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Munson KT, Torsi R, Mathela S, Feidler MA, Lin YC, Robinson JA, Asbury JB. Influence of Substrate-Induced Charge Doping on Defect-Related Excitonic Emission in Monolayer MoS 2. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:7850-7856. [PMID: 39052863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Many applications of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) involve transfer to functional substrates that can strongly impact their optical and electronic properties. We investigate the impact that substrate interactions have on free carrier densities and defect-related excitonic (XD) emission from MoS2 monolayers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. C-plane sapphire substrates mimic common hydroxyl-terminated substrates. We demonstrate that transferring MoS2 monolayers to pristine c-plane sapphire dramatically increases the free electron density within MoS2 layers, quenches XD emission, and accelerates exciton recombination at the optical band edge. In contrast, transferring MoS2 monolayers onto inert hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has no measurable influence on these properties. Our findings demonstrate the promise of utilizing substrate engineering to control charge doping interactions and to quench broad XD background emission features that can influence the purity of single photon emitters in TMDs being developed for quantum photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Munson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Riccardo Torsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shreya Mathela
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Maxwell A Feidler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yu-Chuan Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan
| | - Joshua A Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John B Asbury
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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2
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Yoon H, Lee S, Seo J, Sohn I, Jun S, Hong S, Im S, Nam Y, Kim HJ, Lee Y, Chung SM, Kim H. Investigation on Contact Properties of 2D van der Waals Semimetallic 1T-TiS 2/MoS 2 Heterojunctions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:12095-12105. [PMID: 38384197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) are considered promising alternatives to Si as channel materials because of the possibility of retaining their superior electronic transport properties even at atomic body thicknesses. However, the realization of high-performance 2D TMDC field-effect transistors remains a challenge owing to Fermi-level pinning (FLP) caused by gap states and the inherent high Schottky barrier height (SBH) within the metal contact and channel layer. This study demonstrates that high-quality van der Waals (vdW) heterojunction-based contacts can be formed by depositing semimetallic TiS2 onto monolayer (ML) MoS2. After confirming the successful formation of a TiS2/ML MoS2 heterojunction, the contact properties of vdW semimetal TiS2 were thoroughly investigated. With clean interfaces of the TiS2/ML MoS2 heterojunctions, atomic-layer-deposited TiS2 can induce gap-state saturation and suppress FLP. Consequently, compared with conventional evaporated metal electrodes, the TiS2/ML MoS2 heterojunctions exhibit a lower SBH of 8.54 meV and better contact properties. This, in turn, substantially improves the overall performance of the device, including its on-current, subthreshold swing, and threshold voltage. Furthermore, we believe that our proposed strategy for vdW-based contact formation will contribute to the development of 2D materials used in next-generation electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi Yoon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyoon Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Seo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Sohn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukhwan Jun
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Hong
- van der Waals Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongil Im
- van der Waals Materials Research Center, Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyong Nam
- Samsung Display Co., Ltd, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Samsung Display Co., Ltd, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Seung-Min Chung
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Arrighi A, Ullberg N, Derycke V, Grévin B. A simple KPFM-based approach for electrostatic- free topographic measurements: the case of MoS 2on SiO 2. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:215705. [PMID: 36812541 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acbe02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A simple implementation of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is reported that enables recording topographic images in the absence of any component of the electrostatic force (including the static term). Our approach is based on a close loop z-spectroscopy operated in data cube mode. Curves of the tip-sample distance as a function of time are recorded onto a 2D grid. A dedicated circuit holds the KPFM compensation bias and subsequently cut off the modulation voltage during well-defined time-windows within the spectroscopic acquisition. Topographic images are recalculated from the matrix of spectroscopic curves. This approach is applied to the case of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) monolayers grown by chemical vapour deposition on silicon oxide substrates. In addition, we check to what extent a