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Huang S, Pham AC, Salim M, Eason T, Ramirez G, Boyd BJ. Infant formula as a solid lipid dose form for enhancement of the oral bioavailability of cannabidiol for paediatric patients. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124257. [PMID: 38782154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cannabinoids can save paediatric patients from harmful psychological conditions caused by epilepsy. However, the limited aqueous solubility of the drug presents a limitation to oral absorption and bioavailability. Previous studies have shown the enhancement of oral bioavailability for poorly water-soluble drugs using milk or milk-based products like infant formula as a novel lipid-based formulation, due to digestion of the lipids to enhance drug solubility that is particularly well suited to infants and in low economy settings. Therefore, this study has investigated the in vitro solubilisation enhancement of cannabidiol (CBD) in milk-based products during digestion using synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering, followed by pharmacokinetic studies to determine the relative oral bioavailability. The in vitro results, coupled with in vivo data, demonstrate a two-fold increase in the oral bioavailability of CBD in bovine milk as well as infant formula. The results of this study indicate the potential for infant formula to be considered as a novel formulation approach for CBD. Further study is encouraged for more drugs with infant formula to strengthen the correlation between the solubilisation of drug and their oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyuan Huang
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anna C Pham
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Eason
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Ponsonby-Thomas E, Salim M, Klein LD, Clulow AJ, Seibt S, Boyd BJ. Evaluating human milk as a drug delivery vehicle for clofazimine to premature infants. J Control Release 2023; 362:257-267. [PMID: 37619865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is proposed as a drug delivery vehicle suitable for use in neonatal patients. Clofazimine, traditionally used for the treatment of leprosy and tuberculosis, is emerging as a treatment for cryptosporidiosis in infants, however its poor aqueous solubility has led to its commercial formulation as a waxy lipid formulation in a capsule, a format that is not suitable for infants. In this study, the evaluation of pasteurised human milk for the delivery of clofazimine was investigated using an in vitro lipolysis model to simulate gastric and intestinal digestion. The total lipid composition of the human milk was characterised alongside the liberated fatty acid species following digestion for comparison to alternative lipid-based delivery systems. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to measure the presence of crystalline clofazimine during digestion and hence the extent of drug solubilisation. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the mass of clofazimine solubilised per gram of human milk fat (drug-to-fat ratio) in digested and undigested human milk. The digestion process was essential for the solubilisation of clofazimine, with digested human milk solubilising a sufficient dose of clofazimine for treatment of a premature infant. Human milk solubilised the clofazimine to a greater extent than bovine milk and infant formula during digestion, most likely as a result of differing lipid composition and increased long-chain fatty acid concentrations. These findings show that human milk enhances the solubility of clofazimine as a model drug and may be a suitable drug delivery vehicle for infant populations requiring therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Ponsonby-Thomas
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laura D Klein
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Strategy and Growth, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, 17 O'Riordan St, Alexandria, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Susi Seibt
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Umumararungu T, Nkuranga JB, Habarurema G, Nyandwi JB, Mukazayire MJ, Mukiza J, Muganga R, Hahirwa I, Mpenda M, Katembezi AN, Olawode EO, Kayitare E, Kayumba PC. Recent developments in antimalarial drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 88-89:117339. [PMID: 37236020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although malaria remains a big burden to many countries that it threatens their socio-economic stability, particularly in the countries where malaria is endemic, there have been great efforts to eradicate this disease with both successes and failures. For example, there has been a great improvement in malaria prevention and treatment methods with a net reduction in infection and mortality rates. However, the disease remains a global threat in terms of the number of people affected because it is one of the infectious diseases that has the highest prevalence rate, especially in Africa where the deadly Plasmodium falciparum is still widely spread. Methods to fight malaria are being diversified, including the use of mosquito nets, the target candidate profiles (TCPs) and target product profiles (TPPs) of medicine for malarial venture (MMV) strategy, the search for newer and potent drugs that could reverse chloroquine resistance, and the use of adjuvants such as rosiglitazone and sevuparin. Although these adjuvants have no antiplasmodial activity, they can help to alleviate the effects which result from plasmodium invasion such as cytoadherence. The list of new antimalarial drugs under development is long, including the out of ordinary new drugs MMV048, CDRI-97/78 and INE963 from South Africa, India and Novartis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théoneste Umumararungu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda.
