1
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Christensen EE, Amin M, Tumiel TM, Krauss TD. Localized Charge on Surfactant-Wrapped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10705-10712. [PMID: 36367529 PMCID: PMC9706551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As-synthesized, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are nominally charge neutral. However, ionic surfactants that are commonly used to disperse SWCNTs in solution can lead to significantly charged aggregates adsorbed to the nanotube. Here, electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) was used to characterize the static-charge interactions between individual SWCNTs and the local environment. We report nonuniform spatial charge distributions with highly varying magnitudes ranging between ±15 e associated with surfactant coverage on long SWCNTs (>1.5 μm). EFM images acquired after resonant photoexcitation demonstrate charge carrier localization due to electrostatic interactions with charged surfactant aggregates. Charge densities as measured by EFM are used to estimate the depth of this electrostatically induced potential well, calculated to be on the order of hundreds of millielectronvolts, suggesting that surfactant charges heterogeneously covering SWCNTs provide traps for excitons potentially leading to their localization.
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2
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Li MK, Riaz A, Wederhake M, Fink K, Saha A, Dehm S, He X, Schöppler F, Kappes MM, Htoon H, Popov VN, Doorn SK, Hertel T, Hennrich F, Krupke R. Electroluminescence from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Quantum Defects. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11742-11754. [PMID: 35732039 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes with covalent sidewall defects have emerged as a class of photon sources whose photoluminescence spectra can be tailored by the carbon nanotube chirality and the attached functional group/molecule. Here we present electroluminescence spectroscopy data from single-tube devices based on (7, 5) carbon nanotubes, functionalized with dichlorobenzene molecules, and wired to graphene electrodes. We observe electrically generated, defect-induced emissions that are controllable by electrostatic gating and strongly red-shifted compared to emissions from pristine nanotubes. The defect-induced emissions are assigned to excitonic and trionic recombination processes by correlating electroluminescence excitation maps with electrical transport and photoluminescence data. At cryogenic conditions, additional gate-dependent emission lines appear, which are assigned to phonon-assisted hot-exciton electroluminescence from quasi-levels. Similar results were obtained with functionalized (6, 5) nanotubes. We also compare functionalized (7, 5) electroluminescence data with photoluminescence of pristine and functionalized (7, 5) nanotubes redox-doped using gold(III) chloride solution. This work shows that electroluminescence excitation is selective toward neutral defect-state configurations with the lowest transition energy, which in combination with gate-control over neutral versus charged defect-state emission leads to high spectral purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ken Li
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adnan Riaz
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martina Wederhake
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Avishek Saha
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xiaowei He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Friedrich Schöppler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tobias Hertel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Sebastian FL, Zorn NF, Settele S, Lindenthal S, Berger FJ, Bendel C, Li H, Flavel BS, Zaumseil J. Absolute Quantification of sp 3 Defects in Semiconducting Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3542-3548. [PMID: 35420437 PMCID: PMC9059186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with luminescent sp3 defects creates red-shifted emission features in the near-infrared and boosts their photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). While multiple synthetic routes for the selective introduction of sp3 defects have been developed, a convenient metric to precisely quantify the number of defects on a SWCNT lattice is not available. Here, we present a direct and simple quantification protocol based on a linear correlation of the integrated Raman D/G+ signal ratios and defect densities as extracted from PLQY measurements. Corroborated by a statistical analysis of single-nanotube emission spectra at cryogenic temperature, this method enables the quantitative evaluation of sp3 defect densities in (6,5) SWCNTs with an error of ±3 defects per micrometer and the determination of oscillator strengths for different defect types. The developed protocol requires only standard Raman spectroscopy and is independent of the defect configuration, dispersion solvent, and nanotube length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn L. Sebastian
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bendel
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Synthetic control over the binding configuration of luminescent sp 3-defects in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2119. [PMID: 33837208 PMCID: PMC8035247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The controlled functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with luminescent sp3-defects has created the potential to employ them as quantum-light sources in the near-infrared. For that, it is crucial to control their spectral diversity. The emission wavelength is determined by the binding configuration of the defects rather than the molecular structure of the attached groups. However, current functionalization methods produce a variety of binding configurations and thus emission wavelengths. We introduce a simple reaction protocol for the creation of only one type of luminescent defect in polymer-sorted (6,5) nanotubes, which is more red-shifted and exhibits longer photoluminescence lifetimes than the commonly obtained binding configurations. We demonstrate single-photon emission at room temperature and expand this functionalization to other polymer-wrapped nanotubes with emission further in the near-infrared. As the selectivity of the reaction with various aniline derivatives depends on the presence of an organic base we propose nucleophilic addition as the reaction mechanism. Covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with luminescent sp3-defects generally produces a variety of binding configurations and emission wavelengths. The authors propose a base-mediated nucleophilic functionalization approach to selectively achieve configurations for E11* and E11*- or purely E11*- defect emission.
