1
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Schenck L, Risteen B, Johnson LM, Koynov A, Bonaga L, Orr R, Hancock B. A Commentary on Co-Processed API as a Promising Approach to Improve Sustainability for the Pharmaceutical Industry. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:306-313. [PMID: 38065243 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products represent a meaningful target for sustainability improvement and emissions reduction. It is proposed here that rethinking the standard, and often linear, approach to the synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and subsequent formulation and drug product processing will deliver transformational sustainability opportunities. The greatest potential arguably involves API that have challenging physico-chemical properties. These can require the addition of excipients that can significantly exceed the weight of the API in the final dosage unit, require multiple manufacturing steps to achieve materials amenable to delivering final dosage units, and need highly protective packaging for final product stability. Co-processed API are defined as materials generated via addition of non-covalently bonded, non-active components during drug substance manufacturing steps, differing from salts, solvates and co-crystals. They are an impactful example of provocative re-thinking of historical regulatory and quality precedents, blurring drug substance and drug product operations, with sustainability opportunities. Successful examples utilizing co-processed API can modify properties with use of less excipient, while simultaneously reducing processing requirements by delivering material amenable to continuous manufacturing. There are also opportunities for co-processed API to reduce the need for highly protective packaging. This commentary will detail the array of sustainability impacts that can be delivered, inclusive of business, regulatory, and quality considerations, with discussion on potential routes to more comprehensively commercialize co-processed API technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Schenck
- Oral Formulation Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States.
| | - Bailey Risteen
- Pharma Solutions, BASF Corporation, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, United States
| | | | - Athanas Koynov
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Llorente Bonaga
- CMC Pharmaceutical Development and New Products, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert Orr
- CMC Pharmaceutical Development and New Products, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bruno Hancock
- Drug Product Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton CT 06340, United States
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2
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Rantanen J, Rades T, Strachan C. Solid-state analysis for pharmaceuticals: Pathways to feasible and meaningful analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115649. [PMID: 37657177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The solid state of matter is the preferred starting point for designing a pharmaceutical product. This is driven by both patient preferences and the relative ease of supplying a solid pharmaceutical product with desired quality and performance. Solid form diversity is increasingly prevalent as a crucial element in designing these products, which underpins the importance of solid-state analytical methods. This paper provides a critical analysis of challenges related to solid-state analytics, as well as considerations and suggestions for feasible and meaningful pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Gîfu IC, Ianchiș R, Nistor CL, Petcu C, Fierascu I, Fierascu RC. Polyelectrolyte Coatings-A Viable Approach for Cultural Heritage Protection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2873. [PMID: 37049167 PMCID: PMC10096418 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The continuous degradation of cultural heritage artifacts (due to different factors, including the rising air pollution, climate change or excessive biological activity, among others) requires the continuous development of protection strategies, technologies and materials. In this regard, polyelectrolytes have offered effective ways to fight against degradation but also to conserve the cultural heritage objects. In this review, we highlight the key developments in the creation and use of polyelectrolytes for the preservation, consolidation and cleaning of the cultural heritage artifacts (with particular focus on stone, metal and artifacts of organic nature, such as paper, leather, wood or textile). The state of the art in this area is presented, as well as future development perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Cătălina Gîfu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Raluca Ianchiș
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Cristina Lavinia Nistor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Cristian Petcu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Irina Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Claudiu Fierascu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM–Bucharest, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.L.N.); (C.P.); (I.F.)