| | - Jean Bosco Nkuranga
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Gratien Habarurema
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Jean Baptiste Nyandwi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Marie Jeanne Mukazayire
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Janvier Mukiza
- Department of Mathematical Science and Physical Education, School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Raymond Muganga
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Innocent Hahirwa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Matabishi Mpenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Alain Nyirimigabo Katembezi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda; Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Nyarutarama Plaza, KG 9 Avenue, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Emmanuel Oladayo Olawode
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, 18301 N Miami Ave #1, Miami, FL 33169, USA
| | - Egide Kayitare
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Pierre Claver Kayumba
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
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4
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Salim M, Ramirez G, Clulow AJ, Hawley A, Boyd BJ. Implications of the Digestion of Milk-Based Formulations for the Solubilization of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in a Combination Therapy. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2256-2265. [PMID: 36919249 PMCID: PMC10074382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of formulation approaches to coadminister lopinavir and ritonavir antiretroviral drugs to children is necessary to ensure optimal treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It was previously shown that milk-based lipid formulations show promise as vehicles to deliver antimalarial drugs by enhancing their solubilization during the digestion of the milk lipids under intestinal conditions. In this study, we investigate the role of digestion of milk and infant formula on the solubilization behavior of lopinavir and ritonavir to understand the fate of drugs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract after oral administration. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to probe the presence of crystalline drugs in suspension during digestion. In particular, the impact of one drug on the solubilization of the other was elucidated to reveal potential drug-drug interactions in a drug combination therapy. Our results showed that lopinavir and ritonavir affected the solubilization of each other during digestion in lipid-based formulations. While addition of ritonavir to lopinavir improved the overall solubilization of lopinavir, the impact of lopinavir was to reduce ritonavir solubilization as digestion progressed. These findings highlight the importance of assessing the solubilization of individual drugs in a combined matrix in order to dictate the state of drugs available for subsequent absorption and metabolism. Enhancement in the solubilization of lopinavir and ritonavir in a drug combination setting in vitro also supported the potential for food effects on drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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5
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Khan NF, Salim M, Binte Abu Bakar SY, Ristroph K, Prud'homme RK, Hawley A, Boyd BJ, Clulow AJ. Small-volume in vitro lipid digestion measurements for assessing drug dissolution in lipid-based formulations using SAXS. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100113. [PMID: 35243327 PMCID: PMC8881665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations improve the absorption capacity of poorly-water-soluble drugs and digestion of the formulation is a critical step in that absorption process. A recent approach to understanding the propensity for drug to dissolve in digesting lipid-based formulations couples an in vitro pH-stat lipolysis model to small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) by means of a flow-through capillary. However, the conventional pH-stat apparatus used to measure the extent of lipid digestion during such experiments requires digest volumes of 15–30 mL and drug doses of 50–200 mg, which is problematic for scarce compounds and can require excessive amounts of formulation reagents. This manuscript describes an approach to reduce the amount of material required for in vitro lipolysis experiments coupled to SAXS, for use in instances where the amount of drug or formulation medium is limited. Importantly, this was achieved while maintaining the pH stat conditions, which is critical for maintaining biorelevance and driving digestion to completion. The digestibility of infant formula with the poorly-water-soluble drugs halofantrine and clofazimine dispersed into it was measured as an exemplar paediatric-friendly lipid formulation. Halofantrine was incorporated in its powdered free base form and clofazimine was incorporated both as unformulated drug powder and as drug in nanoparticulate form prepared using Flash NanoPrecipitation. The fraction of triglyceride digested was found to be independent of vessel size and the incorporation of drug. The dissolution of the two forms of clofazimine during the digestion of infant formula were then measured using synchrotron SAXS, which revealed complete and partial solubilisation over 30 min of digestion for the powdered drug and nanoparticle formulations, respectively. The main challenge in reducing the volume of the measurements was in ensuring that thorough mixing was occurring in the smaller digestion vessel to provide uniform sampling of the dispersion medium.
