1
|
Zhu R, Zheng S, Li X, Wang T, Tan C, Yu T, Liu Z, Wang X, Li J, Wang J, Gao P. Atomic-Scale Tracking Topological Phase Transition Dynamics of Polar Vortex-Antivortex Pairs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312072. [PMID: 38734889 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Non-trivial topological structures, such as vortex-antivortex (V-AV) pairs, have garnered significant attention in the field of condensed matter physics. However, the detailed topological phase transition dynamics of V-AV pairs, encompassing behaviors like self-annihilation, motion, and dissociation, have remained elusive in real space. Here, polar V-AV pairs are employed as a model system, and their transition pathways are tracked with atomic-scale resolution, facilitated by in situ (scanning) transmission electron microscopy and phase field simulations. This investigation reveals that polar vortices and antivortices can stably coexist as bound pairs at room temperature, and their polarization decreases with heating. No dissociation behavior is observed between the V-AV phase at room temperature and the paraelectric phase at high temperature. However, the application of electric fields can promote the approach of vortex and antivortex cores, ultimately leading to their annihilation near the interface. Revealing the transition process mediated by polar V-AV pairs at the atomic scale, particularly the role of polar antivortex, provides new insights into understanding the topological phases of matter and their topological phase transitions. Moreover, the detailed exploration of the dynamics of polar V-AV pairs under thermal and electrical fields lays a solid foundation for their potential applications in electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Zhu
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sizheng Zheng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Congbing Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensors and Advanced Sensor Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
| | - Tiancheng Yu
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhetong Liu
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shang H, Dong H, Wu Y, Deng F, Liang X, Hu S, Shen S. Mechanical Control of Polar Patterns in Wrinkled Thin Films via Flexoelectricity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:116201. [PMID: 38563913 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.116201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Intriguing topological polar structures in oxide nanofilms have drawn growing attention owing to their immense potential applications in nanoscale electronic devices. Here, we report a novel route to mechanically manipulate polar structures via flexoelectricity in wrinkled thin films. Our results present a flexoelectric polar transition from a nonpolar state to uniaxial polar stripes, biaxial meronlike or antimeronlike polar structures, and polar labyrinths by varying wrinkle morphologies. The evolution mechanisms and the outstanding mechanical tunability of these flexoelectric polar patterns were investigated theoretically and numerically. This strategy based on flexoelectricity for generating nontrivial polar structures will no longer rely on the superlattice structure and can be widely applicable to all centrosymmetric or noncentrosymmetric materials, providing a broader range of material and structure candidates for polar topologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Huiting Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yihan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Feng Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xu Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shuling Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shengping Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Niu R, Majchrowski A, Roleder K, Cordero-Edwards K, Cairney JM, Arbiol J, Catalan G. Translational Boundaries as Incipient Ferrielectric Domains in Antiferroelectric PbZrO_{3}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:216801. [PMID: 37295088 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.216801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the archetypal antiferroelectric PbZrO_{3}, antiparallel electric dipoles cancel each other, resulting in zero spontaneous polarization at the macroscopic level. Yet in actual hysteresis loops, the cancellation is rarely perfect and some remnant polarization is often observed, suggesting the metastability of polar phases in this material. In this work, using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy methods on a PbZrO_{3} single crystal, we uncover the coexistence of the common antiferroelectric phase and a ferrielectric phase featuring an electric dipole pattern of ↓↑↓. This dipole arrangement, predicted by Aramberri et al. to be the ground state of PbZrO_{3} at 0 K, appears at room temperature in the form of translational boundaries. The dual nature of the ferrielectric phase, both a distinct phase and a translational boundary structure, places important symmetry constraints on its growth. These are overcome by sideways motion of the boundaries, which aggregate to form arbitrarily wide stripe domains of the polar phase embedded within the antiferroelectric matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Ranming Niu
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Andrzej Majchrowski
- Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, Ulica Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystian Roleder
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Ulica 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Kumara Cordero-Edwards
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Julie M Cairney
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Gustau Catalan
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Catalunya, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang T, Dai C, Chen LQ. Thermodynamics of Light-Induced Nanoscale Polar Structures in Ferroelectric Superlattices. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2551-2556. [PMID: 36971545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We study the thermodynamics of nanoscale polar structures in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 ferroelectric superlattices induced by above-bandgap optical excitation using a phase-field model explicitly considering both structural and electronic processes. We demonstrate that the light-excited carriers provide the charge compensation of polarization bound charges and the lattice thermal energy, both of which are key to the thermodynamic stabilization of a previously observed supercrystal, a three-dimensionally periodic nanostructure, within a window of substrate strains, while different mechanical and electrical boundary conditions can stabilize a number of other nanoscale polar structures by balancing the competing short-range exchange interactions responsible for the domain wall energy and long-range electrostatic and elastic interactions. The insights into the light-induced formation and richness of nanoscale structures from this work offer theoretical guidance for exploring and manipulating the thermodynamic stability of nanoscale polar structures employing a combination of thermal, mechanical, and electrical stimuli as well as light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Cheng Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Geng WR, Guo X, Ge HL, Tang YL, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Wu B, Zou MJ, Feng YP, Ma XL. Real-Time Transformation of Flux-Closure Domains with Superhigh Thermal Stability. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8892-8899. [PMID: 36331549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polar topologies have received extensive attention due to their exotic configurations and functionalities. Understanding their responsive behaviors to external stimuli, especially thermal excitation, is highly desirable to extend their applications to high temperature, which is still unclear. Here, combining in situ transmission electron microscopy and phase-field simulations, the thermal dynamics of the flux-closure domains were illuminated in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayers. In-depth analyses suggested that the topological transition processes from a/c domains to flux-closure quadrants were influenced by the boundary conditions of PbTiO3 layers. The symmetrical boundary condition stabilized the flux-closure domains at higher temperature than in the asymmetrical case. Furthermore, the reversible thermal responsive behaviors of the flux-closure domains displayed superior thermal stability, which maintained robust up to 450 °C (near the Curie temperature). This work provides new insights into the dynamics of polar topologies under thermal excitation and facilitates their applications as nanoelectronics under extreme conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Rong Geng
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangwei Guo
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, 110016Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Long Ge
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Long Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, 110016Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinlian Zhu
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, 110016Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Wu
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Jie Zou
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Peng Feng
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Liang Ma
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong523808, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu R, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Zhong X, Tan C, Liu M, Sun Y, Li X, Qi R, Qu K, Liu Z, Wu M, Li M, Huang B, Xu Z, Wang J, Liu K, Gao P, Wang J, Li J, Bai X. Dynamics of Polar Skyrmion Bubbles under Electric Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:107601. [PMID: 36112449 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.107601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature polar skyrmions, which have been recently discovered in oxide superlattice, have received considerable attention for their potential applications in nanoelectronics owing to their nanometer size, emergent chirality, and negative capacitance. For practical applications, their manipulation using external stimuli is a prerequisite. Herein, we study the dynamics of individual polar skyrmions at the nanoscale via in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy. By monitoring the electric-field-driven creation, annihilation, shrinkage, and expansion of topological structures in real space, we demonstrate the reversible transformation among skyrmion bubbles, elongated skyrmions, and monodomains. The underlying mechanism and interactions are discussed in conjunction with phase-field simulations. The electrical manipulation of nanoscale polar skyrmions allows the tuning of their dielectric permittivity at the atomic scale, and the detailed knowledge of their phase transition behaviors provides fundamentals for their applications in nanoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Zhu
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhexin Jiang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangli Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Congbing Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensors and Advanced Sensor Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensors and Advanced Sensor Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanwei Sun
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruishi Qi
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ke Qu
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhetong Liu
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boyuan Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinbin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure & Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory and International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuedong Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Zatterin E, Conroy M, Pylypets A, Borodavka F, Björling A, Groenendijk DJ, Lesne E, Clancy AJ, Hadjimichael M, Kepaptsoglou D, Ramasse QM, Caviglia AD, Hlinka J, Bangert U, Leake SJ, Zubko P. Electrostatically Driven Polarization Flop and Strain-Induced Curvature in Free-Standing Ferroelectric Superlattices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106826. [PMID: 35064954 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combination of strain and electrostatic engineering in epitaxial heterostructures of ferroelectric oxides offers many possibilities for inducing new phases, complex polar topologies, and enhanced electrical properties. However, the dominant effect of substrate clamping can also limit the electromechanical response and often leaves electrostatics to play a secondary role. Releasing the mechanical constraint imposed by the substrate can not only dramatically alter the balance between elastic and electrostatic forces, enabling them to compete on par with each other, but also activates new mechanical degrees of freedom, such as the macroscopic curvature of the heterostructure. In this work, an electrostatically driven transition from a predominantly out-of-plane polarized to an in-plane polarized state is observed when a PbTiO3 /SrTiO3 superlattice with a SrRuO3 bottom electrode is released from its substrate. In turn, this polarization rotation modifies the lattice parameter mismatch between the superlattice and the thin SrRuO3 layer, causing the heterostructure to curl up into microtubes. Through a combination of synchrotron-based scanning X-ray diffraction imaging, Raman scattering, piezoresponse force microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy, the crystalline structure and domain patterns of the curved superlattices are investigated, revealing a strong anisotropy in the domain structure and a complex mechanism for strain accommodation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Edoardo Zatterin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Michele Conroy
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0HA, UK
| | - Anastasiia Pylypets
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Fedir Borodavka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dirk J Groenendijk
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft, GA 2600, The Netherlands
| | - Edouard Lesne
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft, GA 2600, The Netherlands
| | - Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Marios Hadjimichael
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Demie Kepaptsoglou
