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Liu J, Zeng H, Cheng M, Wang Z, Wang J, Cen M, Luo D, Priimagi A, Liu YJ. Photoelastic plasmonic metasurfaces with ultra-large near infrared spectral tuning. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:942-951. [PMID: 34942638 PMCID: PMC8900491 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01377g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, consisting of artificially fabricated sub-wavelength meta-atoms with pre-designable electromagnetic properties, provide novel opportunities to a variety of applications such as light detectors/sensors, local field imaging and optical displays. Currently, the tuning of most metasurfaces requires redesigning and reproducing the entire structure, rendering them ineligible for post-fabrication shape-morphing or spectral reconfigurability. Here, we report a photoelastic metasurface with an all-optical and reversible resonance tuning in the near infrared range. The photoelastic metasurface consists of hexagonal gold nanoarrays deposited on a deformable substrate made of a liquid crystalline network. Upon photo-actuation, the substrate deforms, causing the lattice to change and, as a result, the plasmon resonance to shift. The centre wavelength of the plasmon resonance exhibits an ultra-large spectral tuning of over 245 nm, from 1490 to 1245 nm, while the anisotropic deformability also endows light-switchable sensitivity in probing polarization. The proposed concept establishes a light-controlled soft platform that is of great potential for tunable/reconfigurable photonic devices, such as nano-filters, -couplers, -holograms, and displays with structural colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Hao Zeng
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere FI-33101, Finland.
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zhenming Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Mengjia Cen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Smart Photonic Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere FI-33101, Finland.
| | - Yan Jun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Southern University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Lee CW, Choi HJ, Jeong H. Tunable metasurfaces for visible and SWIR applications. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:3. [PMID: 31956942 PMCID: PMC6970092 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Demand on optical or photonic applications in the visible or short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectra, such as vision, virtual or augmented displays, imaging, spectroscopy, remote sensing (LIDAR), chemical reaction sensing, microscopy, and photonic integrated circuits, has envisaged new type of subwavelength-featured materials and devices for controlling electromagnetic waves. The study on metasurfaces, of which the thickness is either comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of the considered incoming electromagnetic wave, has been grown rapidly to embrace the needs of developing sub 100-micron active photonic pixelated devices and their arrayed form. Meta-atoms in metasurfaces are now actively controlled under external stimuli to lead to a large phase shift upon the incident light, which has provided a huge potential for arrayed two-dimensional active optics. This short review summarizes actively tunable or reconfigurable metasurfaces for the visible or SWIR spectra, to account for the physical operating principles and the current issues to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Won Lee
- Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Department of Applied Optics, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 34158, Korea.
| | - Hee Jin Choi
- Institute of Advanced Optics and Photonics, Department of Applied Optics, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, 34158, Korea
| | - Heejeong Jeong
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Liu Y, Zhang S, He J, Wang ZM, Liu Z. Recent Progress in the Fabrication, Properties, and Devices of Heterostructures Based on 2D Materials. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 11:13. [PMID: 34137973 PMCID: PMC7770868 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With a large number of researches being conducted on two-dimensional (2D) materials, their unique properties in optics, electrics, mechanics, and magnetics have attracted increasing attention. Accordingly, the idea of combining distinct functional 2D materials into heterostructures naturally emerged that provides unprecedented platforms for exploring new physics that are not accessible in a single 2D material or 3D heterostructures. Along with the rapid development of controllable, scalable, and programmed synthesis techniques of high-quality 2D heterostructures, various heterostructure devices with extraordinary performance have been designed and fabricated, including tunneling transistors, photodetectors, and spintronic devices. In this review, we present a summary of the latest progresses in fabrications, properties, and applications of different types of 2D heterostructures, followed by the discussions on present challenges and perspectives of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Siyu Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming M Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongwen Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Kumazoe H, Krishnamoorthy A, Bassman L, Kalia RK, Nakano A, Shimojo F, Vashishta P. Photo-induced lattice contraction in layered materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:32LT02. [PMID: 29957601 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural and electronic changes induced by optical excitation is a promising technique for functionalization of 2D crystals. Characterizing the effect of excited electronic states on the in-plane covalent bonding network as well as the relatively weaker out-of-plane dispersion interactions is necessary to tune photo-response in these highly anisotropic crystal structures. In-plane atom dynamics was measured using pump-probe experiments and characterized using ab initio simulations, but the effect of electronic excitation on weak out-of-plane van der Waals bonds is less well-studied. We use non-adiabatic quantum molecular dynamics to investigate atomic motion in photoexcited MoS2 bilayers. We observe a strong athermal reduction in the lattice parameter along the out-of-plane direction within 100 fs after electronic excitation, resulting from redistribution of electrons to excited states that have lesser anti-bonding character between layers. This non-trivial behavior of weakly bonded interactions during photoexcitation could have potential applications for modulating properties in materials systems containing non-covalent interactions like layered materials and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kumazoe
- Department of Physics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Kumar N, Rúa A, Aldama J, Echeverría K, Fernández FE, Lysenko S. Photoinduced surface plasmon switching at VO 2/Au interface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:13773-13782. [PMID: 29877425 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.013773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Angle-resolved reflection, light scattering and ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy combined with a surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) resonance technique in attenuated total reflection geometry was used to investigate the light-induced plasmonic switching in a photorefractive VO2/Au hybrid structure. Measurements of SPP scattering and reflection shows that the optically-induced formation of metallic state in a vanadium dioxide layer deposited on a gold film significantly alters the electromagnetic field enhancement and SPP propagation length at the VO2/Au interface. The ultrafast optical manipulation of SPP resonance is shown on a picosecond timescale. Obtained results demonstrate high potential of photorefractive vanadium oxides as efficient plasmonic modulating materials for ultrafast optoelectronic devices.
