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Bro-Jørgensen W, Hamill JM, Mezei G, Lawson B, Rashid U, Halbritter A, Kamenetska M, Kaliginedi V, Solomon GC. Making the Most of Nothing: One-Class Classification for Single-Molecule Transport Studies. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2024; 4:250-262. [PMID: 39184833 PMCID: PMC11342344 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.4c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule experiments offer a unique means to probe molecular properties of individual molecules-yet they rest upon the successful control of background noise and irrelevant signals. In single-molecule transport studies, large amounts of data that probe a wide range of physical and chemical behaviors are often generated. However, due to the stochasticity of these experiments, a substantial fraction of the data may consist of blank traces where no molecular signal is evident. One-class (OC) classification is a machine learning technique to identify a specific class in a data set that potentially consists of a wide variety of classes. Here, we examine the utility of two different types of OC classification models on four diverse data sets from three different laboratories. Two of these data sets were measured at cryogenic temperatures and two at room temperature. By training the models solely on traces from a blank experiment, we demonstrate the efficacy of OC classification as a powerful and reliable method for filtering out blank traces from a molecular experiment in all four data sets. On a labeled 4,4'-bipyridine data set measured at 4.2 K, we achieve an accuracy of 96.9 ± 0.3 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 99.5 ± 0.3 as validated over a fivefold cross-validation. Given the wide range of physical and chemical properties that can be probed in single-molecule experiments, the successful application of OC classification to filter out blank traces is a major step forward in our ability to understand and manipulate molecular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bro-Jørgensen
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Joseph M. Hamill
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Gréta Mezei
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest H-1111, Hungary
- ELKH-BME
Condensed Matter Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Brent Lawson
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Division of Material Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Umar Rashid
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - András Halbritter
- Department
of Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest H-1111, Hungary
- ELKH-BME
Condensed Matter Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3., Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Maria Kamenetska
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Division of Material Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Veerabhadrarao Kaliginedi
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Gemma C. Solomon
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
- NNF
Quantum
Computing Programme, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155 A, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
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2
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Tanaka Y. Organometallics in molecular junctions: conductance, functions, and reactions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8512-8523. [PMID: 38712999 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00668b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Molecular junctions, which involve sandwiching molecular structures between electrodes, play a crucial role in molecular electronics. Recent advances in this field have revealed the vital role of organometallic chemistry in the investigation of molecular junctions, which has added to their well-known contributions to catalysis and materials chemistry. This review summarizes the recent examples of organometallic chemistry applications in molecular junctions, which can be categorized into three types, i.e., class I encompassing molecular junctions with bridging organometallic complexes, class II involving molecular junctions with covalent and noncovalent metal electrode-carbon bonds, and class III comprising organometallic reactions within molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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3
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Tong L, Yu Z, Gao YJ, Li XC, Zheng JF, Shao Y, Wang YH, Zhou XS. Local cation-tuned reversible single-molecule switch in electric double layer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3397. [PMID: 37296181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of molecule-electrode interface is critical for the integration of atomically precise molecules as functional components into circuits. Herein, we demonstrate that the electric field localized metal cations in outer Helmholtz plane can modulate interfacial Au-carboxyl contacts, realizing a reversible single-molecule switch. STM break junction and I-V measurements show the electrochemical gating of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids have a conductance ON/OFF behavior in electrolyte solution containing metal cations (i.e., Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+), compared to almost no change in conductance without metal cations. In situ Raman spectra reveal strong molecular carboxyl-metal cation coordination at the negatively charged electrode surface, hindering the formation of molecular junctions for electron tunnelling. This work validates the critical role of localized cations in the electric double layer to regulate electron transport at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Yi-Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Green Syntheses and Applications of Fluorine-Containing Specialty Chemicals, Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiao-Chong Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Ju-Fang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Yong Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Ya-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China.
| | - Xiao-Shun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China.