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6
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Cortopassi WA, Gunderson E, Annunciato Y, Silva A, dos Santos Ferreira A, Garcia Teles CB, Pimentel AS, Ramamoorthi R, Gazarini ML, Meneghetti MR, Guido R, Pereira DB, Jacobson MP, Krettli AU, Caroline C Aguiar A. Fighting Plasmodium chloroquine resistance with acetylenic chloroquine analogues. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:121-128. [PMID: 36375339 PMCID: PMC9771834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is among the tropical diseases that cause the most deaths in Africa. Around 500,000 malaria deaths are reported yearly among African children under the age of five. Chloroquine (CQ) is a low-cost antimalarial used worldwide for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Due to resistance mechanisms, CQ is no longer effective against most malaria cases caused by P. falciparum. The World Health Organization recommends artemisinin combination therapies for P. falciparum malaria, but resistance is emerging in Southeast Asia and some parts of Africa. Therefore, new medicines for treating malaria are urgently needed. Previously, our group identified the 4-aminoquinoline DAQ, a CQ analog containing an acetylenic bond in its side chain, which overcomes CQ resistance in K1 P. falciparum strains. In this work, the antiplasmodial profile, drug-like properties, and pharmacokinetics of DAQ were further investigated. DAQ showed no cross-resistance against standard CQ-resistant strains (e.g., Dd2, IPC 4912, RF12) nor against P. falciparum and P. vivax isolates from patients in the Brazilian Amazon. Using drug pressure assays, DAQ showed a low propensity to generate resistance. DAQ showed considerable solubility but low metabolic stability. The main metabolite was identified as a mono N-deethylated derivative (DAQM), which also showed significant inhibitory activity against CQ-resistant P. falciparum strains. Our findings indicated that the presence of a triple bond in CQ-analogues may represent a low-cost opportunity to overcome known mechanisms of resistance in the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilian A. Cortopassi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Emma Gunderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yasmin Annunciato
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antony.E.S. Silva
- Group of Catalysis and Chemical Reactivity Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andre S. Pimentel
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos L Gazarini
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario R. Meneghetti
- Group of Catalysis and Chemical Reactivity Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Rafael.V.C. Guido
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100 - Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Dhelio B. Pereira
- Research Center in Tropical Medicine of Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Antoniana U. Krettli
- Malaria Laboratory, René Rachou Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil,Corresponding author.
| | - Anna Caroline C Aguiar
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil,São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100 - Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, 13563-120, Brazil,Corresponding author.Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Chaves JB, Portugal Tavares de Moraes B, Regina Ferrarini S, Noé da Fonseca F, Silva AR, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF. Potential of nanoformulations in malaria treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:999300. [PMID: 36386185 PMCID: PMC9645116 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium sp and affects millions of people worldwide. Its clinical form ranges from asymptomatic to potentially fatal and severe. Current treatments include single drugs such as chloroquine, lumefantrine, primaquine, or in combination with artemisinin or its derivatives. Resistance to antimalarial drugs has increased; therefore, there is an urgent need to diversify therapeutic approaches. The disease cycle is influenced by biological, social, and anthropological factors. This longevity and complexity contributes to the records of drug resistance, where further studies and proposals for new therapeutic formulations are needed for successful treatment of malaria. Nanotechnology is promising for drug development. Preclinical formulations with antimalarial agents have shown positive results, but only a few have progressed to clinical phase. Therefore, studies focusing on the development and evaluation of antimalarial formulations should be encouraged because of their enormous therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Braga Chaves
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro—UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Portugal Tavares de Moraes
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro—UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stela Regina Ferrarini
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sinop Campus—UFMT, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Francisco Noé da Fonseca
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Parque Estação Biológica—PqEB, EMBRAPA, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ribeiro Silva
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ—UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro—UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ—UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque,
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8
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Salim M, Eason T, Boyd BJ. Opportunities for milk and milk-related systems as 'new' low-cost excipient drug delivery materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 183:114139. [PMID: 35143892 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Milk is well recognised as an amazing delivery system for essential lipids, poorly soluble nutrients, sugars, amino acids and delivery of critical biological molecules to sustain the infant and adult alike. It is also a safe and abundant resource with potential to act as a low-cost material for formulation of medicines, especially for paediatric patients and those in low economy settings. However, its use in low cost formulations has never developed beyond preclinical evaluation. Reasons for this are several-fold including variable composition and therefore regulatory challenges, as well as a lack of clear understanding around when milk or milk-related materials like infant formula could best be deployed by linking drug properties with excipient composition attributes, especially when taking digestion into account. This review collects the current understanding around these issues. It is apparent from the evolving understanding that while milk may be a bridge too far for translation as an excipient, infant formula is positioned to play a key role in the future because, as a powder-based excipient, it has the performance benefits of milk powder together with the controlled specifications during manufacture and versatility of application to function as a low cost lipid excipient to enable potential translation for the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs for key populations including paediatrics and low economy medicines.