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK
- Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK
- Schools of Chemical and Process Engineering, & Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrea D Caviglia
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5046, Delft, GA 2600, The Netherlands
| | - Jiri Hlinka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ursel Bangert
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Steven J Leake
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Pavlo Zubko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0HA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei XX, Zhang B, Wu B, Wang YJ, Tian XH, Yang LX, Oguzie EE, Ma XL. Enhanced corrosion resistance by engineering crystallography on metals. Nat Commun 2022; 13:726. [PMID: 35132071 PMCID: PMC8821614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanometer-thick passive films, which impart superior corrosion resistance to metals, are degraded in long-term service; they are also susceptible to chloride-induced localized attack. Here we show, by engineering crystallographic configurations upon metal matrices adjacent to their passive films, we obtain great enhancement of corrosion resistance of FeCr15Ni15 single crystal in sulphuric acid, with activation time up to two orders of magnitude longer than that of the non-engineered counterparts. Meanwhile, engineering crystallography decreases the passive current density and shifts the pitting potential to noble values. Applying anodic polarizations under a transpassivation potential, we make the metal matrices underneath the transpassive films highly uneven with {111}-terminated configurations, which is responsible for the enhancement of corrosion resistance. The transpassivation strategy also works in the commercial stainless steels where both grain interior and grain boundaries are rebuilt into the low-energy configurations. Our results demonstrate a technological implication in the pretreatment process of anti-corrosion engineering. Passive films on metal surfaces provide better corrosion resistance, but they can degrade in long-term service. Here the authors demonstrate a strategy to engineer crystallographic configuration at the metal/film interface to further improve corrosion resistance.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gong FH, Tang YL, Zhu YL, Zhang H, Wang YJ, Chen YT, Feng YP, Zou MJ, Wu B, Geng WR, Cao Y, Ma XL. Atomic mapping of periodic dipole waves in ferroelectric oxide. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg5503. [PMID: 34244147 PMCID: PMC8270497 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg5503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A dipole wave is composed of head-to-tail connected electric dipoles in the form of sine function. Potential applications in information carrying, transporting, and processing are expected, and logic circuits based on nonlinear wave interaction are promising for dipole waves. Although similar spin waves are well known in ferromagnetic materials for their roles in some physical essence, electric dipole wave behavior and even its existence in ferroelectric materials are still elusive. Here, we observe the atomic morphology of large-scale dipole waves in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice mediated by tensile epitaxial strains on scandate substrates. The dipole waves can be expressed in the formula of y = Asin (2πx/L) + y 0, where the wave amplitude (A) and wavelength (L) correspond to 1.5 and 6.6 nm, respectively. This study suggests that by engineering strain at the nanoscale, it should be possible to fabricate unknown polar textures, which could facilitate the development of nanoscale ferroelectric devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hui Gong
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yun-Long Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yin-Lian Zhu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yan-Peng Feng
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Min-Jie Zou
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Wan-Rong Geng
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiu-Liang Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China.
- State Key Lab of Advanced Processing and Recycling on Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou 730050, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nanoscale bubble domains with polar topologies in bulk ferroelectrics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3632. [PMID: 34131138 PMCID: PMC8206216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multitudinous topological configurations spawn oases of many physical properties and phenomena in condensed-matter physics. Nano-sized ferroelectric bubble domains with various polar topologies (e.g., vortices, skyrmions) achieved in ferroelectric films present great potential for valuable physical properties. However, experimentally manipulating bubble domains has remained elusive especially in the bulk form. Here, in any bulk material, we achieve self-confined bubble domains with multiple polar topologies in bulk Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 ferroelectrics, especially skyrmions, as validated by direct Z-contrast imaging. This phenomenon is driven by the interplay of bulk, elastic and electrostatic energies of coexisting modulated phases with strong and weak spontaneous polarizations. We demonstrate reversable and tip-voltage magnitude/time-dependent donut-like domain morphology evolution towards continuously and reversibly modulated high-density nonvolatile ferroelectric memories. Experimentally manipulating bubble domains remains elusive especially in the bulk form of ferroelectrics. Here, the authors achieve self-confined bubble domains with multiple polar topologies in bulk Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 ferroelectrics, demonstrating reversible and donut-like domain morphology evolution.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abid AY, Sun Y, Hou X, Tan C, Zhong X, Zhu R, Chen H, Qu K, Li Y, Wu M, Zhang J, Wang J, Liu K, Bai X, Yu D, Ouyang X, Wang J, Li J, Gao P. Creating polar antivortex in PbTiO 3/SrTiO 3 superlattice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2054. [PMID: 33824335 PMCID: PMC8024303 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontrivial topological structures offer a rich playground in condensed matters and promise alternative device configurations for post-Moore electronics. While recently a number of polar topologies have been discovered in confined ferroelectric PbTiO3 within artificially engineered PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices, little attention was paid to possible topological polar structures in SrTiO3. Here we successfully create previously unrealized polar antivortices within the SrTiO3 of PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices, accomplished by carefully engineering their thicknesses guided by phase-field simulation. Field- and thermal-induced Kosterlitz-Thouless-like topological phase transitions have also been demonstrated, and it was discovered that the driving force for antivortex formation is electrostatic instead of elastic. This work completes an important missing link in polar topologies, expands the reaches of topological structures, and offers insight into searching and manipulating polar textures.
