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Acetalated dextran microparticles for the smart delivery of pyraclostrobin to control Sclerotinia diseases. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Watkins-Schulz R, Batty CJ, Stiepel RT, Schmidt ME, Sandor AM, Chou WC, Ainslie KM, Bachelder EM, Ting JPY. Microparticle Delivery of a STING Agonist Enables Indirect Activation of NK Cells by Antigen-Presenting Cells. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3125-3138. [PMID: 35913984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important member of the innate immune system and can participate in direct tumor cell killing in response to immunotherapies. One class of immunotherapy is stimulator of interferon gene (STING) agonists, which result in a robust type I interferon (IFN-I) response. Most mechanistic studies involving STING have focused on macrophages and T cells. Nevertheless, NK cells are also activated by IFN-I, but the effect of STING activation on NK cells remains to be adequately investigated. We show that both direct treatment with soluble STING agonist cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) and indirect treatment with cGAMP encapsulated in microparticles (MPs) result in NK cell activation in vitro, although the former requires 100× more cGAMP than the latter. Additionally, direct activation with cGAMP leads to NK cell death. Indirect activation with cGAMP MPs does not result in NK cell death but rather cell activation and cell killing in vitro. In vivo, treatment with soluble cGAMP and cGAMP MPs both cause short-term activation, whereas only cGAMP MP treatment produces long-term changes in NK cell activation markers. Thus, this work indicates that treatment with an encapsulated STING agonist activates NK cells more efficiently than that with soluble cGAMP. In both the in vitro and in vivo systems, the MP delivery system results in more robust effects at a greatly reduced dosage. These results have potential applications in aiding the improvement of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Watkins-Schulz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cole J Batty
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rebeca T Stiepel
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Megan E Schmidt
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Adam M Sandor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Abstract
Typhoid fever is caused primarily by the enteric microbe Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and remains a major global health problem with approximately 14 million new infections and 136,000 fatalities annually. While there are antibiotic options available to treat the disease, the global increase in multidrug-resistant strains necessitates alternative therapeutic options. Host-targeted therapeutics present a promising anti-infective strategy against intracellular bacterial pathogens. A cell-based assay identified a compound that inhibits Salmonella proliferation in infected cells, 2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydrochromeno[2,3-c]pyrrole-3,9-dione (KH-1), which is devoid of direct activity against Salmonella. The compound inhibits the growth of both antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant Salmonella strains inside macrophages and reduces lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from Salmonella-infected cells. Subsequent screening of KH-1 commercial analogs identified 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydrochromeno[2,3-c] pyrrole-3,9-dione (KH-1-2), which is more effective in controlling Salmonella growth inside macrophages. In vitro KH-1-2 treatment of Salmonella infection resulted in an 8- to 10-fold reduction in bacterial load in infected macrophages. In combination with suboptimal ciprofloxacin treatment, KH-1-2 further reduces Salmonella growth inside macrophages. The toxicity and efficacy of KH-1-2 in controlling Salmonella infection were examined in vivo using a mouse model of typhoid fever. No significant compound-related clinical signs and histological findings of the liver, spleen, or kidney were observed from uninfected mice that were intraperitoneally treated with KH-1-2. KH-1-2 significantly protected mice from a lethal dose of infection by an antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strain. Thus, our study provides support that this is a promising lead compound for the development of a novel host-targeted therapeutic agent to control typhoid fever. IMPORTANCESalmonella spp. cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Typhoidal spp. (e.g., S. Typhi) cause a systemic disease typically treated with antibiotics. However, growing antibiotic resistance is resulting in increased treatment failures. We screened a compound library for those that would reduce Salmonella-induced macrophage toxicity, identifying compound KH-1. KH-1 has no direct effects on the bacteria but limits Salmonella survival in macrophages and protects against lethal infection in a mouse model of typhoid fever. A suboptimal concentration of ciprofloxacin worked in conjunction with the compound to further decrease Salmonella survival in macrophages. An analog (KH-1-2) was identified that possessed increased activity in vitro in macrophages and in vivo against both antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant strains. Thus, we report the identification of a lead compound that may be a useful scaffold as a host-directed antimicrobial against typhoid fever.