proper stacking height estimation can also be performed by recording series of images for decreasing values of the bias modulation amplitude. The outputs of both approaches are shown to be fully consistent. The results exemplify how in the operating conditions of non-contact AFM under ultra-high vacuum (nc-AFM), the stacking height values can dramatically be overestimated due to variations in the tip-surface capacitive gradient, even though the KPFM controller nullifies the potential difference. We show that the number of atomic layers of a TMD can be safely assessed, only if the KPFM measurement is performed with a modulated bias amplitude reduced at its strict minimum or, even better, without any modulated bias. Last, the spectroscopic data reveal that certain kind of defects can have a counterintuitive impact on the electrostatic landscape, resulting in an apparent decrease of the measured stacking height by conventional nc-AFM/KPFM compared to other sample areas. Hence, electrostatic free z-imaging proves to be a promising tool to assess the existence of defects in atomically thin TMD layers grown on oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloïs Arrighi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- lnstitut Néel, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Nathan Ullberg
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Derycke
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benjamin Grévin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Qian W, Xu S, Zhang X, Li C, Yang W, Bowen CR, Yang Y. Differences and Similarities of Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Strategies, Traps, Applications and Challenges. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:156. [PMID: 34264418 PMCID: PMC8282827 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis have been essential parts of electrochemical processes for over half a century. Recent progress in the controllable synthesis of 2D nanomaterials has exhibited enhanced catalytic performance compared to bulk materials. This has led to significant interest in the exploitation of 2D nanomaterials for catalysis. There have been a variety of excellent reviews on 2D nanomaterials for catalysis, but related issues of differences and similarities between photocatalysis and electrocatalysis in 2D nanomaterials are still vacant. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the differences and similarities of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis in the latest 2D nanomaterials. Strategies and traps for performance enhancement of 2D nanocatalysts are highlighted, which point out the differences and similarities of series issues for photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. In addition, 2D nanocatalysts and their catalytic applications are discussed. Finally, opportunities, challenges and development directions for 2D nanocatalysts are described. The intention of this review is to inspire and direct interest in this research realm for the creation of future 2D nanomaterials for photocatalysis and electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Suwen Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, People's Republic of China
- Optoelectronics Research Center, School of Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Optoelectronics Research Center, School of Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanbo Li
- Optoelectronics Research Center, School of Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiyou Yang
- Institute of Materials, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chris R Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AK, UK
| | - Ya Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, People's Republic of China.
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Kolesnichenko PV, Zhang Q, Zheng C, Fuhrer MS, Davis JA. Multidimensional analysis of excitonic spectra of monolayers of tungsten disulphide: toward computer-aided identification of structural and environmental perturbations of 2D materials. MACHINE LEARNING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/abd87c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite 2D materials holding great promise for a broad range of applications, the proliferation of devices and their fulfillment of real-life demands are still far from being realized. Experimentally obtainable samples commonly experience a wide range of perturbations (ripples and wrinkles, point and line defects, grain boundaries, strain field, doping, water intercalation, oxidation, edge reconstructions) significantly deviating the properties from idealistic models. These perturbations, in general, can be entangled or occur in groups with each group forming a complex perturbation making the interpretations of observable physical properties and the disentanglement of simultaneously acting effects a highly non-trivial task even for an experienced researcher. Here we generalise statistical correlation analysis of excitonic spectra of monolayer WS2, acquired by hyperspectral absorption and photoluminescence imaging, to a multidimensional case, and examine multidimensional correlations via unsupervised machine learning algorithms. Using principal component analysis we are able to identify four dominant components that are correlated with tensile strain, disorder induced by adsorption or intercalation of environmental molecules, multi-layer regions and charge doping, respectively. This approach has the potential to determine the local environment of WS2 monolayers or other 2D materials from simple optical measurements, and paves the way toward advanced, machine-aided, characterization of monolayer matter.
