Drug–Drug Interactions Between Repaglinide and Cyclosporin A/Gemfibrozil Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models With In Vitro Transporter/Enzyme Inhibition Data. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2715-2726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nguyen HQ, Lin J, Kimoto E, Callegari E, Tse S, Obach RS. Prediction of Losartan-Active Carboxylic Acid Metabolite Exposure Following Losartan Administration Using Static and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2758-2770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Nicolaï J, Thevelin L, Bing Q, Stieger B, Chanteux H, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Role of the OATP Transporter Family and a Benzbromarone-SensitiveEfflux Transporter in the Hepatocellular Disposition of Vincristine. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2336-2348. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kimoto E, Bi YA, Kosa RE, Tremaine LM, Varma MVS. Hepatobiliary Clearance Prediction: Species Scaling From Monkey, Dog, and Rat, and In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation of Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes Using 17 Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2795-2804. [PMID: 28456723 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary elimination can be a major clearance pathway dictating the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Here, we first compared the dose eliminated in bile in preclinical species (monkey, dog, and rat) with that in human and further evaluated single-species scaling (SSS) to predict human hepatobiliary clearance. Six compounds dosed in bile duct-cannulated (BDC) monkeys showed biliary excretion comparable to human; and the SSS of hepatobiliary clearance with plasma fraction unbound correction yielded reasonable predictions (within 3-fold). Although dog SSS also showed reasonable predictions, rat overpredicted hepatobiliary clearance for 13 of 24 compounds. Second, we evaluated the translatability of in vitro sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHHs) to predict human hepatobiliary clearance for 17 drugs. For drugs with no significant active uptake in SCHH studies (i.e., with or without rifamycin SV), measured intrinsic biliary clearance was directly scalable with good predictability (absolute average fold error [AAFE] = 1.6). Drugs showing significant active uptake in SCHH, however, showed improved predictability when scaled based on extended clearance term (AAFE = 2.0), which incorporated sinusoidal uptake along with a global scaling factor for active uptake and the canalicular efflux clearance. In conclusion, SCHH is a useful tool to predict human hepatobiliary clearance, whereas BDC monkey model may provide further confidence in the prospective predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism Department-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism Department-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Rachel E Kosa
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism Department-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Larry M Tremaine
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism Department-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Metabolism Department-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340.
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26
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Arya V, Zhao P, Reynolds KS, Mishra P, Younis IR. Utilizing PBPK Modeling to Evaluate the Potential of a Significant Drug-Drug Interaction Between Clopidogrel and Dasabuvir: A Scientific Perspective. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:578-580. [PMID: 28444890 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dasabuvir, a component of VIEKIRA PAK, is a substrate of CYP2C8 enzymes. Prescribing information for VIEKIRA PAK contraindicates gemfibrozil, a strong CYP2C8 inhibitor, because coadministration significantly increases dasabuvir exposures, which may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Clopidogrel may increase dasabuvir exposures primarily due to CYP2C8 inhibition by clopidogrel-acyl-β-D-glucuronide. This commentary outlines the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) interdisciplinary review team's scientific perspective to address the potential for a significant drug-drug interaction (DDI) between clopidogrel and VIEKIRA PAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Arya
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology IV, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - P Zhao
- Division of Pharmacometrics, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - K S Reynolds
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology IV, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - P Mishra
- Division of Antiviral Products, Office of Antimicrobial Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - I R Younis
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology IV, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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27
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Li R, Bi YA, Vildhede A, Scialis RJ, Mathialagan S, Yang X, Marroquin LD, Lin J, Varma MVS. Transporter-Mediated Disposition, Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Cholestatic Potential of Glyburide and Its Primary Active Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:737-747. [PMID: 28438781 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyburide is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. We studied the mechanisms involved in the disposition of glyburide and its pharmacologically active hydroxy metabolites M1 and M2b and evaluated their clinical pharmacokinetics and the potential role in glyburide-induced cholestasis employing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Transport studies of parent and metabolites in human hepatocytes and transfected cell systems imply hepatic uptake mediated by organic anion-transporting polypeptides. Metabolites are also subjected to basolateral and biliary efflux by P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and multidrug resistance-associated proteins, and are substrates to renal organic anion transporter 3. A PBPK model in combination with a Bayesian approach was developed considering the identified disposition mechanisms. The model reasonably described plasma concentration time profiles and urinary recoveries of glyburide and the metabolites, implying the role of multiple transport processes in their pharmacokinetics. Predicted free liver concentrations of the parent (∼30-fold) and metabolites (∼4-fold) were higher than their free plasma concentrations. Finally, all three compounds showed bile salt export pump inhibition in vitro; however, significant in vivo inhibition was not apparent for any compound on the basis of a predicted unbound liver exposure-response effect model using measured in vitro IC50 values. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the important role of multiple drug transporters in the disposition of glyburide and its active metabolites, suggesting that variability in the function of these processes may lead to pharmacokinetic variability in the parent and the metabolites, potentially translating to pharmacodynamic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Anna Vildhede
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Renato J Scialis
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Xin Yang
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Lisa D Marroquin
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Jian Lin
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (Y.B., A.V., R.J.S., S.M., X.Y., L.D.M., J.L., M.V.S.V.)