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4
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Punia A, Biyyala V, Faassen F, Ash J, Lamm MS. Detrimental Effect of the Film Coat Chemistry and Thickness on the Physical Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions in Tablet Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:708-717. [PMID: 36189478 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been widely utilized to enhance the bioavailability of pharmaceutical drugs with poor aqueous solubility. The role of various excipients on the amorphous drug to crystalline form conversion in ASDs has been widely documented. However, there has been no published study to investigate the role of film coating material on the physical stability of an ASD based tablet formulation, to the best of our knowledge. Here we show that the film coating can potentially have a detrimental impact on the physical stability of spray dried intermediates (SDI) in tablet formulations. The impact of the film coating on the physical stability of SDI was found to be related to the film coat material composition, and an increase in the film coating thickness led to a reduction in the physical stability of SDI in tablets. Oral compressed tablets in which the film coat material was "mixed-in" with the formulation blend showed a similar or worse physical stability than film coated tablets, further underscoring the film coat material impact on physical stability, independent of the film coating process. This study demonstrates a need for careful consideration of the film coat material selection for ASD based pharmaceutical product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Punia
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Varsha Biyyala
- Oral Formulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Fried Faassen
- Oral Formulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Jason Ash
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Matthew S Lamm
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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5
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Silver Nanoparticles Loaded on Polyethylene Terephthalate Films Grafted with Chitosan. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010125. [PMID: 36616475 PMCID: PMC9824822 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most widely used polymeric materials in different sectors such as medicine, engineering, and food, among others, due to its benefits, including biocompatibility, mechanical resistance, and tolerance to chemicals and/or abrasion. However, despite all these excellent characteristics, it is not capable of preventing the proliferation of microorganisms on its surface. Therefore, providing this property to PET remains a difficult challenge. Fortunately, different strategies can be applied to remove microorganisms from the PET surface. In this work, the surface of the PET film was functionalized with amino groups and later with a dicarboxylic acid, allowing a grafting reaction with chitosan chains. Finally, the chitosan coating was loaded with silver nanoparticles with an average size of 130 ± 37 nm, presenting these materials with an average cell viability of 80%. The characterization of these new PET-based materials showed considerable changes in surface morphology as well as increased surface hydrophilicity without significantly affecting their mechanical properties. In general, the implemented method can open an alternative pathway to design new PET-based materials due to its good cell viability with possible bacteriostatic activity due to the biocidal properties of silver nanoparticles and chitosan.
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6
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Boel E, Van den Mooter G. The impact of applying an additional polymer coating on high drug-loaded amorphous solid dispersions layered onto pellets. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122455. [PMID: 36460129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting surface crystallization is an interesting strategy to enhance the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), still preserving high drug loads. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential surface crystallization inhibitory effect of an additional polymer coating onto ASDs, comprising high drug loads of a fast crystallizing drug, layered onto pellets. For this purpose, bilayer coated pellets were generated with fluid-bed coating, of which the first layer constitutes a solid dispersion of naproxen (NAP) in poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVP-VA) in a 40:60 or 35:65 (w/w) ratio, and ethyl cellulose (EC) composes the second layer. The physical stability of these double-layered pellets, in comparison to pellets with an ASD layer only, was assessed under accelerated conditions by monitoring with X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) at regular time intervals. Bilayer coated pellets were however found to be physically less stable than pellets with an ASD layer only. Applying the supplementary EC coating layer induced crystallization and heterogeneity in the 40:60 and 35:65 (w/w) NAP-PVP-VA ASDs, respectively, attributed to the initial contact with the solvent. Caution is thus required when applying an additional coating layer on top of an ASD layer with fluid-bed coating, for instance for controlled release purposes, especially if the ASD consists of high loads of a fast crystallizing drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Boel
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Guy Van den Mooter