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Hendy DA, Amouzougan EA, Young IC, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Nano/microparticle Formulations for Universal Influenza Vaccines. AAPS J 2022; 24:24. [PMID: 34997352 PMCID: PMC8741137 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza affects millions of people worldwide and can result in severe sickness and even death. The best method of prevention is vaccination; however, the seasonal influenza vaccine often suffers from low efficacy and requires yearly vaccination due to changes in strain and viral mutations. More conserved universal influenza antigens like M2 ectodomain (M2e) and the stalk region of hemagglutinin (HA stalk) have been used clinically but often suffer from low antigenicity. To increase antigenicity, universal antigens have been formulated using nano/microparticles as vaccine carriers against influenza. Utilizing polymers, liposomes, metal, and protein-based particles, indicators of immunity and protection in mouse, pig, ferrets, and chicken models of influenza have been shown. In this review, seasonal and universal influenza vaccine formulations comprised of these materials including their physiochemical properties, fabrication, characterization, and biologic responses in vivo are highlighted. The review is concluded with future perspectives for nano/microparticles as carrier systems and other considerations within the universal influenza vaccine delivery landscape. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A Hendy
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Eva A Amouzougan
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Isabella C Young
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA. .,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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5
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Arshad R, Tabish TA, Naseem AA, Hassan MRU, Hussain I, Hussain SS, Shahnaz G. Development of poly-L-lysine multi-functionalized muco-penetrating self- emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for improved solubilization and targeted delivery of ciprofloxacin against intracellular Salmonella typhi. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zahid MSH, Varma DM, Johnson MM, Landavazo A, Bachelder EM, Blough BE, Ainslie KM. Overcoming reduced antibiotic susceptibility in intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium using AR-12. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6293843. [PMID: 34089315 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapies (HDTs) could enhance the activity of traditional antibiotics. AR-12 is a promising HDT against intracellular pathogens including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and has been shown to act through modulation of autophagy and the Akt kinase pathway. Since AR-12 does not inhibit the growth of planktonic bacteria but only works in conjunction with the infected host-cell, we hypothesized that AR-12 could enhance the activity of antibiotics in less-susceptible strains in the intracellular host environment. We found that repetitive passaging of S. typhimurium in macrophages in the absence of antibiotics led to a 4-fold reduction in their intracellular susceptibility to streptomycin (STR), but had no effect on the bacteria's sensitivity to AR-12. Moreover, when the host-passaged strains were treated with a combined therapy of AR-12 and STR, there was a significant reduction of intracellular bacterial burden compared to STR monotherapy. Additionally, co-treatment of macrophages infected with multi-drug resistant S. typhimurium with AR-12 and STR or ampicillin showed enhanced clearance of the intracellular bacteria. The drug combination did not elicit this effect on planktonic bacteria. Overall, AR-12 enhanced the clearance of less susceptible S. typhimurium in an intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamim Hasan Zahid
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Devika M Varma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Monica M Johnson
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Antonio Landavazo
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, NC, USA
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7
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Wang S, Fontana F, Shahbazi MA, Santos HA. Acetalated dextran based nano- and microparticles: synthesis, fabrication, and therapeutic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4212-4229. [PMID: 33913978 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00811k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetalated dextran (Ac-DEX) is a pH-responsive dextran derivative polymer. Prepared by a simple acetalation reaction, Ac-DEX has tunable acid-triggered release profile. Despite its relatively short research history, Ac-DEX has shown great potential in various therapeutic applications. Furthermore, the recent functionalization of Ac-DEX makes versatile derivatives with additional properties. Herein, we summarize the cutting-edge development of Ac-DEX and related polymers. Specifically, we focus on the chemical synthesis, nano- and micro-particle fabrication techniques, the controlled-release mechanisms, and the rational design Ac-DEX-based of drug delivery systems in various biomedical applications. Finally, we briefly discuss the challenges and future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wang
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Flavia Fontana
