1
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Dai Y, Zhu F, Fan K, Chen Q, Zhang L, Zhou F, Fei Y, Yuan H, Shi H, Wang H, Jia X, Zhao Q, Tu X, Kang L, Chen J, Jin B, Wu P. Mid-infrared superconducting nanowire single photon detector enhanced by overcoupled metasurfaces. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024:S2095-9273(24)00491-2. [PMID: 39107148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dai
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengjie Zhu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kebin Fan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Labao Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Fei Zhou
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Fei
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongkai Shi
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jia
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhao
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Xuecou Tu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Biaobing Jin
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems with Extreme Performances of MOE, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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2
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Li Z, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Fu L. An efficient modeling workflow for high-performance nanowire single-photon avalanche detector. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:175209. [PMID: 38237187 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Single-photon detector (SPD), an essential building block of the quantum communication system, plays a fundamental role in developing next-generation quantum technologies. In this work, we propose an efficient modeling workflow of nanowire SPDs utilizing avalanche breakdown at reverse-biased conditions. The proposed workflow is explored to maximize computational efficiency and balance time-consuming drift-diffusion simulation with fast script-based post-processing. Without excessive computational effort, we could predict a suite of key device performance metrics, including breakdown voltage, dark/light avalanche built-up time, photon detection efficiency, dark count rate, and the deterministic part of timing jitter due to device structures. Implementing the proposed workflow onto a single InP nanowire and comparing it to the extensively studied planar devices and superconducting nanowire SPDs, we showed the great potential of nanowire avalanche SPD to outperform their planar counterparts and obtain as superior performance as superconducting nanowires, i.e. achieve a high photon detection efficiency of 70% with a dark count rate less than 20 Hz at non-cryogenic temperature. The proposed workflow is not limited to single-nanowire or nanowire-based device modeling and can be readily extended to more complicated two-/three dimensional structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lan Fu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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3
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Chang WJ, Sakotic Z, Ware A, Green AM, Roman BJ, Kim K, Truskett TM, Wasserman D, Milliron DJ. Wavelength Tunable Infrared Perfect Absorption in Plasmonic Nanocrystal Monolayers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:972-982. [PMID: 38117550 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to efficiently absorb light in ultrathin (subwavelength) layers is essential for modern electro-optic devices, including detectors, sensors, and nonlinear modulators. Tailoring these ultrathin films' spectral, spatial, and polarimetric properties is highly desirable for many, if not all, of the above applications. Doing so, however, often requires costly lithographic techniques or exotic materials, limiting scalability. Here we propose, demonstrate, and analyze a mid-infrared absorber architecture leveraging monolayer films of nanoplasmonic colloidal tin-doped indium oxide nanocrystals (ITO NCs). We fabricate a series of ITO NC monolayer films using the liquid-air interface method; by synthetically varying the Sn dopant concentration in the NCs, we achieve spectrally selective perfect absorption tunable between wavelengths of two and five micrometers. We achieve monolayer thickness-controlled coupling strength tuning by varying NC size, allowing access to different coupling regimes. Furthermore, we synthesize a bilayer film that enables broadband absorption covering the entire midwave IR region (λ = 3-5 μm). We demonstrate a scalable platform, with perfect absorption in monolayer films only hundredths of a wavelength in thickness, enabling strong light-matter interaction, with potential applications for molecular detection and ultrafast nonlinear optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Je Chang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zarko Sakotic
- Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Alexander Ware
- Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Allison M Green
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benjamin J Roman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kihoon Kim
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Thomas M Truskett
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Daniel Wasserman
- Chandra Family Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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4
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Yang JW, Peng TY, Clarke DDA, Bello FD, Chen JW, Yeh HC, Syong WR, Liang CT, Hess O, Lu YJ. Nanoscale Gap-Plasmon-Enhanced Superconducting Photon Detectors at Single-Photon Level. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11387-11394. [PMID: 37906586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
With a growing demand for detecting light at the single-photon level in various fields, researchers are focused on optimizing the performance of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) by using multiple approaches. However, input light coupling for visible light has remained a challenge in the development of efficient SSPDs. To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel system that integrates NbN superconducting microwire photon detectors (SMPDs) with gap-plasmon resonators to improve the photon detection efficiency to 98% while preserving all detector performance features, such as polarization insensitivity. The plasmonic SMPDs exhibit a hot-belt effect that generates a nonlinear photoresponse in the visible range operated at 9 K (∼0.64Tc), resulting in a 233-fold increase in phonon-electron interaction factor (γ) compared to pristine SMPDs at resonance under CW illumination. These findings open up new opportunities for ultrasensitive single-photon detection in areas like quantum information processing, quantum optics, imaging, and sensing at visible wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Yang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Peng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Daniel D A Clarke