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6
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Tumino F, Grazianetti C, Martella C, Ruggeri M, Russo V, Li Bassi A, Molle A, Casari CS. Hydrophilic Character of Single-Layer MoS 2 Grown on Ag(111). THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:9479-9485. [PMID: 34055127 PMCID: PMC8154856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of MoS2/metal interfaces is crucial for engineering efficient semiconductor-metal contacts in 2D MoS2-based devices. Here we investigate a MoS2/Ag heterostructure fabricated by growing a single MoS2 layer on Ag(111) by pulsed laser deposition under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The surface structure is observed in situ by scanning tunneling microscopy, revealing the hexagonal moiré pattern characteristic of the clean MoS2/Ag(111) interface. Ex situ Raman spectroscopy reveals an anomalous behavior of vibrational modes, induced by the strong MoS2-Ag interaction. After few-hours exposure to ambient conditions the Raman response significantly changes and the formation of molybdenum oxysulfides is revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These effects are due to the interplay with water vapor and can be reversed by a moderate UHV annealing. A polymeric (PMMA) capping is demonstrated to hinder water-induced modifications, preserving the original interface quality for months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tumino
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, Milano, I-20133, Italy
| | - Carlo Grazianetti
- CNR-IMM
Unit of Agrate Brianza, via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate Brianza, I-20864, Italy
| | - Christian Martella
- CNR-IMM
Unit of Agrate Brianza, via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate Brianza, I-20864, Italy
| | - Marina Ruggeri
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, Milano, I-20133, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, Milano, I-20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Li Bassi
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, Milano, I-20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Molle
- CNR-IMM
Unit of Agrate Brianza, via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate Brianza, I-20864, Italy
| | - Carlo S. Casari
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via G. Ponzio 34/3, Milano, I-20133, Italy
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7
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Tebyetekerwa M, Zhang J, Xu Z, Truong TN, Yin Z, Lu Y, Ramakrishna S, Macdonald D, Nguyen HT. Mechanisms and Applications of Steady-State Photoluminescence Spectroscopy in Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides. ACS NANO 2020; 14:14579-14604. [PMID: 33155803 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) semiconductors exhibit many important structural and optoelectronic properties, such as strong light-matter interactions, direct bandgaps tunable from visible to near-infrared regions, flexibility and atomic thickness, quantum-confinement effects, valley polarization possibilities, and so on. Therefore, they are regarded as a very promising class of materials for next-generation state-of-the-art nano/micro optoelectronic devices. To explore different applications and device structures based on 2D TMDs, intrinsic material properties, their relationships, and evolutions with fabrication parameters need to be deeply understood, very often through a combination of various characterization techniques. Among them, steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has been extensively employed. This class of techniques is fast, contactless, and nondestructive and can provide very high spatial resolution. Therefore, it can be used to obtain optoelectronic properties from samples of various sizes (from microns to centimeters) during the fabrication process without complex sample preparation. In this article, the mechanism and applications of steady-state PL spectroscopy in 2D TMDs are reviewed. The first part of this review details the physics of PL phenomena in semiconductors and common techniques to acquire and analyze PL spectra. The second part introduces various applications of PL spectroscopy in 2D TMDs. Finally, a broader perspective is discussed to highlight some limitations and untapped opportunities of PL spectroscopy in characterizing 2D TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Tebyetekerwa
- Research School of Electrical, Energy, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Thien N Truong
- Research School of Electrical, Energy, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Zongyou Yin
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yuerui Lu
- Research School of Electrical, Energy, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Daniel Macdonald
- Research School of Electrical, Energy, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Hieu T Nguyen
- Research School of Electrical, Energy, and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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8
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Yin J, Yuan Y, Ni J, Guan J, Zhou X, Liu Y, Ding Y, Cai H, Zhang J. CH 3NH 3PbBr 3-xI x Quantum Dots Enhance Bulk Crystallization and Interface Charge Transfer for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48861-48873. [PMID: 33059441 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining a perovskite light-absorbing layer with good crystallization, low defect concentration, good stability, and well-matched energy levels is critical to obtaining high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a hybrid PSC with a graded band gap is explored using MAPbBr3 (MA = CH3NH3) and MAPbBr0.9I2.1 quantum dots (QDs) as component cells. We have creatively designed a solar cell device with a double-QD structure [indium tin oxide (ITO)/SnO2/perovskite:MAPbBr3 QDs/MAPbBr0.9I2.1 QDs/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au]. A better crystal film of the perovskite absorption layer can be obtained because the MAPbBr3 QDs are doped in an antisolvent, which induces nucleation and growth in the polycrystalline perovskite. In addition, we expect that digestive ripening occurred in the crystallization, and the oleic acid ligands on the surface of the QDs disintegrate during the doping process and transfer to the surface of the perovskite absorption layer finally; it follows that the hydrophobicity and stability of the perovskite film are greatly enhanced. Moreover, a thin film of MAPbBr0.9I2.1 QDs is introduced between the perovskite absorption layer and the hole layer, acting as an energy-level ladder, which leads to well-matched energy levels, an increase in fill factor (FF), and an enhanced hole transport capability. In particular, the mechanism of the crystallization process involving the effect of oleic acid ligands on the interior and surface of the perovskite film is fully discussed here. The final research results from the PSCs show that both high efficiency and long-term stability are achieved successfully by this design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Yin