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Yu Y, Yu Y, Huang L, Peng H, Xiong L, Cao L. Giant Gating Tunability of Optical Refractive Index in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3613-3618. [PMID: 28505462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report that the refractive index of transition metal dichacolgenide (TMDC) monolayers, such as MoS2, WS2, and WSe2, can be substantially tuned by >60% in the imaginary part and >20% in the real part around exciton resonances using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible electrical gating. This giant tunablility is rooted in the dominance of excitonic effects in the refractive index of the monolayers and the strong susceptibility of the excitons to the influence of injected charge carriers. The tunability mainly results from the effects of injected charge carriers to broaden the spectral width of excitonic interband transitions and to facilitate the interconversion of neutral and charged excitons. The other effects of the injected charge carriers, such as renormalizing bandgap and changing exciton binding energy, only play negligible roles. We also demonstrate that the atomically thin monolayers, when combined with photonic structures, can enable the efficiencies of optical absorption (reflection) tuned from 40% (60%) to 80% (20%) due to the giant tunability of the refractive index. This work may pave the way toward the development of field-effect photonics in which the optical functionality can be controlled with CMOS circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haowei Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19405, United States
| | - Liwei Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
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Yu S, Wu X, Wang Y, Guo X, Tong L. 2D Materials for Optical Modulation: Challenges and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28220971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their atomic layer thickness, strong light-material interaction, high nonlinearity, broadband optical response, fast relaxation, controllable optoelectronic properties, and high compatibility with other photonic structures, 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus, have been attracting increasing attention for photonic applications. By tuning the carrier density via electrical or optical means that modifies their physical properties (e.g., Fermi level or nonlinear absorption), optical response of the 2D materials can be instantly changed, making them versatile nanostructures for optical modulation. Here, up-to-date 2D material-based optical modulation in three categories is reviewed: free-space, fiber-based, and on-chip configurations. By analysing cons and pros of different modulation approaches from material and mechanism aspects, the challenges faced by using these materials for device applications are presented. In addition, thermal effects (e.g., laser induced damage) in 2D materials, which are critical to practical applications, are also discussed. Finally, the outlook for future opportunities of these 2D materials for optical modulation is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yipei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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Park J, Kang JH, Kim SJ, Liu X, Brongersma ML. Dynamic Reflection Phase and Polarization Control in Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:407-413. [PMID: 27936784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces are two-dimensional optical elements composed of dense arrays of subwavelength optical antennas and afford on-demand manipulation of the basic properties of light waves. Following the pioneering works on active metasurfaces capable of modulating wave amplitude, there is now a growing interest to dynamically control other fundamental properties of light. Here, we present metasurfaces that facilitate electrical tuning of the reflection phase and polarization properties. To realize these devices, we leverage the properties of actively controlled plasmonic antennas and fundamental insights provided by coupled mode theory. Indium-tin-oxide is embedded into gap-plasmon resonator-antennas as it offers electrically tunable optical properties. By judiciously controlling the resonant properties of the antennas from under- to overcoupling regimes, we experimentally demonstrate tuning of the reflection phase over 180°. This work opens up new design strategies for active metasurfaces for displacement measurements and tunable waveplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Park
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiaoge Liu
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Wang X, Deng Y, Li Q, Huang Y, Gong Z, B Tom K, Yao J. Excitation and propagation of surface plasmon polaritons on a non-structured surface with a permittivity gradient. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16179. [PMID: 30167135 PMCID: PMC6059887 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Accompanied by the rise of plasmonic materials beyond those based on noble metals and the development of advanced materials processing techniques, it is important to understand the plasmonic behavior of materials with large-scale inhomogeneity (such as gradient permittivity materials) because they cannot be modeled simply as scatterers. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the excitation and propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on a planar interface between a homogeneous dielectric and a material with a gradient of negative permittivity. We demonstrate the following: (i) free-space propagating waves and surface waves can be coupled by a gradient negative-permittivity material and (ii) the coupling can be enhanced if the material permittivity variation is suitably designed. This theory is then verified by numerical simulations. A direct application of this theory, 'rainbow trapping', is also proposed, considering a realistic design based on doped indium antimonide. This theory may lead to various applications, such as ultracompact spectroscopy and dynamically controllable generation of SPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qitong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yijing Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zilun Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kyle B Tom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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