- School of Physics and CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Frank Daniel Bello
- School of Physics and CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Jia-Wern Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chen Yeh
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ren Syong
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Te Liang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ortwin Hess
- School of Physics and CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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5
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Hummel T, Widhalm A, Höpker JP, Jöns KD, Chang J, Fognini A, Steinhauer S, Zwiller V, Zrenner A, Bartley TJ. Nanosecond gating of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors using cryogenic bias circuitry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:610-625. [PMID: 36606996 DOI: 10.1364/oe.472058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) show near unity efficiency, low dark count rate, and short recovery time. Combining these characteristics with temporal control of SNSPDs broadens their applications as in active de-latching for higher dynamic range counting or temporal filtering for pump-probe spectroscopy or LiDAR. To that end, we demonstrate active gating of an SNSPD with a minimum off-to-on rise time of 2.4 ns and a total gate length of 5.0 ns. We show how the rise time depends on the inductance of the detector in combination with the control electronics. The gate window is demonstrated to be fully and freely, electrically tunable up to 500 ns at a repetition rate of 1.0 MHz, as well as ungated, free-running operation. Control electronics to generate the gating are mounted on the 2.3 K stage of a closed-cycle sorption cryostat, while the detector is operated on the cold stage at 0.8 K. We show that the efficiency and timing jitter of the detector is not altered during the on-time of the gating window. We exploit gated operation to demonstrate a method to increase in the photon counting dynamic range by a factor 11.2, as well as temporal filtering of a strong pump in an emulated pump-probe experiment.
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6
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Häußler M, Terhaar R, Wolff MA, Gehring H, Beutel F, Hartmann W, Walter N, Tillmann M, Ahangarianabhari M, Wahl M, Röhlicke T, Rahn HJ, Pernice WHP, Schuck C. Scaling waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector solutions to large numbers of independent optical channels. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:013103. [PMID: 36725578 DOI: 10.1063/5.0114903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are an enabling technology for modern quantum information science and are gaining attractiveness for the most demanding photon counting tasks in other fields. Embedding such detectors in photonic integrated circuits enables additional counting capabilities through nanophotonic functionalization. Here, we show how a scalable number of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors can be interfaced with independent fiber optic channels on the same chip. Our plug-and-play detector package is hosted inside a compact and portable closed-cycle cryostat providing cryogenic signal amplification for up to 64 channels. We demonstrate state-of-the-art multi-channel photon counting performance with average system detection efficiency of (40.5 ± 9.4)% and dark count rate of (123 ± 34) Hz for 32 individually addressable detectors at minimal noise-equivalent power of (5.1 ± 1.2) · 10-18 W/Hz. Our detectors achieve timing jitter as low as 26 ps, which increases to (114 ± 17) ps for high-speed multi-channel operation using dedicated time-correlated single photon counting electronics. Our multi-channel single photon receiver offers exciting measurement capabilities for future quantum communication, remote sensing, and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Häußler
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Robin Terhaar
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Martin A Wolff
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Helge Gehring
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Fabian Beutel
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Wladick Hartmann
- PixelPhotonics GmbH, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nicolai Walter
- PixelPhotonics GmbH, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Max Tillmann
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wahl
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tino Röhlicke
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Carsten Schuck
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
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7
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Beutel F, Grottke T, Wolff MA, Schuck C, Pernice WHP. Cryo-compatible opto-mechanical low-voltage phase-modulator integrated with superconducting single-photon detectors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:30066-30074. [PMID: 36242118 DOI: 10.1364/oe.462163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have enabled novel functionality in quantum optics, quantum information processing and quantum communication. PICs based on Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) provide low-loss passive components and are compatible with efficient superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs). For realizing functional quantum photonic systems, the integration with active phase-shifters is needed which is challenging at the cryogenic temperatures needed for operating SNSPDs. Here we demonstrate a cryo-compatible phase shifter using a low-voltage opto-mechanical modulator and show joint operation with SNSPDs at 1.3 K. We achieve a half-wave voltage of 4.6 V, single-photon detection with 88% on-chip detection efficiency (OCDE) and a low timing jitter of 12.2 ps. Our approach allows for operating reconfigurable quantum photonic circuits with low dissipation in a cryogenic setting.