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yujie Yuan
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jian Ni
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiayi Guan
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Ding
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongkun Cai
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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9
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Afanas'ev VV, Delie G, Houssa M, Shlyakhov I, Stesmans A, Trepalin V. Band alignment at interfaces of two-dimensional materials: internal photoemission analysis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:413002. [PMID: 32413887 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab937c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The article overviews experimental results obtained by applying internal photoemission (IPE) spectroscopy methods to characterize electron states in single- or few-monolayer thick two-dimensional materials and at their interfaces. Several conducting (graphene) and semiconducting (transitional metal dichalcogenides MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2) films on top of thermal SiO2have been analyzed by IPE, which reveals significant sensitivity of interface band offsets and barriers to the details of the material and interface fabrication, indicating violation of the Schottky-Mott rule. This variability is associated with charges and dipoles formed at the interfaces with van der Waals bonding as opposed to the chemically bonded interfaces of three-dimensional semiconductors and metals. Chemical modification of the underlying SiO2surface is shown to be a significant factor, affecting interface barriers due to violation of the interface electroneutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V Afanas'ev
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gilles Delie
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Houssa
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilya Shlyakhov
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andre Stesmans
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vadim Trepalin
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Zhang H, Dunklin JR, Reid OG, Yun SJ, Nanayakkara SU, Lee YH, Blackburn JL, Miller EM. Disentangling oxygen and water vapor effects on optoelectronic properties of monolayer tungsten disulfide. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8344-8354. [PMID: 32236241 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09326e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
By understanding how the environmental composition impacts the optoelectronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers, we demonstrate that simple photoluminescence (PL) measurements of tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayers can differentiate relative humidity environments. In this paper, we examine the PL and photoconductivity of chemical vapor deposition grown WS2 monolayers under three carefully controlled environments: inert gas (N2), dry air (O2 in N2), and humid nitrogen (H2O vapor in N2). The WS2 PL is measured as a function of 532 nm laser power and exposure time and can be decomposed into the exciton, trion, and lower energy state(s) contributions. Under continuous illumination in either O2 or H2O vapor environment, we find dramatic (and reversible) increases in PL intensity relative to the PL in an inert environment. The PL bathochromically shifts in an O2 environment and is dominated by increased trion emission and diminished exciton emission. In contrast, the WS2 PL increase in a H2O environment results from an overall increase in emission from all spectral components where the exciton contribution dominates. The drastic increases in PL are anticorrelated with corresponding decreases in photoconductivity, as measured by time-resolved microwave conductivity. The results suggest that both O2 and H2O react photochemically with the WS2 monolayer surface, modifying the optoelectronic properties, but do so via distinct pathways. Thus, we use these optoelectronic differences to differentiate the amount of humidity in the air, which we show with 0%, 40%, and 80% relative humidity environments. This deeper understanding of how ambient conditions impact WS2 monolayers enables novel humidity sensors as well as a better understanding of the correlation between TMDC surface chemistry, light emission, and photoconductivity. Moreover, these WS2 measurements highlight the importance of considering the impact of the local environment on reported results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- Materials and Chemical Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
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11
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Kotsakidis JC, Zhang Q, Vazquez de Parga AL, Currie M, Helmerson K, Gaskill DK, Fuhrer MS. Oxidation of Monolayer WS 2 in Ambient Is a Photoinduced Process. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5205-5215. [PMID: 31287707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the ambient air oxidation of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown monolayers of the semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide (S-TMD) WS2 using optical microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Monolayer WS2 exposed to ambient conditions in the presence of light (typical laboratory ambient light for weeks or typical PL spectroscopy map) exhibits damage due to oxidation which can be detected with the LSCM and AFM, though may not be evident in conventional optical microscopy due to poorer contrast and resolution. Additionally, this oxidation was not random and was correlated with "high-symmetry" high intensity edges and red-shifted areas in the PL spectroscopy map, areas thought to contain a higher concentration of sulfur vacancies. In contrast, samples kept in ambient and darkness showed no signs of oxidation for up to 10 months. Low-irradiance/fluence experiments showed that samples subjected to excitation energies at or above the trion excitation energy (532 nm/2.33 eV and 660 nm/1.88 eV) oxidized in as little as 7 days, even for irradiances and fluences 8 and 4 orders of magnitude lower (respectively) than previously reported. No significant oxidation was observed for 760 nm/1.63 eV light exposure, which lies below the trion excitation energy in WS2. The strong wavelength dependence and apparent lack of irradiance dependence suggests that ambient oxidation of WS2 is initiated by photon-mediated electronic band transitions, that is, photo-oxidation. These findings have important implications for prior, present, and future studies concerning S-TMDs measured, stored, or manipulated in ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amadeo L Vazquez de Parga