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9
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Impact of pasteurization on the self-assembly of human milk lipids during digestion. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100183. [PMID: 35181315 PMCID: PMC9065913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is critical for the survival and development of infants. This source of nutrition contains components that protect against infections while stimulating immune maturation. In cases where the mother's own milk is unavailable, pasteurized donor milk is the preferred option. Although pasteurization has been shown to have minimal impact on the lipid and FA composition before digestion, no correlation has been made between the impact of pasteurization on the FFA composition and the self-assembly of lipids during digestion, which could act as delivery mechanisms for poorly water-soluble components. Pooled nonpasteurized and pasteurized human milk from a single donor was used in this study. The evolving FFA composition during digestion was determined using GC coupled to a flame ionization detector. In vitro digestion coupled to small-angle X-ray scattering was utilized to investigate the influence of different calcium levels, fat content, and the presence of bile salts on the extent of digestion and structural behavior of human milk lipids. Almost complete digestion was achieved when bile salts were added to the systems containing high calcium to milk fat ratio, with similar structural behavior of lipids during digestion of both types of human milk being apparent. In contrast, differences in the colloidal structures were formed during digestion in the absence of bile salt because of a greater amount of FFAs being released from the nonpasteurized than pasteurized milks. This difference in FFAs released from both types of human milk could result in varying nutritional implications for infants.
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10
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Kingston DGI, Cassera MB. Antimalarial Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 117:1-106. [PMID: 34977998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89873-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have made a crucial and unique contribution to human health, and this is especially true in the case of malaria, where the natural products quinine and artemisinin and their derivatives and analogues, have saved millions of lives. The need for new drugs to treat malaria is still urgent, since the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to quinine and most of its derivatives and is becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows this with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment and then describes quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine's structure. The volume then covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of other natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. The chapter thus ends by identifying over ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G I Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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11
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The influence of lipid digestion on the fate of orally administered drug delivery vehicles. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1749-1761. [PMID: 34431506 PMCID: PMC8421046 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on orally administered lipid-based drug delivery vehicles and specifically the influence of lipid digestion on the structure of the carrier lipids and their entrained drug cargoes. Digestion of the formulation lipids, which are typically apolar triglycerides, generates amphiphilic monoglycerides and fatty acids that can self-assemble into a diverse array of liquid crystalline structures. Tracking the dynamic changes in self-assembly of the lipid digestion products during digestion has recently been made possible using synchrotron-based small angle X-ray scattering. The influence of lipid chain length and degree of unsaturation on the resulting lipid structuring will be described in the context of the critical packing parameter theory. The chemical and structural transformation of the formulation lipids can also have a dramatic impact on the physical state of drugs co-administered with the formulation. It is often assumed that the best strategy for drug development is to maximise drug solubility in the undigested formulation lipids and to incorporate additives to maintain drug solubility during digestion. However, it is possible to improve drug absorption using lipid digestion in cases where the solubility of the dosed drug or one of its polymorphic forms is greater in the digested lipids. Three different fates for drugs administered with digestible lipid-based formulations will be discussed: (1) where the drug is more soluble in the undigested formulation lipids; (2) where the drug undergoes a polymorphic transformation during lipid digestion; and (3) where the drug is more soluble in the digested formulation lipids.