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8
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Cucciniello N, Lee D, Feng HY, Yang Z, Zeng H, Patibandla N, Zhu M, Jia Q. Superconducting niobium nitride: a perspective from processing, microstructure, and superconducting property for single photon detectors. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:374003. [PMID: 35779516 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac7dd6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting niobium nitride (NbN) continues to be investigated decades on, largely in part to its advantageous superconducting properties and wide use in superconducting electronics. Particularly, NbN-based superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have shown exceptional performance and NbN remains as the material of choice in developing future generation quantum devices. In this perspective, we describe the processing-structure-property relationships governing the superconducting properties of NbN films. We further discuss the complex interplay between the material properties, processing parameters, substrate materials, device architectures, and performance of SNSPDs. We also highlight the latest progress in optimizing SNSPD performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cucciniello
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Derek Lee
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Henry Y Feng
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Zihao Yang
- Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054, United States of America
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Nag Patibandla
- Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054, United States of America
| | - Mingwei Zhu
- Applied Materials, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054, United States of America
| | - Quanxi Jia
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
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9
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Abstract
The current state of the art of single-photon detectors operating in the mid-infrared wavelength range is reported in this review. These devices are essential for a wide range of applications, such as mid-infrared quantum communications, sensing, and metrology, which require detectors with high detection efficiency, low dark count rates, and low dead times. The technological challenge of moving from the well-performing and commercially available near-infrared single-photon detectors to mid-infrared detection is discussed. Different approaches are explored, spanning from the stoichiometric or geometric engineering of a large variety of materials for infrared applications to the exploitation of alternative novel materials and the implementation of proper detection schemes. The three most promising solutions are described in detail: superconductive nanowires, avalanche photodiodes, and photovoltaic detectors.