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5
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Gaulke M, Janissek A, Peyyety NA, Alamgir I, Riaz A, Dehm S, Li H, Lemmer U, Flavel BS, Kappes MM, Hennrich F, Wei L, Chen Y, Pyatkov F, Krupke R. Low-Temperature Electroluminescence Excitation Mapping of Excitons and Trions in Short-Channel Monochiral Carbon Nanotube Devices. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2709-2717. [PMID: 31920075 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes as emerging quantum-light sources may fill a technological gap in silicon photonics due to their potential use as near-infrared, electrically driven, classical or nonclassical emitters. Unlike in photoluminescence, where nanotubes are excited with light, electrical excitation of single tubes is challenging and heavily influenced by device fabrication, architecture, and biasing conditions. Here we present electroluminescence spectroscopy data of ultra-short-channel devices made from (9,8) carbon nanotubes emitting in the telecom band. Emissions are stable under current biasing, and no enhanced suppression is observed down to 10 nm gap size. Low-temperature electroluminescence spectroscopy data also reported exhibit cold emission and line widths down to 2 meV at 4 K. Electroluminescence excitation maps give evidence that carrier recombination is the mechanism for light generation in short channels. Excitonic and trionic emissions can be switched on and off by gate voltage, and corresponding emission efficiency maps were compiled. Insights are gained into the influence of acoustic phonons on the line width, absence of intensity saturation and exciton-exciton annihilation, environmental effects such as dielectric screening and strain on the emission wavelength, and conditions to suppress hysteresis and establish optimum operation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gaulke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Janissek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Naga Anirudh Peyyety
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Imtiaz Alamgir
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adnan Riaz
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Li Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Felix Pyatkov
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Nutz M, Zhang J, Kim M, Kwon H, Wu X, Wang Y, Högele A. Photon Correlation Spectroscopy of Luminescent Quantum Defects in Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7078-7084. [PMID: 31478677 PMCID: PMC6814285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Defect-decorated single-wall carbon nanotubes have shown rapid growing potential for imaging, sensing, and the development of room-temperature single-photon sources. The key to the highly nonclassical emission statistics is the discrete energy spectrum of defect-localized excitons. However, variations in defect configurations give rise to distinct spectral bands that may compromise single-photon efficiency and purity in practical devices, and experimentally it has been challenging to study the exciton population distribution among the various defect-specific states. Here, we performed photon correlation spectroscopy on hexyl-decorated single-wall carbon nanotubes to unravel the dynamics and competition between neutral and charged exciton populations. With autocorrelation measurements at the single-tube level, we prove the nonclassical photon emission statistics of defect-specific exciton and trion photoluminescence and identify their mutual exclusiveness in photoemissive events with cross-correlation spectroscopy. Moreover, our study reveals the presence of a dark state with population-shelving time scales between 10 and 100 ns. These new insights will guide further development of chemically tailored carbon nanotube states for quantum photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nutz
- Faculty
of Physics, Munich Quantum Center and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingtr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Faculty
of Physics, Munich Quantum Center and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
- Shanghai
Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 865 Changning
Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regent
Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hyejin Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regent
Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regent
Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regent
Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alexander Högele
- Faculty
of Physics, Munich Quantum Center and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich
Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingtr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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7
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Raynaud C, Claude T, Borel A, Amara MR, Graf A, Zaumseil J, Lauret JS, Chassagneux Y, Voisin C. Superlocalization of Excitons in Carbon Nanotubes at Cryogenic Temperature. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7210-7216. [PMID: 31487461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
At cryogenic temperature and at the single emitter level, the optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes depart drastically from that of a one-dimensional (1D) object. In fact, the (usually unintentional) localization of excitons in local potential wells leads to nearly 0D behaviors such as photon antibunching, spectral diffusion, inhomogeneous broadening, etc. Here, we present a hyperspectral imaging of this spontaneous exciton localization effect at the single nanotube level using a super-resolved optical microscopy approach. We report on the statistical distribution of the trap localization, depth, and width. We use a quasi-resonant photoluminescence excitation approach to probe the confined quantum states. Numerical simulations of the quantum states and exciton diffusion show that the excitonic states are deeply modified by the interface disorder inducing a remarkable discretization of the excitonic absorption spectrum and a quenching of the free 1D exciton absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Raynaud