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12
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Woodley CM, Amado PSM, Cristiano MLS, O'Neill PM. Artemisinin inspired synthetic endoperoxide drug candidates: Design, synthesis, and mechanism of action studies. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:3062-3095. [PMID: 34355414 DOI: 10.1002/med.21849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) have been used as the first-line treatments against Plasmodium falciparum malaria for decades. Recent advances in chemical proteomics have shed light on the complex mechanism of action of semi-synthetic artemisinin (ARTs), particularly their promiscuous alkylation of parasite proteins via previous heme-mediated bioactivation of the endoperoxide bond. Alarmingly, the rise of resistance to ART in South East Asia and the synthetic limitations of the ART scaffold have pushed the course for the necessity of fully synthetic endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several classes of synthetic endoperoxide antimalarials have been described in literature utilizing various endoperoxide warheads including 1,2-dioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Two of these classes, the 1,2,4-trioxolanes (arterolane and artefenomel) and the 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes (N205 and E209) based antimalarials, have been explored extensively and are still in active development. In contrast, the most recent publication pertaining to the development of the 1,2-dioxane, Arteflene, and 1,2,4-trioxanes fenozan-50F, DU1301, and PA1103/SAR116242 was published in 2008. This review summarizes the synthesis, biological and clinical evaluation, and mechanistic studies of the most developed synthetic endoperoxide antimalarials, providing an update on those classes still in active development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia S M Amado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria L S Cristiano
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Woodley CM, Nixon GL, Basilico N, Parapini S, Hong WD, Ward SA, Biagini GA, Leung SC, Taramelli D, Onuma K, Hasebe T, O'Neill PM. Enantioselective Synthesis and Profiling of Potent, Nonlinear Analogues of Antimalarial Tetraoxanes E209 and N205. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1077-1085. [PMID: 34267877 PMCID: PMC8274084 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic endoperoxide antimalarials, such as 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, are promising successors for current front-line antimalarials, semisynthetic artemisinin derivatives. However, limited solubility of second-generation analogues in biological-relevant media represents a barrier in clinical development. We present methodology for the synthesis of nonlinear analogues of second-generation tetraoxane antimalarials E209 and N205 to investigate reduced molecular symmetry on in vitro antimalarial activity and physicochemical properties. While maintaining good antimalarial activity and metabolic stability, head-to-head comparison of linear and nonlinear counterparts showed up to 10-fold improvement in FaSSIF solubility for three of the four analogues studied. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats comparing a selected nonlinear analogue 14a and its parent N205 showed improvement on oral absorption and exposure in vivo with more than double the AUC and a significant increase in oral bioavailability (76% versus 41%). These findings provide support for further in vivo efficacy studies in preclinical animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma L Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Affiliated to Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche sulla Malaria/Italian Malaria Network (CIRM-IMN), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Affiliated to Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche sulla Malaria/Italian Malaria Network (CIRM-IMN), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Weiqian David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Ward
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics. Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics. Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Suet C Leung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Affiliated to Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerche sulla Malaria/Italian Malaria Network (CIRM-IMN), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Keiko Onuma
- Eisai Co.,Ltd. Tsukuba Research Laboratories, 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takashi Hasebe
- Eisai Co.,Ltd. Tsukuba Research Laboratories, 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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14
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A randomized, double-blind, phase 2b study to investigate the efficacy, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a single-dose regimen of ferroquine with artefenomel in adults and children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2021; 20:222. [PMID: 34011358 PMCID: PMC8135182 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, highly efficacious single-dose treatments are expected to increase compliance and improve treatment outcomes, and thereby may slow the development of resistance. The efficacy and safety of a single-dose combination of artefenomel (800 mg) plus ferroquine (400/600/900/1200 mg doses) for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were evaluated in Africa (focusing on children ≤ 5 years) and Asia. Methods The study was a randomized, double-blind, single-dose, multi-arm clinical trial in