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10
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Lomonte E, Wolff MA, Beutel F, Ferrari S, Schuck C, Pernice WHP, Lenzini F. Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6847. [PMID: 34824247 PMCID: PMC8617300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium-Niobate-On-Insulator (LNOI) is emerging as a promising platform for integrated quantum photonic technologies because of its high second-order nonlinearity and compact waveguide footprint. Importantly, LNOI allows for creating electro-optically reconfigurable circuits, which can be efficiently operated at cryogenic temperature. Their integration with superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) paves the way for realizing scalable photonic devices for active manipulation and detection of quantum states of light. Here we demonstrate integration of these two key components in a low loss (0.2 dB/cm) LNOI waveguide network. As an experimental showcase of our technology, we demonstrate the combined operation of an electrically tunable Mach-Zehnder interferometer and two waveguide-integrated SNSPDs at its outputs. We show static reconfigurability of our system with a bias-drift-free operation over a time of 12 hours, as well as high-speed modulation at a frequency up to 1 GHz. Our results provide blueprints for implementing complex quantum photonic devices on the LNOI platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lomonte
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin A Wolff
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Fabian Beutel
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Schuck
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany. .,CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, 48149, Muenster, Germany. .,SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Francesco Lenzini
- Institute of Physics, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany. .,CeNTech-Center for Nanotechnology, 48149, Muenster, Germany. .,SoN-Center for Soft Nanoscience, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
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11
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Primavera BA, Shainline JM. Considerations for Neuromorphic Supercomputing in Semiconducting and Superconducting Optoelectronic Hardware. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:732368. [PMID: 34552465 PMCID: PMC8450355 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.732368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Any large-scale spiking neuromorphic system striving for complexity at the level of the human brain and beyond will need to be co-optimized for communication and computation. Such reasoning leads to the proposal for optoelectronic neuromorphic platforms that leverage the complementary properties of optics and electronics. Starting from the conjecture that future large-scale neuromorphic systems will utilize integrated photonics and fiber optics for communication in conjunction with analog electronics for computation, we consider two possible paths toward achieving this vision. The first is a semiconductor platform based on analog CMOS circuits and waveguide-integrated photodiodes. The second is a superconducting approach that utilizes Josephson junctions and waveguide-integrated superconducting single-photon detectors. We discuss available devices, assess scaling potential, and provide a list of key metrics and demonstrations for each platform. Both platforms hold potential, but their development will diverge in important respects. Semiconductor systems benefit from a robust fabrication ecosystem and can build on extensive progress made in purely electronic neuromorphic computing but will require III-V light source integration with electronics at an unprecedented scale, further advances in ultra-low capacitance photodiodes, and success from emerging memory technologies. Superconducting systems place near theoretically minimum burdens on light sources (a tremendous boon to one of the most speculative aspects of either platform) and provide new opportunities for integrated, high-endurance synaptic memory. However, superconducting optoelectronic systems will also contend with interfacing low-voltage electronic circuits to semiconductor light sources, the serial biasing of superconducting devices on an unprecedented scale, a less mature fabrication ecosystem, and cryogenic infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A. Primavera
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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12
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Verma VB, Korzh B, Walter AB, Lita AE, Briggs RM, Colangelo M, Zhai Y, Wollman EE, Beyer AD, Allmaras JP, Vora H, Zhu D, Schmidt E, Kozorezov AG, Berggren KK, Mirin RP, Nam SW, Shaw MD. Single-photon detection in the mid-infrared up to 10 μm wavelength using tungsten silicide superconducting nanowire detectors. APL PHOTONICS 2021; 6:10.1063/5.0048049. [PMID: 37621960 PMCID: PMC10448953 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
We developed superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors based on tungsten silicide, which show saturated internal detection efficiency up to a wavelength of 10 μm. These detectors are promising for applications in the mid-infrared requiring sub-nanosecond timing, ultra-high gain stability, low dark counts, and high efficiency, such as chemical sensing, LIDAR, dark matter searches, and exoplanet spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. B. Verma
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - B. Korzh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - A. B. Walter
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - A. E. Lita
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - R. M. Briggs
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - M. Colangelo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Y. Zhai
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - E. E. Wollman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - A. D. Beyer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - J. P. Allmaras
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - H. Vora
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D. Zhu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - E. Schmidt
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - A. G. Kozorezov
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - K. K. Berggren
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R. P. Mirin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S. W. Nam
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - M. D. Shaw
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, USA