- Laboratoire de Physique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL, CNRS , Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université , 75005 Paris , France
| | - T Claude
- Laboratoire de Physique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL, CNRS , Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université , 75005 Paris , France
| | - A Borel
- Laboratoire de Physique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL, CNRS , Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université , 75005 Paris , France
| | - M R Amara
- Laboratoire de Physique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL, CNRS , Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université , 75005 Paris , France
| | - A Graf
- Institute for Physical Chemistry , Heidelberg University , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - J Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry , Heidelberg University , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - J-S Lauret
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, École Normale Supérieure de Paris Saclay , Université Paris Saclay, CNRS , 91400 Orsay , France
| | - Y Chassagneux
- Laboratoire de Physique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL, CNRS , Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université , 75005 Paris , France
| | - C Voisin
- Laboratoire de Physique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL, CNRS , Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université , 75005 Paris , France
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8
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He X, Sun L, Gifford BJ, Tretiak S, Piryatinski A, Li X, Htoon H, Doorn SK. Intrinsic limits of defect-state photoluminescence dynamics in functionalized carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9125-9132. [PMID: 31032824 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02175b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Defect states introduced to single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by covalent functionalization give rise to novel photophysics and are showing promise as sources of room-temperature quantum emission of interest for quantum information technologies. Evaluation of their ultimate potential for such needs requires a knowledge of intrinsic dynamic and coherence behaviors. Here we probe population relaxation and dephasing time (T1 and T2, respectively) of defect states following deposition of functionalized SWCNTs on polystyrene substrates that are subjected to an isopropanol rinse to remove surfactant. Low-temperature (4 K) photo-luminescence linewidths (∼100 μeV) following surfactant removal are a factor of ten narrower than those for unrinsed SWCNTs. Measured recombination lifetimes, on the order of 1.5 ns, compare well with those estimated from DFT calculations, indicating that the intrinsic radiatively-limited lifetime is approached following this sample treatment. Dephasing times evaluated directly through an interferometric approach compare closely to those established by photoluminescence linewidths. Dephasing times as high as 12 ps are found; a factor of up to 6 times greater than those evaluated for band-edge exciton states. Such enhancement of dephasing and photoluminescence lifetime behavior is a direct consequence of exciton localization at the SWCNT defect sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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9
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He X, Htoon H, Doorn SK, Pernice WHP, Pyatkov F, Krupke R, Jeantet A, Chassagneux Y, Voisin C. Carbon nanotubes as emerging quantum-light sources. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:663-670. [PMID: 29915427 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Progress in quantum computing and quantum cryptography requires efficient, electrically triggered, single-photon sources at room temperature in the telecom wavelengths. It has been long known that semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) display strong excitonic binding and emit light over a broad range of wavelengths, but their use has been hampered by a low quantum yield and a high sensitivity to spectral diffusion and blinking. In this Perspective, we discuss recent advances in the mastering of SWCNT optical properties by chemistry, electrical contacting and resonator coupling towards advancing their use as quantum light sources. We describe the latest results in terms of single-photon purity, generation efficiency and indistinguishability. Finally, we consider the main fundamental challenges stemming from the unique properties of SWCNTs and the most promising roads for SWCNT-based chip integrated quantum photonic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- X He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - H Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - S K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - W H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - F Pyatkov
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Jeantet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Y Chassagneux
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - C Voisin
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.