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28
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Varma MV, Kimoto E, Scialis R, Bi Y, Lin J, Eng H, Kalgutkar AS, El-Kattan AF, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM. Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Plays an Important Role in the Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Montelukast. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:406-415. [PMID: 27648490 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist commonly prescribed for treatment of asthma, is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C8, and has been suggested as a probe substrate for investigating CYP2C8 activity in vivo. We evaluated the quantitative role of hepatic uptake transport in its pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Montelukast was characterized with significant active uptake in human hepatocytes, and showed affinity towards organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in transfected cell systems. Single-dose rifampicin, an OATP inhibitor, decreased montelukast clearance in rats and monkeys. Clinical DDIs of montelukast were evaluated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling; and simulation of the interactions with gemfibrozil-CYP2C8 and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor, clarithromycin-CYP3A and OATP1B1/1B3 inhibitor, and itraconazole-CYP3A inhibitor, implicated OATPs-CYP2C8-CYP2C8 interplay as the primary determinant of montelukast pharmacokinetics. In conclusion, hepatic uptake plays a key role in the pharmacokinetics of montelukast, which should be taken into account when interpreting clinical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - E Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - R Scialis
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Y Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - J Lin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - H Eng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - A S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A F El-Kattan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A D Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - L M Tremaine
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Ge S, Tu Y, Hu M. Challenges and Opportunities with Predicting in Vivo Phase II Metabolism via Glucuronidation from in Vitro Data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:326-338. [PMID: 28966903 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is the most important phase II metabolic pathway which is responsible for the clearance of many endogenous and exogenous compounds. To better understand the elimination process for compounds undergoing glucuronidation and identify compounds with desirable in vivo pharmacokinetic properties, many efforts have been made to predict in vivo glucuronidation using in vitro data. In this article, we reviewed typical approaches used in previous predictions. The problems and challenges in prediction of glucuronidation were discussed. Besides that different incubation conditions can affect the prediction accuracy, other factors including efflux / uptake transporters, enterohepatic recycling, and deglucuronidation reactions also contribute to the disposition of glucuronides and make the prediction more difficult. PBPK modeling, which can describe more complicated process in vivo, is a promising prediction strategy which may greatly improve the prediction of glucuronidation and potential DDIs involving glucuronidation. Based on previous studies, we proposed a transport-glucuronidation classification system, which was built based on the kinetics of both glucuronidation and transport of the glucuronide. This system could be a very useful tool to achieve better in vivo predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufan Ge
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yifan Tu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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30
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Templeton IE, Chen Y, Mao J, Lin J, Yu H, Peters S, Shebley M, Varma MV. Quantitative Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions Involving Inhibitory Metabolites in Drug Development: How Can Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Help? CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2016; 5:505-515. [PMID: 27642087 PMCID: PMC5080647 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This subteam under the Drug Metabolism Leadership Group (Innovation and Quality Consortium) investigated the quantitative role of circulating inhibitory metabolites in drug-drug interactions using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Three drugs with major circulating inhibitory metabolites (amiodarone, gemfibrozil, and sertraline) were systematically evaluated in addition to the literature review of recent examples. The application of PBPK modeling in drug interactions by inhibitory parent-metabolite pairs is described and guidance on strategic application is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y Chen
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J Mao
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J Lin
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - H Yu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - M Shebley
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M V Varma
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA.