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. and Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran and Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. and Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Stiepel RT, Batty CJ, MacRaild CA, Norton RS, Bachelder E, Ainslie KM. Merozoite surface protein 2 adsorbed onto acetalated dextran microparticles for malaria vaccination. Int J Pharm 2020; 593:120168. [PMID: 33309558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a global health threat, with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide despite current interventions. The human disease is caused by five different parasitic species, with Plasmodium falciparum being the deadliest. As a result, vaccine research against P. falciparum is a global priority. Merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2) is a promising vaccine antigen as MSP2-specific antibodies have been shown previously to be protective against malaria infection. In this study, the formulation of an MSP2 vaccine was explored to enhance antigen uptake and achieve both an antibody and Th1 immune response by adsorbing MSP2 antigen onto a biomaterial carrier system. Specifically, MSP2 antigen was adsorbed onto acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticles (MPs). IgG and IgG2a titers elicited by the Ace-DEX MP platform were compared to titer levels elicited by MSP2 adsorbed to an FDA-approved alum adjuvant, MSP2 alone, and PBS alone. Both adsorption of MSP2 to Ace-DEX MPs and to alum elicited antibody responses in vivo, but only the formulation containing Ace-DEX MPs was able to elicit a significant Th1-biased response needed to combat the intracellular pathogen. As such, MSP2 adsorbed to Ace-DEX MPs demonstrates promise as a malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca T Stiepel
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Cole J Batty
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Christopher A MacRaild
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eric Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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9
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Moore KM, Batty CJ, Stiepel RT, Genito CJ, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Injectable, Ribbon-Like Microconfetti Biopolymer Platform for Vaccine Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38950-38961. [PMID: 32805875 PMCID: PMC7484345 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previously, high-aspect- ratio ribbon-like microconfetti (MC) composed of acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) have been shown to form a subcutaneous depot for sustained drug release. In this study, MC were explored as an injectable vaccine platform. Production of MC by electrospinning followed by high-shear homogenization allowed for precise control over MC fabrication. Three distinct sizes of MC, small (0.67 × 10.2 μm2), medium (1.28 × 20.7 μm2), and large (5.67 × 90.2 μm2), were fabricated and loaded with the adjuvant, resiquimod. Steady release rates of resiquimod were observed from MC, indicating their ability to create an immunostimulatory depot in vivo. Resiquimod-loaded MC stimulated inflammatory cytokine production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells without incurring additional cytotoxicity in vitro. Interestingly, even medium and large MC were able to be internalized by antigen-presenting cells and facilitate antigen presentation when ovalbumin was adsorbed onto their surface. After subcutaneous injection in vivo with adsorbed ovalbumin, blank MC of all sizes were found to stimulate a humoral response. Adjuvant activity of resiquimod was enhanced by loading it into MC and small- and medium-sized MC effectively induced a Th1-skewed immune response. Antigen co-delivered with adjuvant-loaded MC of various sizes illustrates a new potential vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Moore
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA
| | - Cole J. Batty
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Rebeca T. Stiepel
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Christopher J. Genito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric M. Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kristy M. Ainslie
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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AR-12 Exhibits Direct and Host-Targeted Antibacterial Activity toward Mycobacterium abscessus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00236-20. [PMID: 32482678 PMCID: PMC7526805 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00236-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for Mycobacterium abscessus infections are extremely limited. New or repurposed drugs are needed. The anti-M. abscessus activity of AR-12 (OSU-03012), reported to express broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, was investigated in vitro and in vivo Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 194 clinical isolates. Minimum bactericidal concentration and time-kill kinetics assays were conducted to distinguish the bactericidal versus bacteriostatic activity of AR-12. Synergy between AR-12 and five clinically important antibiotics was determined using a checkerboard synergy assay. The activity of AR-12 against intracellular M. abscessus residing within macrophage was also evaluated. Finally, the potency of AR-12 in vivo was determined in a neutropenic mouse model that mimics pulmonary M. abscessus infection. AR-12 exhibited high anti-M. abscessus activity in vitro, with an MIC50 of 4 mg/liter (8.7 μM) and an MIC90 of 8 mg/liter (17.4 μM) for both subsp. abscessus and subsp. massiliense AR-12 and amikacin exhibited comparable bactericidal activity against extracellular M. abscessus in culture. AR-12, however, exhibited significantly greater intracellular antibacterial activity than amikacin and caused a significant reduction in the bacterial load in the lungs of neutropenic mice infected with M. abscessus No antagonism between AR-12 and clarithromycin, amikacin, imipenem, cefoxitin, or tigecycline was evident. In conclusion, AR-12 is active against M. abscessus in vitro and in vivo and does not antagonize the most frequently used anti-M. abscessus drugs. As such, AR-12 is a potential candidate to include in novel strategies to treat M. abscessus infections.