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10
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Noé JC, Nutz M, Reschauer J, Morell N, Tsioutsios I, Reserbat-Plantey A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Bachtold A, Högele A. Environmental Electrometry with Luminescent Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4136-4140. [PMID: 29921119 PMCID: PMC6692058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that localized excitons in luminescent carbon nanotubes can be utilized to study electrostatic fluctuations in the nanotube environment with sensitivity down to the elementary charge. By monitoring the temporal evolution of the cryogenic photoluminescence from individual carbon nanotubes grown on silicon oxide and hexagonal boron nitride, we characterize the dynamics of charge trap defects for both dielectric supports. We find a one order of magnitude reduction in the photoluminescence spectral wandering for nanotubes on extended atomically flat terraces of hexagonal boron nitride. For nanotubes on hexagonal boron nitride with pronounced spectral fluctuations, our analysis suggests proximity to terrace ridges where charge fluctuators agglomerate to exhibit areal densities exceeding those of silicon oxide. Our results establish carbon nanotubes as sensitive probes of environmental charge fluctuations and highlight their potential for applications in electrometric nanodevices with all-optical readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Noé
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - Manuel Nutz
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - Jonathan Reschauer
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
| | - Nicolas Morell
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Spain
| | - Ioannis Tsioutsios
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Spain
| | - Antoine Reserbat-Plantey
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Spain
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Spain
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultät für Physik, Munich Quantum Center, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1 , 80539 München , Germany
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11
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Ishii A, He X, Hartmann NF, Machiya H, Htoon H, Doorn SK, Kato YK. Enhanced Single-Photon Emission from Carbon-Nanotube Dopant States Coupled to Silicon Microcavities. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3873-3878. [PMID: 29781621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes are a promising material as quantum light sources at room temperature and as nanoscale light sources for integrated photonic circuits on silicon. Here, we show that the integration of dopant states in carbon nanotubes and silicon microcavities can provide bright and high-purity single-photon emitters on a silicon photonics platform at room temperature. We perform photoluminescence spectroscopy and observe the enhancement of emission from the dopant states by a factor of ∼50, and cavity-enhanced radiative decay is confirmed using time-resolved measurements, in which a ∼30% decrease of emission lifetime is observed. The statistics of photons emitted from the cavity-coupled dopant states are investigated by photon-correlation measurements, and high-purity single photon generation is observed. The excitation power dependence of photon emission statistics shows that the degree of photon antibunching can be kept high even when the excitation power increases, while the single-photon emission rate can be increased to ∼1.7 × 107 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ishii
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Xiaowei He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Nicolai F Hartmann
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Hidenori Machiya
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Yuichiro K Kato
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
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Quantum dot-like excitonic behavior in individual single walled-carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37167. [PMID: 27849046 PMCID: PMC5111057 DOI: 10.1038/srep37167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional materials with great prospects for applications such as optoelectronic and quantum information devices. Yet, their optical performance is hindered by low fluorescent yield. Highly mobile excitons interacting with quenching sites are attributed to be one of the main non-radiative decay mechanisms that shortens the exciton lifetime. In this paper we report on time-integrated photoluminescence measurements on individual polymer wrapped semiconducting carbon nanotubes. An ultra narrow linewidth we observed demonstrates intrinsic exciton dynamics. Furthermore, we identify a state filling effect in individual carbon nanotubes at cryogenic temperatures as previously observed in quantum dots. We propose that each of the CNTs is segmented into a chain of zero-dimensional states confined by a varying local potential along the CNT, determined by local environmental factors such as the amount of polymer wrapping. Spectral diffusion is also observed, which is consistent with the tunneling of excitons between these confined states.
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