patients aged > 6 months to < 70 years, from six African countries and Vietnam. Patients were followed up for 63 days to assess treatment efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics. The primary efficacy endpoint was the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-adjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) at Day 28 in the Per-Protocol [PP] Set comprising only African patients ≤ 5 years. The exposure–response relationship for PCR-adjusted ACPR at Day 28 and prevalence of kelch-13 mutations were explored. Results A total of 373 patients were treated: 289 African patients ≤ 5 years (77.5%), 64 African patients > 5 years and 20 Asian patients. None of the treatment arms met the target efficacy criterion for PCR-adjusted ACPR at Day 28 (lower limit of 95% confidence interval [CI] > 90%). PCR-adjusted ACPR at Day 28 [95% CI] in the PP Set ranged from 78.4% [64.7; 88.7%] to 91.7% [81.6; 97.2%] for the 400 mg to 1200 mg ferroquine dose. Efficacy rates were low in Vietnamese patients, ranging from 20 to 40%. A clear relationship was found between drug exposure (artefenomel and ferroquine concentrations at Day 7) and efficacy (primary endpoint), with higher concentrations of both drugs resulting in higher efficacy. Six distinct kelch-13 mutations were detected in parasite isolates from 10/272 African patients (with 2 mutations known to be associated with artemisinin resistance) and 18/20 Asian patients (all C580Y mutation). Vomiting within 6 h of initial artefenomel administration was common (24.6%) and associated with lower drug exposures. Conclusion The efficacy of artefenomel/ferroquine combination was suboptimal in African children aged ≤ 5 years, the population of interest, and vomiting most likely had a negative impact on efficacy. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02497612. Registered 14 Jul 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02497612?term=NCT02497612&draw=2&rank=1 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03749-4.
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15
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Binte Abu Bakar SY, Salim M, Clulow AJ, Nicholas KR, Boyd BJ. Human milk composition and the effects of pasteurisation on the activity of its components. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Clulow AJ, Binte Abu Bakar SY, Salim M, Nowell CJ, Hawley A, Boyd BJ. Emulsions containing optimum cow milk fat and canola oil mixtures replicate the lipid self-assembly of human breast milk during digestion. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 588:680-691. [PMID: 33309144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The digestion of different milks and milk substitutes leads to the formation of a variety of self-assembled lipid structures, with the structuring of human milk being paramount for infant nutrition. It was hypothesised that mixing cow milk fat rich in medium/long-chain lipids with canola oil rich in long-chain unsaturated lipids would replicate the structuring of human milk by balancing lipid chain lengths and saturation levels. EXPERIMENTS Emulsions of cow milk fat/canola oil mixtures were prepared in two ways - by pre-mixing ghee and canola oil before dispersing them and by dispersing canola oil directly into commercial cow milk. Small angle X-ray scattering combined with titration of the fatty acids produced during digestion allowed for the correlation of dynamic lipid self-assembly with the extent of lipid digestion. Laser light scattering was used to show that the particle sizes in the digesting mixtures were similar and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) microscopy was used to confirm the mixing of canola oil into cow milk fat globules. FINDINGS As the amount of long-chain unsaturated canola oil lipids in the mixtures increased, the lipid self-assembly tended towards colloidal structures of greater interfacial curvature. When the ratio of cow milk fat to canola oil lipids was 1:1 (w/w), the digesting lipids assembled themselves into the same liquid crystalline structures as human breast milk. This observation was independent of the method used to mix the lipids, with CARS microscopy indicating uniform mixing of the canola oil into cow milk upon ultrasonication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Syaza Y Binte Abu Bakar
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- SAXS/WAXS Beamline, Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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17
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Rosenthal MR, Ng CL. Plasmodium falciparum Artemisinin Resistance: The Effect of Heme, Protein Damage, and Parasite Cell Stress Response. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1599-1614. [PMID: 32324369 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite a significant decline in morbidity and mortality over the last two decades, in 2018 there were 228 million reported cases of malaria and 405000 malaria-related deaths. Artemisinin, the cornerstone of artemisinin-based combination therapies, is the most potent drug in the antimalarial armamentarium against falciparum malaria. Heme-mediated activation of artemisinin and its derivatives results in widespread parasite protein alkylation, which is thought to lead to parasite death. Alarmingly, cases of decreased artemisinin efficacy have been widely detected across Cambodia and in neighboring countries, and a few cases have been reported in the Guiana Shield, India, and Africa. The grim prospect of widespread artemisinin resistance propelled a concerted effort to understand the mechanisms of artemisinin action and resistance. The identification of genetic markers and the knowledge of molecular mechanisms underpinning artemisinin resistance allow prospective surveillance and inform future drug development strategies, respectively. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how parasite vesicle trafficking, hemoglobin digestion, and cell stress responses contribute to artemisinin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Caroline L. Ng