- Department Física de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Cantoblanco 28049 , Madrid , Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia , Cantoblanco 28049 , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marc Currie
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington DC 20375 , United States
| | | | - D Kurt Gaskill
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington DC 20375 , United States
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12
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Fan P, Zheng B, Sun X, Zheng W, Xu Z, Ge C, Liu Y, Zhuang X, Li D, Wang X, Zhu X, Jiang Y, Pan A. Trion-Induced Distinct Transient Behavior and Stokes Shift in WS 2 Monolayers. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3763-3772. [PMID: 31244271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the excitonic behavior in two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) is of both fundamental interest and critical importance for optoelectronic applications. Here, we investigate the transient excitonic behavior and Stokes shift in WS2 monolayers on both sapphire and glass substrates. Trion formation was confirmed as the origin of the distinct photoluminescence (PL) emission and Stokes shift in WS2 monolayers. Moreover, the transient studies demonstrate faster recombination of both the exciton and the short-lived trion on the glass substrate as compared to that on the sapphire substrate, owing to the heavier n-doping and greater number of defects introduced by the glass substrate. In addition, a long-lived trion species attributed to the intervalley triplet trion was observed on the glass substrate, with a lifetime on the nanosecond time scale. These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of the excitonic behavior and Stokes shift in WS2 monolayers and will lay the foundation for further fundamental investigations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Biyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxia Sun
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weihao Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zheyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihuan Ge
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
| | - Anlian Pan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , People's Republic of China
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13
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Hwang Y, Shin N. Hydrogen-assisted step-edge nucleation of MoSe 2 monolayers on sapphire substrates. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7701-7709. [PMID: 30946393 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of large-area single crystalline monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is essential for a range of electric and optoelectronic applications. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a promising method to achieve this goal by employing orientation control or alignment along the crystalline lattice of the substrate such as sapphire. On the other hand, a fundamental understanding of the aligned-growth mechanism of TMDs is limited. In this report, we show that the controlled introduction of H2 during the CVD growth of MoSe2 plays a vital role in the step-edge aligned nucleation on a c-sapphire (0001) substrate. In particular, the MoSe2 domains nucleate along the [112[combining macron]0] step-edge orientation by flowing H2 subsequent to pure Ar. Systematic studies, including the H2 introduction time, flow rate, and substrate temperature, suggest that the step-edge aligned nucleation of MoSe2 can be controlled by the hydrogen concentration on the sapphire substrate. These results offer important insights into controlling the epitaxial growth of 2D materials on a crystalline substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-Gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Samadi M, Sarikhani N, Zirak M, Zhang H, Zhang HL, Moshfegh AZ. Group 6 transition metal dichalcogenide nanomaterials: synthesis, applications and future perspectives. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:90-204. [PMID: 32254071 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Group 6 transition metal dichalcogenides (G6-TMDs), most notably MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2, WS2 and WSe2, constitute an important class of materials with a layered crystal structure. Various types of G6-TMD nanomaterials, such as nanosheets, nanotubes and quantum dot nano-objects and flower-like nanostructures, have been synthesized. High thermodynamic stability under ambient conditions, even in atomically thin form, made nanosheets of these inorganic semiconductors a valuable asset in the existing library of two-dimensional (2D) materials, along with the well-known semimetallic graphene and insulating hexagonal boron nitride. G6-TMDs generally possess an appropriate bandgap (1-2 eV) which is tunable by size and dimensionality and changes from indirect to direct in monolayer nanosheets, intriguing for (opto)electronic, sensing, and solar energy harvesting applications. Moreover, rich intercalation chemistry and abundance of catalytically active edge sites make them promising for fabrication of novel energy storage devices and advanced catalysts. In this review, we provide an overview on all aspects of the basic science, physicochemical properties and characterization techniques as well as all existing production methods and applications of G6-TMD nanomaterials in a comprehensive yet concise treatment. Particular emphasis is placed on establishing a linkage between the features of production methods and the specific needs of rapidly growing applications of G6-TMDs to develop a production-application selection guide. Based on this selection guide, a framework is suggested for future research on how to bridge existing knowledge gaps and improve current production methods towards technological application of G6-TMD nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morasae Samadi
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9161, Iran.