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Varma DM, Zahid MSH, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Formulation of host-targeted therapeutics against bacterial infections. Transl Res 2020; 220:98-113. [PMID: 32268128 PMCID: PMC10132281 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of bacterial infections is rising due to increasing resistance to the majority of first-line antibiotics, rendering these drugs ineffective against several clinically important pathogens. Limited transport of antibiotics into cells compounds this problem for gram-negative bacteria that exhibit prominent intracellular lifecycles. Furthermore, poor bioavailability of antibiotics in infected tissues necessitates higher doses and longer treatment regimens to treat resistant infections. Although emerging antibiotics can combat these problems, resistance still may develop over time. Expanding knowledge of host-pathogen interactions has inspired research and development of host-directed therapies (HDTs). HDTs target host-cell machinery critical for bacterial pathogenesis to treat bacterial infections alone or as adjunctive treatment with traditional antibiotics. Unlike traditional antibiotics that directly affect bacteria, a majority of HDTs function by boosting the endogenous antimicrobial activity of cells and are consequently less prone to bacterial tolerance induced by selection pressure. Therefore, HDTs can be quite effective against intracellular cytosolic or vacuolar bacteria, which a majority of traditional antibiotics are unable to eradicate. However, in vivo therapeutic efficacy of HDTs is reliant on adequate bioavailability. Particle-based formulations demonstrate the potential to enable targeted drug delivery, enhance cellular uptake, and increase drug concentration in the host cell of HDTs. This review selected HDTs for clinically important pathogens, identifies formulation strategies that can improve their therapeutic efficacy and offers insights toward further development of HDTs for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika M Varma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M Shamim Hasan Zahid
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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12
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Graham-Gurysh EG, Moore KM, Schorzman AN, Lee T, Zamboni WC, Hingtgen SD, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Tumor Responsive and Tunable Polymeric Platform for Optimized Delivery of Paclitaxel to Treat Glioblastoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19345-19356. [PMID: 32252517 PMCID: PMC10424501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Current interstitial therapies for glioblastoma can overcome the blood-brain barrier but fail to optimally release therapy at a rate that stalls cancer reoccurrence. To address this lapse, acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) nanofibrous scaffolds were used for their unique degradation rates that translate to a broad range of drug release kinetics. A distinctive range of drug release rates was illustrated via electrospun Ace-DEX or poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds. Scaffolds composed of fast, medium, and slow degrading Ace-DEX resulted in 14.1%, 2.9%, and 1.3% paclitaxel released per day. To better understand the impact of paclitaxel release rate on interstitial therapy, two clinically relevant orthotopic glioblastoma mouse models were explored: (1) a surgical model of resection and recurrence (resection model) and (2) a distant metastasis model. The effect of unique drug release was illustrated in the resection model when a 78% long-term survival was observed with combined fast and slow release scaffolds, in comparison to a survival of 20% when the same dose is delivered at a medium release rate. In contrast, only the fast release rate scaffold displayed treatment efficacy in the distant metastasis model. Additionally, the acid-sensitive Ace-DEX scaffolds were shown to respond to the lower pH conditions associated with GBM tumors, releasing more paclitaxel in vivo when a tumor was present in contrast to nonacid sensitive PLA scaffolds. The unique range of tunable degradation and stimuli-responsive nature makes Ace-DEX a promising drug delivery platform to improve interstitial therapy for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Graham-Gurysh
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4211 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kathryn M Moore
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Allison N Schorzman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Taek Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William C Zamboni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Shawn D Hingtgen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4211 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4211 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4211 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Braga CB, Kido LA, Lima EN, Lamas CA, Cagnon VHA, Ornelas C, Pilli RA. Enhancing the Anticancer Activity and Selectivity of Goniothalamin Using pH-Sensitive Acetalated Dextran (Ac-Dex) Nanoparticles: A Promising Platform for Delivery of Natural Compounds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2929-2942. [PMID: 33463303 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Goniothalamin (GTN), a natural compound isolated from Goniothalamus species, has previously demonstrated cytotoxic activity against several cancer cell lines. However, similarly to many natural and synthetic anticancer compounds, GTN presents toxicity toward some healthy cells and low aqueous solubility, decreasing its bioavailability and precluding its application as an antineoplastic drug. In our efforts to improve the pharmacokinetic behavior and selectivity of GTN against cancer cells, we developed a polymeric nanosystem, in which rac-GTN was encapsulated in pH-responsive acetalated dextran (Ac-Dex) nanoparticles (NPs) with high loadings of the bioactive compound. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis showed that the nanoparticles obtained presented a narrow size distribution of around 100 nm in diameter, whereas electron microscopy (EM) images showed nanoparticles with a regular spherical morphology in agreement with the size range obtained by DLS. Stability and release studies indicated that the GTN@Ac-Dex NPs presented high stability under physiological conditions (pH 7.4) and disassembled under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.5), releasing the rac-GTN in a sustained manner. In vitro assays showed that GTN@Ac-Dex NPs significantly increased cytotoxicity and selectivity against cancer cells when compared with the empty Ac-Dex NPs and the free rac-GNT. Cellular uptake and morphology studies using MCF-7 cells demonstrated that GTN@Ac-Dex NPs are rapidly internalized into the cancer cells, causing cell death. In vivo investigation confirmed the efficient release of rac-GTN from GTN@Ac-Dex NPs, resulting in the delay of prostate cancer progression in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. Furthermore, liver histopathology evaluation after treatment with GTN@Ac-Dex NPs showed no evidence of toxicity. Therefore, the in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that the Ac-Dex NPs are a promising nanosystem for the sustained delivery of rac-GTN into tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne B Braga
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa A Kido
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, CEP 13083-865 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen N Lima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, CEP 13083-865 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celina A Lamas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, CEP 13083-865 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria H A Cagnon
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, CEP 13083-865 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catia Ornelas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A Pilli
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Patel S, Kim J, Herrera M, Mukherjee A, Kabanov AV, Sahay G. Brief update on endocytosis of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:90-111. [PMID: 31419450 PMCID: PMC6986687 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of nanoscale interactions between biomaterials and cells has limited the realization of the ultimate vision of nanotechnology in diagnostics and therapeutics. As such, significant effort has been devoted to advancing our understanding of the biophysical interactions of the myriad nanoparticles. Endocytosis of nanomedicine has drawn tremendous interest in the last decade. Here, we highlight the ever-present barriers to efficient intracellular delivery of nanoparticles as well as the current advances and strategies deployed to breach these barriers. We also introduce new barriers that have been largely overlooked such as the glycocalyx and macromolecular crowding. Additionally, we draw attention to the potential complications arising from the disruption of the newly discovered functions of the lysosomes. Novel strategies of exploiting the inherent intracellular defects in disease states to enhance delivery and the use of exosomes for bioanalytics and drug delivery are explored. Furthermore, we discuss the advances in imaging techniques like electron microscopy, super resolution fluorescence microscopy, and single particle tracking which have been instrumental in our growing understanding of intracellular pathways and nanoparticle trafficking. Finally, we advocate for the push towards more intravital analysis of nanoparticle transport phenomena using the multitude of techniques available to us. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms governing the cellular barriers to delivery and biological interactions of nanoparticles will guide the innovations capable of breaching these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Marco Herrera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Anindit Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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Braga CB, Perli G, Becher TB, Ornelas C. Biodegradable and pH-Responsive Acetalated Dextran (Ac-Dex) Nanoparticles for NIR Imaging and Controlled Delivery of a Platinum-Based Prodrug into Cancer Cells. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2083-2094. [PMID: 30901218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) based on the biodegradable acetalated dextran polymer (Ac-Dex) were used for near-infrared (NIR) imaging and controlled delivery of a PtIV prodrug into cancer cells. The Ac-Dex NPs loaded with the hydrophobic PtIV prodrug 3 (PtIV/Ac-Dex NPs) and with the novel hydrophobic NIR-fluorescent dye 9 (NIR-dye 9/Ac-Dex NPs), as well as Ac-Dex NPs coloaded with both compounds (coloaded Ac-Dex NPs), were assembled using a single oil-in-water nanoemulsion method. Dynamic light scattering measurements and scanning electron microscopy images showed that the resulting Ac-Dex NPs are spherical with an average diameter of 100 nm, which is suitable for accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeation and retention effect. The new nanosystems exhibited high drug-loading capability, high encapsulation efficiency, high stability in physiological conditions, and pH responsiveness. Drug-release studies clearly showed that the PtIV prodrug 3 release from Ac-Dex NPs was negligible at pH 7.4, whereas at pH 5.5, this compound was completely released with a controlled rate. Confocal laser scanning microscopy unambiguously showed that the NIR-dye 9/Ac-Dex NPs were efficiently taken up by MCF-7 cells, and cytotoxicity assays against several cell lines showed no significant toxicity of blank Ac-Dex NPs up to 1 mg mL-1. The IC50 values obtained for the PtIV prodrug encapsulated in Ac-Dex NPs were much lower when compared with the IC50 values obtained for the free PtIV complex and cisplatin in all cell lines tested. Overall, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that Ac-Dex NPs constitute a promising drug delivery platform for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne B Braga
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas-UNICAMP , 13083-970 Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Gabriel Perli
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas-UNICAMP , 13083-970 Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Tiago B Becher
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas-UNICAMP , 13083-970 Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Catia Ornelas
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas-UNICAMP , 13083-970 Campinas , SP , Brazil
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