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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18
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Salim M, Ramirez G, Peng KY, Clulow AJ, Hawley A, Ramachandruni H, Beilles S, Boyd BJ. Lipid Compositions in Infant Formulas Affect the Solubilization of Antimalarial Drugs Artefenomel (OZ439) and Ferroquine during Digestion. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2749-2759. [PMID: 32574056 PMCID: PMC7341521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the solubilization of two antimalarial drug candidates, artefenomel (OZ439) and ferroquine (FQ), designed to provide a single-dose combination therapy for uncomplicated malaria can be enhanced using milk as a lipid-based formulation. However, milk as an excipient faces significant quality and regulatory hurdles. We therefore have investigated infant formula as a potential alternative formulation approach. The significance of the lipid species present in a formula with different lipid compositions upon the solubilization of OZ439 and FQ during digestion has been investigated. Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering was used to measure the diffraction from a dispersed drug during digestion and thereby determine the extent of drug solubilization. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the amount of drug partitioned into the digested lipid phases. Our results show that both the lipid species and the amount of lipids administered were key determinants for the solubilization of OZ439, while the solubilization of FQ was independent of the lipid composition. Infant formulas could therefore be designed and used as milk substitutes to tailor the desired level of drug solubilization while circumventing the variability of components in naturally derived milk. The enhanced solubilization of OZ439 was achieved during the digestion of medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT), indicating the potential applicability of MCT-fortified infant formula powder as a lipid-based formulation for the oral delivery of OZ439 and FQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kang-Yu Peng
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- SAXS/WAXS beamline, Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Hanu Ramachandruni
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pre'-Bois, Geneva 1215, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Beilles
- Sanofi R&D, 371 Rue du Professeur Blayac, Montpellier 34080, France
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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19
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Pham AC, Peng KY, Salim M, Ramirez G, Hawley A, Clulow AJ, Boyd BJ. Correlating Digestion-Driven Self-Assembly in Milk and Infant Formulas with Changes in Lipid Composition. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3087-3098. [PMID: 32455340 PMCID: PMC7241073 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Lipids in mammalian
milks such as bovine milk and human breast
milk have been shown to self-assemble into various liquid crystalline
materials during digestion. In this study, the direct correlation
between the composition of the lipids from three types of mammalian
milk, three brands of infant formulas (IFs), and soy milk and the
liquid crystalline structures that form during their digestion was
investigated to link the material properties to the composition. The
self-assembly behavior was assessed using in vitro digestion coupled with in situ small-angle X-ray
scattering (SAXS). Lipid composition was determined during in vitro digestion using ex situ liquid
chromatography–mass spectrometry. All tested milks self-assembled
into ordered structures during digestion, with the majority of milks
displaying nonlamellar phases. Milks that released mostly long-chain
fatty acids (>95 mol % of the top 10 fatty acids released) with
more
than 47 mol % unsaturation predominantly formed a micellar cubic phase
during digestion. Other milks released relatively more medium-chain
fatty acids and medium-chain monoglycerides and produced a range of
ordered liquid crystalline structures including the micellar cubic
phase, the hexagonal phase, and the bicontinuous cubic phase. One
infant formula did not form liquid crystalline structures at all as
a consequence of differences in fatty acid distributions. The self-assembly
phenomenon provides a powerful discriminator between different classes
of nutrition and a roadmap for the design of human milklike systems
and is anticipated to have important implications for nutrient transport
and the delivery of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Pham
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kang-Yu Peng
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- SAXS/WAXS Beamline, Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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20