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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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5
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Zhao Z, Soni S, Lee T, Nijhuis CA, Xiang D. Smart Eutectic Gallium-Indium: From Properties to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203391. [PMID: 36036771 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn), a liquid metal with a melting point close to or below room temperature, has attracted extensive attention in recent years due to its excellent properties such as fluidity, high conductivity, thermal conductivity, stretchability, self-healing capability, biocompatibility, and recyclability. These features of EGaIn can be adjusted by changing the experimental condition, and various composite materials with extended properties can be further obtained by mixing EGaIn with other materials. In this review, not only the are unique properties of EGaIn introduced, but also the working principles for the EGaIn-based devices are illustrated and the developments of EGaIn-related techniques are summarized. The applications of EGaIn in various fields, such as flexible electronics (sensors, antennas, electronic circuits), molecular electronics (molecular memory, opto-electronic switches, or reconfigurable junctions), energy catalysis (heat management, motors, generators, batteries), biomedical science (drug delivery, tumor therapy, bioimaging and neural interfaces) are reviewed. Finally, a critical discussion of the main challenges for the development of EGaIn-based techniques are discussed, and the potential applications in new fields are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Zhao
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Xiang
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Nguyen QV, Martin P, Lacroix JC. Probing the Effect of the Density of Active Molecules in Large-Area Molecular Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11990-11995. [PMID: 36537879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the density of active molecules in molecular junctions (MJs) has been investigated by using a host/guest strategy. Mixed layers consisting of oligothiophene (BTB) encapsulated by β-cyclodextrin (BTB@β-CD) were generated. Cyclodextrins were then removed, and the pinholes generated were filled with BTB to obtain BTB@BTB films. MJs based on mixed BTB@β-CD and BTB@BTB layers, as well as single-component BTB MJs, were compared. The variation of ln J vs thickness is similar for all systems while the Jo of BTB@β-CD MJs is 20 times lower than that of BTB MJs. After β-cyclodextrin has been removed, and the pinholes filled, Jo increases and reaches the same value as for the BTB MJs, showing that the conductance scales with the number of active molecules. This strategy provides a unique method for investigating molecular interactions in direct tunneling MJs as well as the possibility of fabricating new functionalized MJs based on mixed layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Van Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 11307 Cau Giay, Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Pascal Martin
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean Christophe Lacroix
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 11307 Cau Giay, Hanoi Vietnam
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Aragonès AC, Martín‐Rodríguez A, Aravena D, Palma G, Qian W, Puigmartí‐Luis J, Aliaga‐Alcalde N, González‐Campo A, Díez‐Pérez I, Ruiz E. Room‐Temperature Spin‐Dependent Transport in Metalloporphyrin‐Based Supramolecular Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Aragonès
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB United Kingdom
- Current address: Molecular Spectroscopy Department Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Alejandro Martín‐Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Aravena
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Casilla 40, Correo 33 Chile
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Wenjie Qian
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Josep Puigmartí‐Luis
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats) Passeig Lluis Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Núria Aliaga‐Alcalde
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats) Passeig Lluis Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB United Kingdom
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
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8
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Aragonès AC, Martín‐Rodríguez A, Aravena D, di Palma G, Qian W, Puigmartí‐Luis J, Aliaga‐Alcalde N, González‐Campo A, Díez‐Pérez I, Ruiz E. Room-Temperature Spin-Dependent Transport in Metalloporphyrin-Based Supramolecular Wires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25958-25965. [PMID: 34726815 PMCID: PMC9298358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we present room-temperature spin-dependent charge transport measurements in single-molecule junctions made of metalloporphyrin-based supramolecular assemblies. They display large conductance switching for magnetoresistance in a single-molecule junction. The magnetoresistance depends acutely on the probed electron pathway through the supramolecular wire: those involving the metal center showed marked magnetoresistance effects as opposed to those exclusively involving the porphyrin ring which present nearly complete absence of spin-dependent charge transport. The molecular junction magnetoresistance is highly anisotropic, being observable when the magnetization of the ferromagnetic junction electrode is oriented along the main molecular junction axis, and almost suppressed when it is perpendicular. The key ingredients for the above effect to manifest are the electronic structure of the paramagnetic metalloporphyrin, and the spinterface created at the molecule-electrode contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Aragonès
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUnited Kingdom
- Current address: Molecular Spectroscopy DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Alejandro Martín‐Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i ComputacionalUniversitat de BarcelonaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Daniel Aravena
- Departamento de Química de los MaterialesFacultad de Química y BiologíaUniversidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)Casilla 40, Correo 33Chile
| | - Giuseppe di Palma
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSICCampus UAB08193BellaterraSpain
| | - Wenjie Qian
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSICCampus UAB08193BellaterraSpain
| | - Josep Puigmartí‐Luis
- Institut de Química Teòrica i ComputacionalUniversitat de BarcelonaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)Passeig Lluis Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química FísicaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Núria Aliaga‐Alcalde
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSICCampus UAB08193BellaterraSpain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)Passeig Lluis Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUnited Kingdom
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i ComputacionalUniversitat de BarcelonaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
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