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31
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Tornio A, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M, Backman JT. Role of gemfibrozil as an inhibitor of CYP2C8 and membrane transporters. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:83-95. [PMID: 27548563 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1227791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 is a drug metabolizing enzyme of major importance. The lipid-lowering drug gemfibrozil has been identified as a strong inhibitor of CYP2C8 in vivo. This effect is due to mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2C8 by gemfibrozil 1-O-β-glucuronide. In vivo, gemfibrozil is a fairly selective CYP2C8 inhibitor, which lacks significant inhibitory effect on other CYP enzymes. Gemfibrozil can, however, have a smaller but clinically meaningful inhibitory effect on membrane transporters, such as organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and organic anion transporter 3. Areas covered: This review describes the inhibitory effects of gemfibrozil on CYP enzymes and membrane transporters. The clinical drug interactions caused by gemfibrozil and the different mechanisms contributing to the interactions are reviewed in detail. Expert opinion: Gemfibrozil is a useful probe inhibitor of CYP2C8 in vivo, but its effect on membrane transporters has to be taken into account in study design and interpretation. Moreover, gemfibrozil could be used to boost the pharmacokinetics of CYP2C8 substrate drugs. Identification of gemfibrozil 1-O-β-glucuronide as a potent mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP2C8 has led to recognition of glucuronide metabolites as perpetrators of drug-drug interactions. Recently, also acyl glucuronide metabolites of clopidogrel and deleobuvir have been shown to strongly inhibit CYP2C8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Tornio
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Pertti J Neuvonen
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Mikko Niemi
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Janne T Backman
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
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32
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Yang SJ, Kim BJ, Mo L, Han HK. Alteration of the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of valsartan via the concurrent use of gemfibrozil in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:245-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jun Yang
- BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Pharmacy; Dongguk University-Seoul; Dongguk-ro-32, Ilsan-Donggu Goyang 410-820 Korea
| | - Bong Jin Kim
- BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Pharmacy; Dongguk University-Seoul; Dongguk-ro-32, Ilsan-Donggu Goyang 410-820 Korea
| | - Lingxuan Mo
- BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Pharmacy; Dongguk University-Seoul; Dongguk-ro-32, Ilsan-Donggu Goyang 410-820 Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyung Han
- BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Pharmacy; Dongguk University-Seoul; Dongguk-ro-32, Ilsan-Donggu Goyang 410-820 Korea
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33
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Zeng M, Sun R, Basu S, Ma Y, Ge S, Yin T, Gao S, Zhang J, Hu M. Disposition of flavonoids via recycling: Direct biliary excretion of enterically or extrahepatically derived flavonoid glucuronides. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1006-19. [PMID: 26843117 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Enterohepatic recycling is often thought to involve mostly phase II metabolites generated in the liver. This study aims to determine if direct biliary excretion of extrahepatically generated glucuronides would also enable recycling. METHODS AND RESULTS Conventional and modified intestinal perfusion models along with intestinal and liver microsomes were used to determine the contribution of extrahepatically derived glucuronides. Glucuronidation of four flavonoids (genistein, biochanin A, apigenin, and chrysin at 2.5-20 μM) were generally more rapid in the hepatic than intestinal microsomes. Furthermore, when aglycones (at 10 μM each) were perfused, larger (1.7-9 fold) amounts of glucuronides were found in the bile than in the luminal perfusate. However, higher concentrations of glucuronides were not found in jugular vein than portal vein, and apigenin glucuronide actually displayed a significantly lower concentration in jugular vein (<1 nM) than portal vein (≈4 nM). A direct portal infusion of four flavonoid glucuronides (5.9-10.4 μM perfused at 2 mL/h) showed that the vast majority (>65%) of the glucuronides (except for biochanin A glucuronide) administered were efficiently excreted into the bile. CONCLUSION Direct biliary excretion of extrahepatically generated flavonoid glucuronides is a highly efficient clearance mechanism, which should enable enterohepatic recycling of flavonoids without hepatic conjugating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zeng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery, Hubei University of Medicine Affiliated Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rongjin Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Hubei Provincial Technology and Research Center for Comprehensive Development of Medicinal Herbs, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Sumit Basu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shufan Ge
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular Surgery, Hubei University of Medicine Affiliated Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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