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Salim M, Fraser-Miller SJ, Be Rziņš KR, Sutton JJ, Ramirez G, Clulow AJ, Hawley A, Beilles S, Gordon KC, Boyd BJ. Low-Frequency Raman Scattering Spectroscopy as an Accessible Approach to Understand Drug Solubilization in Milk-Based Formulations during Digestion. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:885-899. [PMID: 32011151 PMCID: PMC7054896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Techniques enabling in situ monitoring of drug solubilization and changes in the solid-state of the drug during the digestion of milk and milk-based formulations are valuable for predicting the effectiveness of such formulations in improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. We have recently reported the use of low-frequency Raman scattering spectroscopy (region of analysis <200 cm-1) as an analytical approach to probe solubilization of drugs during digestion in milk using ferroquine (SSR97193) as the model compound. This study investigates the wider utilization of this technique to probe the solubilization behavior of other poorly water-soluble drugs (halofantrine, lumefantrine, and clofazimine) in not only milk but also infant formula in the absence or presence of bile salts during in vitro digestion. Multivariate analysis was used to interpret changes to the spectra related to the drug as a function of digestion time, through tracking changes in the principal component (PC) values characteristic to the drug signals. Characteristic low-frequency Raman bands for all of the drugs were evident after dispersing the solid drugs in suspension form in milk and infant formula. The drugs were generally solubilized during the digestion of the formulations as observed previously for ferroquine and correlated with behavior determined using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). A greater extent of drug solubilization was also generally observed in the infant formula compared to milk. However, in the case of the drug clofazimine, the correlation between low-frequency Raman scattering and SAXS was not clear, which may arise due to background interference from clofazimine being an intense red dye, which highlights a potential limitation of this new approach. Overall, the in situ monitoring of drug solubilization in milk and milk-based formulations during digestion can be achieved using low-frequency Raman scattering spectroscopy, and the information obtained from studying this spectral region can provide better insights into drug solubilization compared to the mid-frequency Raman region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sara J Fraser-Miller
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ka Rlis Be Rziņš
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Joshua J Sutton
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- SAXS/WAXS Beamline, Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | | | - Keith C Gordon
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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21
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Nowak E, Livney YD, Niu Z, Singh H. Delivery of bioactives in food for optimal efficacy: What inspirations and insights can be gained from pharmaceutics? Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Salim M, Fraser-Miller SJ, Sutton JJ, Be̅rziņš K, Hawley A, Clulow AJ, Beilles S, Gordon KC, Boyd BJ. Application of Low-Frequency Raman Scattering Spectroscopy to Probe in Situ Drug Solubilization in Milk during Digestion. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2258-2263. [PMID: 31013099 PMCID: PMC6503463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that real-time monitoring of drug solubilization and changes to solid state of the drug during digestion of milk can be achieved using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. A complementary laboratory-based method to explore such changes is low-frequency Raman spectroscopy, which has been increasingly used to characterize crystalline drugs and their polymorphs in powders and suspensions. This study investigates the use of this technique to monitor in situ drug solubilization in milk during the process of digestion, using a lipolysis model/flow-through configuration identical to that used previously for in situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering studies. An antimalarial drug, ferroquine (SSR97193), was used as the model drug for this study. The Raman spectra were processed using multivariate analysis to extract the drug signals from the milk digestion background. The results showed disappearance of the ferroquine peaks in the low-frequency Raman region (<200 cm-1) after approximately 15-20 min of digestion when milk fat was present in the system, which indicated drug solubilization and was in good agreement with the in situ small-angle X-ray scattering measurements. This proof-of-concept study therefore suggests that low-frequency Raman spectroscopy can be used to monitor drug solubilization in a complex digesting milk medium because of the unique vibrational modes of the drug crystal lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda Salim
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sara J. Fraser-Miller
- Dodd-Walls
Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Joshua J. Sutton
- Dodd-Walls
Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ka̅rlis Be̅rziņš
- Dodd-Walls
Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Hawley
- SAXS/WAXS
Beamline, Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Clulow
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stéphane Beilles
- Sanofi, 371, Rue du Pr. Blayac, 34181 Montpellier cedex04, France
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Dodd-Walls
Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade,
Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. Tel.: +61 3 99039112. Fax: +61 3 99039583. E-mail:
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