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13
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Mattioli F, Cibella S, Gaggero A, Martini F, Leoni R. Waveguide-integrated niobium- nitride detectors for on-chip quantum nanophotonics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 32:104001. [PMID: 33217751 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abcc97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
NbN-based detectors can detect light from the granular regime (single or few photons) up to weak continuous photon fluxes at wavelengths ranging from visible light up to mid-IR. The article reports our recent results on a novel linear detector, the waveguide-integrated hot electron bolometer (HEB) capable to measure photon fluxes of large coherent beams in a regime in which superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) are not efficient due to their strong nonlinearity. SNSPDs, photon number resolving detectors and amplitude multiplexing readout schemes, all integrated on photonic circuits are also discussed in the paper. The compatibility of the integrated HEB detectors with the SNSPDs technology can allow the characterization of complex non classical states of light within the same chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mattioli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR, Via Cineto Romano 42, I-00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Cibella
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR, Via Cineto Romano 42, I-00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gaggero
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR, Via Cineto Romano 42, I-00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Martini
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR, Via Cineto Romano 42, I-00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Leoni
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR, Via Cineto Romano 42, I-00156 Roma, Italy
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14
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Zhu D, Zhao QY, Choi H, Lu TJ, Dane AE, Englund D, Berggren KK. A scalable multi-photon coincidence detector based on superconducting nanowires. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:596-601. [PMID: 29867085 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Coincidence detection of single photons is crucial in numerous quantum technologies and usually requires multiple time-resolved single-photon detectors. However, the electronic readout becomes a major challenge when the measurement basis scales to large numbers of spatial modes. Here, we address this problem by introducing a two-terminal coincidence detector that enables scalable readout of an array of detector segments based on superconducting nanowire microstrip transmission line. Exploiting timing logic, we demonstrate a sixteen-element detector that resolves all 136 possible single-photon and two-photon coincidence events. We further explore the pulse shapes of the detector output and resolve up to four-photon events in a four-element device, giving the detector photon-number-resolving capability. This new detector architecture and operating scheme will be particularly useful for multi-photon coincidence detection in large-scale photonic integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qing-Yuan Zhao
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hyeongrak Choi
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tsung-Ju Lu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew E Dane
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dirk Englund
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karl K Berggren
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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You L, Wu J, Xu Y, Hou X, Fang W, Li H, Zhang W, Zhang L, Liu X, Tong L, Wang Z, Xie X. Microfiber-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detector for near-infrared wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:31221-31229. [PMID: 29245799 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.031221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-performance superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have facilitated numerous experiments and applications, particularly in the fields of modern quantum optics and quantum communication. Two kinds of optical coupling methods have thus far been developed for SNSPDs: one produces standard fiber-coupled SNSPDs in which the fibers vertically illuminate the meandered nanowires; the other produces waveguide-coupled SNSPDs in which nanowires are fabricated on the surface of a waveguide that guides photons, and the fibers are coupled to the waveguide. In this paper, we report on first experimental demonstration of a new type of SNSPD that is coupled with a microfiber (MF). Photons are guided by the MF and are evanescently absorbed by the nanowires of the SNSPD when the MF is placed on top of superconducting NbN nanowires. Room-temperature optical experiments indicated that this device has a coupling efficiency of up to 90% when a 1.3 μm-diameter MF is used for light with wavelength of 1550 nm. We were also able to demonstrate that our MF-coupled detector achieved system detection efficiencies of 50% and 20% at incident wavelengths of 1064 and 1550 nm, respectively, for a 2 μm-diameter MF at 2.2K. We expect that MF-coupled SNSPDs may show both high efficiency and broadband characteristics upon optimization and will be used for various novel applications, such as micro/nano-fiber optics.
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16
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Ferrari S, Kovalyuk V, Hartmann W, Vetter A, Kahl O, Lee C, Korneev A, Rockstuhl C, Gol'tsman G, Pernice W. Hot-spot relaxation time current dependence in niobium nitride waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:8739-8750. [PMID: 28437951 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.008739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate how the bias current affects the hot-spot relaxation dynamics in niobium nitride. We use for this purpose a near-infrared pump-probe technique on a waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector driven in the two-photon regime. We observe a strong increase in the picosecond relaxation time for higher bias currents. A minimum relaxation time of (22 ± 1) ps is obtained when applying a bias current of 50% of the switching current at 1.7 K bath temperature. We also propose a practical approach to accurately estimate the photon detection regimes based on the reconstruction of the measured detector tomography at different bias currents and for different illumination conditions.
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