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Moseson DE, Benson EG, Nguyen HT, Wang F, Wang M, Zheng K, Narwankar PK, Taylor LS. Atomic Layer Coating to Inhibit Surface Crystallization of Amorphous Pharmaceutical Powders. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40698-40710. [PMID: 36054111 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Preventing crystallization is a primary concern when developing amorphous drug formulations. Recently, atomic layer coatings (ALCs) of aluminum oxide demonstrated crystallization inhibition of high drug loading amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) for over 2 years. The goal of the current study was to probe the breadth and mechanisms of this exciting finding through multiple drug/polymer model systems, as well as particle and coating attributes. The model ASD systems selected provide for a range of hygroscopicity and chemical functional groups, which may contribute to the crystallization inhibition effect of the ALC coatings. Atomic layer coating was performed to apply a 5-25 nm layer of aluminum oxide or zinc oxide onto ASD particles, which imparted enhanced micromeritic properties, namely, reduced agglomeration and improved powder flowability. ASD particles were stored at 40 °C and a selected relative humidity level between 31 and 75%. Crystallization was monitored by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) up to 48 weeks. Crystallization was observable by SEM within 1-2 weeks for all uncoated samples. After ALC, crystallization was effectively delayed or completely inhibited in some systems up to 48 weeks. The delay achieved was demonstrated regardless of polymer hygroscopicity, presence or absence of hydroxyl functional groups in drugs and/or polymers, particle size, or coating properties. The crystallization inhibition effect is attributed primarily to decreased surface molecular mobility. ALC has the potential to be a scalable strategy to enhance the physical stability of ASD systems to enable high drug loading and enhanced robustness to temperature or relative humidity excursions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Emily G Benson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hanh Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Miaojun Wang
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Kai Zheng
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Pravin K Narwankar
- Applied Materials, Inc., 3100 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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8
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Surface nanocoating of high drug-loading spray-dried amorphous solid dispersions by atomic layer coating: Excellent physical stability under accelerated storage conditions for two years. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Yao X, Neusaenger AL, Yu L. Amorphous Drug-Polymer Salts. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081271. [PMID: 34452231 PMCID: PMC8401805 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous formulations provide a general approach to improving the solubility and bioavailability of drugs. Amorphous medicines for global health should resist crystallization under the stressful tropical conditions (high temperature and humidity) and often require high drug loading. We discuss the recent progress in employing drug–polymer salts to meet these goals. Through local salt formation, an ultra-thin polyelectrolyte coating can form on the surface of amorphous drugs, immobilizing interfacial molecules and inhibiting fast crystal growth at the surface. The coated particles show improved wetting and dissolution. By forming an amorphous drug–polymer salt throughout the bulk, stability can be vastly enhanced against crystallization under tropical conditions without sacrificing the dissolution rate. Examples of these approaches are given, along with suggestions for future work.
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10
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How to stop disproportionation of a hydrochloride salt of a very weakly basic compound in a non-clinical suspension formulation. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120875. [PMID: 34273425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to stabilize a non-clinical suspension for use in toxicological studies and to develop methods to investigate the stability of the formulation in terms of salt disproportionation. The compound under research was a hydrochloride salt of a practically insoluble discovery compound ODM-203. The first of the three formulation approaches was a suspension prepared and stored at room temperature. The second formulation was stabilized by pH adjustment. In the third approach cooling was used to prevent salt disproportionation. 5 mg/mL aqueous suspension consisting of 20 mg/mL PVP/VA and 5 mg/mL Tween 80 was prepared for each of the approaches. The polymer was used as precipitation inhibitor to provide prolonged supersaturation while Tween 80 was used to enhance dissolution and homogeneity of the suspension. The consequences of salt disproportionation were studied by a small-scale in vitro dissolution method and by an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats. Our results show that disproportionation was successfully suppressed by applying cooling of the suspension in an ice bath at 2-8 °C. This procedure enabled us to proceed to the toxicological studies in rats. The in vivo study results obtained for the practically insoluble compound showed adequate exposures with acceptable variation at each dose level.
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11
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Gui Y, McCann EC, Yao X, Li Y, Jones KJ, Yu L. Amorphous Drug-Polymer Salt with High Stability under Tropical Conditions and Fast Dissolution: The Case of Clofazimine and Poly(acrylic acid). Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1364-1372. [PMID: 33522821 PMCID: PMC7927142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report that the
stability of amorphous clofazimine (CFZ) against
crystallization is vastly improved by salt formation with a polymer
without sacrificing dissolution rate. A simple slurry method was used
to produce the amorphous salt of CFZ with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)
at 75 wt % drug loading. The synthesis was performed under a mild
condition suitable for thermally unstable drugs and polymers. Salt
formation was confirmed by visible spectroscopy and glass temperature
elevation. The amorphous salt at 75 wt % drug loading is remarkably
stable against crystallization at 40 °C and 75% RH for at least
180 days. In contrast, the amorphous solid dispersion containing the
un-ionized CFZ dispersed in poly(vinylpyrrolidone) crystallized in
1 week under the same condition. The high stability of the amorphous
drug–polymer salt is a result of the absence of a drug–polymer
crystalline structure, reduced driving force for crystallizing the
free base, and reduced molecular mobility. Despite the elevated stability,
the amorphous drug–polymer salt showed fast dissolution and
high solution concentration in two biorelevant media (SGF and FaSSIF).