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15
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Abstract
The growth mechanism and optical performance of MoS2 crystals have been systemically studied by manipulating the growth parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering
- Hangzhou Dianzi University
- Hangzhou
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, and Institute of Optical Communication Materials
| | - Weitao Su
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering
- Hangzhou Dianzi University
- Hangzhou
- China
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16
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Zheng C, Zhang Q, Weber B, Ilatikhameneh H, Chen F, Sahasrabudhe H, Rahman R, Li S, Chen Z, Hellerstedt J, Zhang Y, Duan WH, Bao Q, Fuhrer MS. Direct Observation of 2D Electrostatics and Ohmic Contacts in Template-Grown Graphene/WS 2 Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2785-2793. [PMID: 28221762 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Large-area two-dimensional (2D) heterojunctions are promising building blocks of 2D circuits. Understanding their intriguing electrostatics is pivotal but largely hindered by the lack of direct observations. Here graphene-WS2 heterojunctions are prepared over large areas using a seedless ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition technique. Kelvin probe force microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy characterize the doping in graphene-WS2 heterojunctions as-grown on sapphire and transferred to SiO2 with and without thermal annealing. Both p-n and n-n junctions are observed, and a flat-band condition (zero Schottky barrier height) is found for lightly n-doped WS2, promising low-resistance ohmic contacts. This indicates a more favorable band alignment for graphene-WS2 than has been predicted, likely explaining the low barriers observed in transport experiments on similar heterojunctions. Electrostatic modeling demonstrates that the large depletion width of the graphene-WS2 junction reflects the electrostatics of the one-dimensional junction between two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hesameddin Ilatikhameneh
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Fan Chen
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Harshad Sahasrabudhe
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Rajib Rahman
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN), Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Shiqiang Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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17
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Tan C, Cao X, Wu XJ, He Q, Yang J, Zhang X, Chen J, Zhao W, Han S, Nam GH, Sindoro M, Zhang H. Recent Advances in Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2017; 117:6225-6331. [PMID: 28306244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1956] [Impact Index Per Article: 279.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of mechanically exfoliated graphene in 2004, research on ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has grown exponentially in the fields of condensed matter physics, material science, chemistry, and nanotechnology. Highlighting their compelling physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, as well as their various potential applications, in this Review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the ultrathin 2D nanomaterials with a particular emphasis on their recent advances. First, we introduce the unique advances on ultrathin 2D nanomaterials, followed by the description of their composition and crystal structures. The assortments of their synthetic methods are then summarized, including insights on their advantages and limitations, alongside some recommendations on suitable characterization techniques. We also discuss in detail the utilization of these ultrathin 2D nanomaterials for wide ranges of potential applications among the electronics/optoelectronics, electrocatalysis, batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, photocatalysis, and sensing platforms. Finally, the challenges and outlooks in this promising field are featured on the basis of its current development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Tan
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiehong Cao
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xue-Jun Wu
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qiyuan He
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jian Yang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Junze Chen
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Zhao
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shikui Han
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gwang-Hyeon Nam
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Melinda Sindoro
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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18
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Fu Q, Bao X. Surface chemistry and catalysis confined under two-dimensional materials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:1842-1874. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00424e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces between 2D material overlayers and solid surfaces provide confined spaces for chemical processes, which have stimulated new chemistry under a 2D cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- iChEM
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- iChEM
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
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19