Additionally, the amorphous CFZ–PAA salt has improved tabletability
and powder flow relative to crystalline CFZ. The CFZ–PAA example
suggests a general method to prepare amorphous drugs with high physical
stability under tropical conditions and fast dissolution.
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12
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Wang B, Liu F, Xiang J, He Y, Zhang Z, Cheng Z, Liu W, Tan S. A critical review of spray-dried amorphous pharmaceuticals: Synthesis, analysis and application. Int J Pharm 2020; 594:120165. [PMID: 33309835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New drugs are frequently found with poor water-solubility in recent pharmaceutical projects, which brings difficulties of bioavailability for the clinical development of new drugs. When these drug compounds in a crystalline state are absorbed by gastrointestinal tract, their dissolution rates and absorption rates are very limited. Nowadays, various methods have been developed to improve the solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of drugs. According to the characteristics of drugs, this work suggests the use of spray drying technology to amorphize APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients) to improve their bioavailability. This work reviews the properties of the spray-dried amorphous drugs, the progress made in drug synthesis and application, and the existing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jia Xiang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yongju He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Research and Development Department, Jiangsu Dawning Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213162, China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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13
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Schneider R, Kerkhoff J, Danzer A, Mattusch A, Ohmann A, Thommes M, Sadowski G. The interplay of dissolution, solution crystallization and solid-state transformation of amorphous indomethacin in aqueous solution. Int J Pharm X 2020; 2:100063. [PMID: 33319209 PMCID: PMC7725739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Supersaturation profiles of amorphous indomethacin in aqueous solution containing 0.4 wt% and 4 wt% of isopropanol were predicted by combining separately-determined kinetics for dissolution, solution crystallization, and solid-state transformation. The kinetics of solid-state transformation were measured and compared to various data from the literature. The proposed kinetic model accounts for dissolution, solution crystallization and amorphous-to-crystalline solid-state transformation. It was validated for different initial amounts of amorphous and crystalline material and systems with different isopropanol contents. Furthermore, the influence of polyethylene glycol on the supersaturation behavior was investigated. The results clearly show the robustness of the model and give insight into the interplay of dissolution, solution crystallization, and solid-state transformation of. In particular, the influence of solid-state transformation on the overall supersaturation profile was elucidated in a quantitative manner. An amorphicity function φ(t) is proposed to account for the kinetics of the solid-state transformation. Its general form could be derived consistently from different sets of experimental data and seems to be independent of the particle size of the amorphous material and hydrodynamic conditions. This work is among the first of its kind to successfully integrate dissolution, crystallization from solution and solid-state transformation in a model that shows good predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Schneider
- TU Dortmund, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jana Kerkhoff
- TU Dortmund, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Danzer
- TU Dortmund, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Amelie Mattusch
- TU Dortmund, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Emil-Figge-Str. 68, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrijan Ohmann
- TU Dortmund, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Thommes
- TU Dortmund, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Emil-Figge-Str. 68, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- TU Dortmund, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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14
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Srisang S, Boongird A, Ungsurungsie M, Wanasawas P, Nasongkla N. Biocompatibility and stability during storage of Foley urinary catheters coated chlorhexidine loaded nanoparticles by nanocoating: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:496-504. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Srisang
- Department of Engineering King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabung, Prince of Chumphon campus Chumphon Thailand
| | - Atthaporn Boongird
- Department of Surgery, Neurosurgical Unit, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Malyn Ungsurungsie
- Research and Development Division S and J International Enterprises Public Company Limited Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pimpaka Wanasawas
- Research and Development Division S and J International Enterprises Public Company Limited Bangkok Thailand
| | - Norased Nasongkla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Mahidol University Nakhon Pathom Thailand
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15