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Yan Z, Chen L, Yoon M, Kumar S. The Role of Interfacial Electronic Properties on Phonon Transport in Two-Dimensional MoS 2 on Metal Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:33299-33306. [PMID: 27934181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the role of interfacial electronic properties on the phonon transport in two-dimensional MoS2 adsorbed on metal substrates (Au and Sc) using first-principles density functional theory and the atomistic Green's function method. Our study reveals that the different degree of orbital hybridization and electronic charge distribution between MoS2 and metal substrates play a significant role in determining the overall phonon-phonon coupling and phonon transmission. The charge transfer caused by the adsorption of MoS2 on Sc substrate can significantly weaken the Mo-S bond strength and change the phonon properties of MoS2, which result in a significant change in thermal boundary conductance (TBC) from one lattice-stacking configuration to another for same metallic substrate. In a lattice-stacking configuration of MoS2/Sc, weakening of the Mo-S bond strength due to charge redistribution results in decrease in the force constant between Mo and S atoms and substantial redistribution of phonon density of states to low-frequency region which affects overall phonon transmission leading to 60% decrease in TBC compared to another configuration of MoS2/Sc. Strong chemical coupling between MoS2 and the Sc substrate leads to a significantly (∼19 times) higher TBC than that of the weakly bound MoS2/Au system. Our findings demonstrate the inherent connection among the interfacial electronic structure, the phonon distribution, and TBC, which helps us understand the mechanism of phonon transport at the MoS2/metal interfaces. The results provide insights for the future design of MoS2-based electronics and a way of enhancing heat dissipation at the interfaces of MoS2-based nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhequan Yan
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Mina Yoon
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Satish Kumar
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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20
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Zhang X, Shao Z, Zhang X, He Y, Jie J. Surface Charge Transfer Doping of Low-Dimensional Nanostructures toward High-Performance Nanodevices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10409-10442. [PMID: 27620001 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Device applications of low-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures rely on the ability to rationally tune their electronic properties. However, the conventional doping method by introducing impurities into the nanostructures suffers from the low efficiency, poor reliability, and damage to the host lattices. Alternatively, surface charge transfer doping (SCTD) is emerging as a simple yet efficient technique to achieve reliable doping in a nondestructive manner, which can modulate the carrier concentration by injecting or extracting the carrier charges between the surface dopant and semiconductor due to the work-function difference. SCTD is particularly useful for low-dimensional nanostructures that possess high surface area and single-crystalline structure. The high reproducibility, as well as the high spatial selectivity, makes SCTD a promising technique to construct high-performance nanodevices based on low-dimensional nanostructures. Here, recent advances of SCTD are summarized systematically and critically, focusing on its potential applications in one- and two-dimensional nanostructures. Mechanisms as well as characterization techniques for the surface charge transfer are analyzed. We also highlight the progress in the construction of novel nanoelectronic and nano-optoelectronic devices via SCTD. Finally, the challenges and future research opportunities of the SCTD method are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Shao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Jie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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21
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Ponraj JS, Xu ZQ, Dhanabalan SC, Mu H, Wang Y, Yuan J, Li P, Thakur S, Ashrafi M, Mccoubrey K, Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang H, Bao Q. Photonics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:462001. [PMID: 27780158 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/46/462001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Apart from conventional materials, the study of two-dimensional (2D) materials has emerged as a significant field of study for a variety of applications. Graphene-like 2D materials are important elements of potential optoelectronics applications due to their exceptional electronic and optical properties. The processing of these materials towards the realization of devices has been one of the main motivations for the recent development of photonics and optoelectronics. The recent progress in photonic devices based on graphene-like 2D materials, especially topological insulators (TIs) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with the methodology level discussions from the viewpoint of state-of-the-art designs in device geometry and materials are detailed in this review. We have started the article with an overview of the electronic properties and continued by highlighting their linear and nonlinear optical properties. The production of TIs and TMDs by different methods is detailed. The following main applications focused towards device fabrication are elaborated: (1) photodetectors, (2) photovoltaic devices, (3) light-emitting devices, (4) flexible devices and (5) laser applications. The possibility of employing these 2D materials in different fields is also suggested based on their properties in the prospective part. This review will not only greatly complement the detailed knowledge of the device physics of these materials, but also provide contemporary perception for the researchers who wish to consider these materials for various applications by following the path of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Sophia Ponraj
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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22
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Fu L, Sun Y, Wu N, Mendes RG, Chen L, Xu Z, Zhang T, Rümmeli MH, Rellinghaus B, Pohl D, Zhuang L, Fu L. Direct Growth of MoS₂/h-BN Heterostructures via a Sulfide-Resistant Alloy. ACS NANO 2016; 10:2063-70. [PMID: 26756578 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Improved properties arise in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) materials when they are stacked onto insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Therefore, the scalable fabrication of TMDCs/h-BN heterostructures by direct chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth is highly desirable. Unfortunately, to achieve this experimentally is challenging. Ideal substrates for h-BN growth, such as Ni, become sulfides during the synthesis process. This leads to the decomposition of the pregrown h-BN film, and thus no TMDCs/h-BN heterostructure forms. Here, we report a thoroughly direct CVD approach to obtain TMDCs/h-BN vertical heterostructures without any intermediate transfer steps. This is attributed to the use of a nickel-based alloy with excellent sulfide-resistant properties and a high catalytic activity for h-BN growth. The strategy enables the direct growth of single-crystal MoS2 grains of up to 200 μm(2) on h-BN, which is approximately 1 order of magnitude larger than that in previous reports. The direct band gap of our grown single-layer MoS2 on h-BN is 1.85 eV, which is quite close to that for free-standing exfoliated equivalents. This strategy is not limited to MoS2-based heterostructures and so allows the fabrication of a variety of TMDCs/h-BN heterostructures, suggesting the technique has promise for nanoelectronics and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yangyong Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | | | - Linfeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | | | | | - Darius Pohl
- IFW Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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23
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Rezk AR, Carey B, Chrimes AF, Lau DWM, Gibson BC, Zheng C, Fuhrer MS, Yeo LY, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Acoustically-Driven Trion and Exciton Modulation in Piezoelectric Two-Dimensional MoS2. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:849-55. [PMID: 26729449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
By exploiting the very recent discovery of the piezoelectricity in odd-numbered layers of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), we show the possibility of reversibly tuning the photoluminescence of single and odd-numbered multilayered MoS2 using high frequency sound wave coupling. We observe a strong quenching in the photoluminescence associated with the dissociation and spatial separation of electrons-holes quasi-particles at low applied acoustic powers. At the same applied powers, we note a relative preference for ionization of trions into excitons. This work also constitutes the first visual presentation of the surface displacement in one-layered MoS2 using laser Doppler vibrometry. Such observations are associated with the acoustically generated electric field arising from the piezoelectric nature of MoS2 for odd-numbered layers. At larger applied powers, the thermal effect dominates the behavior of the two-dimensional flakes. Altogether, the work reveals several key fundamentals governing acousto-optic properties of odd-layered MoS2 that can be implemented in future optical and electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Changxi Zheng
- Monash Centre for Atomically Thin Materials, Monash University , Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael S Fuhrer
- Monash Centre for Atomically Thin Materials, Monash University , Victoria 3800, Australia
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Xu ZQ, Zhang Y, Lin S, Zheng C, Zhong YL, Xia X, Li Z, Sophia PJ, Fuhrer MS, Cheng YB, Bao Q. Synthesis and Transfer of Large-Area Monolayer WS2 Crystals: Moving Toward the Recyclable Use of Sapphire Substrates. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6178-6187. [PMID: 25961515 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) show intriguing potential for optoelectronic devices due to their exotic electronic and optical properties. Only a few efforts have been dedicated to large-area growth of TMDs. Practical applications will require improving the efficiency and reducing the cost of production, through (1) new growth methods to produce large size TMD monolayer with less-stringent conditions, and (2) nondestructive transfer techniques that enable multiple reuse of growth substrate. In this work, we report to employ atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) for the synthesis of large size (>100 μm) single crystals of atomically thin tungsten disulfide (WS2), a member of TMD family, on sapphire substrate. More importantly, we demonstrate a polystyrene (PS) mediated delamination process via capillary force in water which reduces the etching time in base solution and imposes only minor damage to the sapphire substrate. The transferred WS2 flakes are of excellent continuity and exhibit comparable electron mobility after several growth cycles on the reused sapphire substrate. Interestingly, the photoluminescence emission from WS2 grown on the recycled sapphire is much higher than that on fresh sapphire, possibly due to p-type doping of monolayer WS2 flakes by a thin layer of water intercalated at the atomic steps of the recycled sapphire substrate. The growth and transfer techniques described here are expected to be applicable to other atomically thin TMD materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Quan Xu
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- ‡The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenghuang Lin
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- §Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Changxi Zheng
- ⊥Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- ∥School of Physics, Monash University, Monash 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu Lin Zhong
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xue Xia
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhipeng Li
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ponraj Joice Sophia
- §Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Michael S Fuhrer
- ∥School of Physics, Monash University, Monash 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi-Bing Cheng
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- §Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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