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Štukelj J, Agopov M, Yliruusi J, Strachan CJ, Svanbäck S. Image-based dissolution analysis for tracking the surface stability of amorphous powders. ADMET AND DMPK 2020; 8:401-409. [PMID: 35300194 PMCID: PMC8915593 DOI: 10.5599/admet.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor solubility of crystalline drugs can be overcome by amorphization - the production of high-energy disordered solid with improved solubility. However, the improved solubility comes at a cost of reduced stability; amorphous drugs are prone to recrystallization. Because of recrystallization, the initial solubility enhancement is eventually lost. Therefore, it is important to understand the recrystallization process during storage of amorphous materials and its impact on dissolution/solubility. Here, we demonstrate the use of image-based single-particle analysis (SPA) to consistently monitor the solubility of an amorphous indomethacin sample over time. The results are compared to the XRPD signal of the same sample. For the sample stored at 22 °C/23% relative humidity (RH), full crystallinity as indicated by XRPD was reached around day 40, whereas a solubility corresponding to that of the γ crystalline form was measured with SPA at day 25. For the sample stored at 22 °C/75% RH, the XRPD signal indicated a rapid initial phase of crystallization. However, the sample failed to fully crystallize in 80 days. With SPA, solubility slightly above that of the crystalline γ form was measured already on the second day. To conclude, the solubility measured with SPA directly reflects the solid-state changes occurring on the particle surface. Therefore, it can provide vital information - in a straightforward manner while requiring only minuscule sample amounts - for understanding the effect of storage conditions on the dissolution/solubility of amorphous materials, especially important in pharmaceutical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Štukelj
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Agopov
- The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Svanbäck
- The Solubility Company Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Bannow J, Koren L, Salar-Behzadi S, Löbmann K, Zimmer A, Rades T. Hot Melt Coating of Amorphous Carvedilol. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060519. [PMID: 32517255 PMCID: PMC7356097 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of amorphous drug delivery systems is an attractive approach to improve the bioavailability of low molecular weight drug candidates that suffer from poor aqueous solubility. However, the pharmaceutical performance of many neat amorphous drugs is compromised by their tendency for recrystallization during storage and lumping upon dissolution, which may be improved by the application of coatings on amorphous surfaces. In this study, hot melt coating (HMC) as a solvent-free coating method was utilized to coat amorphous carvedilol (CRV) particles with tripalmitin containing 10% (w/w) and 20% (w/w) of polysorbate 65 (PS65) in a fluid bed coater. Lipid coated amorphous particles were assessed in terms of their physical stability during storage and their drug release during dynamic in vitro lipolysis. The release of CRV during in vitro lipolysis was shown to be mainly dependent on the PS65 concentration in the coating layer, with a PS65 concentration of 20% (w/w) resulting in an immediate release profile. The physical stability of the amorphous CRV core, however, was negatively affected by the lipid coating, resulting in the recrystallization of CRV at the interface between the crystalline lipid layer and the amorphous drug core. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of lipid spray coating of amorphous CRV as a strategy to modify the drug release from amorphous systems but at the same time highlights the importance of surface-mediated processes for the physical stability of the amorphous form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bannow
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Lina Koren
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.-B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sharareh Salar-Behzadi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.-B.); (A.Z.)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria; (L.K.); (S.S.-B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.B.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Degrees of order: A comparison of nanocrystal and amorphous solids for poorly soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119492. [PMID: 32505579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poor aqueous solubility is currently a prevalent issue in the development of small molecule pharmaceuticals. Several methods are possible for improving the solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II and class IV drugs. Two solid state approaches, which rely on reductions in order, and can theoretically be applied to all molecules without any specific chemical prerequisites (compared with e.g. ionizable or co-former groups, or sufficient lipophilicity), are the use of the amorphous form and nanocrystals. Research involving these two approaches is relatively extensive and commercial products are now available based on these technologies. Nevertheless, their formulation remains more challenging than with conventional dosage forms. This article describes these two technologies from both theoretical and practical perspectives by briefly discussing the physicochemical backgrounds behind these approaches, as well as the resulting practical implications, both positive and negative. Case studies demonstrating the benefits and challenges of these two techniques are presented.
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