Collapse
Grants
- JCYJ20200109115219157, JCYJ20170818163902553 Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission
- LZ17A020001 Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation)
- 51672007, 11974023, 11875229, 51872251, 11972320, 11672264 and 92066203 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFA0300804, 2016YFA0201001, 2016YFA0300903) National Equipment Program of China (ZDYZ2015-1) Key R&D Program of Guangdong Province (2018B030327001, 2018B010109009, 2019B010931001) "2011 Program" Peking-Tsinghua-IOP Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Matter
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Y Abid
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanwei Sun
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congbing Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensors and Advanced Sensor Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangli Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China.
| | - Ruixue Zhu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyun Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Qu
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuehui Li
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Wu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmin Zhang
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuedong Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Nanobiomechanics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Peng Gao
- International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China.
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hadjimichael M, Li Y, Zatterin E, Chahine GA, Conroy M, Moore K, Connell ENO, Ondrejkovic P, Marton P, Hlinka J, Bangert U, Leake S, Zubko P. Metal-ferroelectric supercrystals with periodically curved metallic layers. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:495-502. [PMID: 33398118 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous manipulation of multiple boundary conditions in nanoscale heterostructures offers a versatile route to stabilizing unusual structures and emergent phases. Here, we show that a stable supercrystal phase comprising a three-dimensional ordering of nanoscale domains with tailored periodicities can be engineered in PbTiO3-SrRuO3 ferroelectric-metal superlattices. A combination of laboratory and synchrotron X-ray diffraction, piezoresponse force microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and phase-field simulations reveals a complex hierarchical domain structure that forms to minimize the elastic and electrostatic energy. Large local deformations of the ferroelectric lattice are accommodated by periodic lattice modulations of the metallic SrRuO3 layers with curvatures up to 107 m-1. Our results show that multidomain ferroelectric systems can be exploited as versatile templates to induce large curvatures in correlated materials, and present a route for engineering correlated materials with modulated structural and electronic properties that can be controlled using electric fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Hadjimichael
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, London, UK.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edoardo Zatterin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Gilbert A Chahine
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMAP, Grenoble, France
| | - Michele Conroy
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kalani Moore
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Eoghan N O' Connell
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Petr Ondrejkovic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Marton
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Hlinka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ursel Bangert
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Steven Leake
- The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
| | - Pavlo Zubko
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, London, UK.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen S, Yuan S, Hou Z, Tang Y, Zhang J, Wang T, Li K, Zhao W, Liu X, Chen L, Martin LW, Chen Z. Recent Progress on Topological Structures in Ferroic Thin Films and Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000857. [PMID: 32815214 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Topological spin/polarization structures in ferroic materials continue to draw great attention as a result of their fascinating physical behaviors and promising applications in the field of high-density nonvolatile memories as well as future energy-efficient nanoelectronic and spintronic devices. Such developments have been made, in part, based on recent advances in theoretical calculations, the synthesis of high-quality thin films, and the characterization of their emergent phenomena and exotic phases. Herein, progress over the last decade in the study of topological structures in ferroic thin films and heterostructures is explored, including the observation of topological structures and control of their structures and emergent physical phenomena through epitaxial strain, layer thickness, electric, magnetic fields, etc. First, the evolution of topological spin structures (e.g., magnetic skyrmions) and associated functionalities (e.g., topological Hall effect) in magnetic thin films and heterostructures is discussed. Then, the exotic polar topologies (e.g., domain walls, closure domains, polar vortices, bubble domains, and polar skyrmions) and their emergent physical properties in ferroelectric oxide films and heterostructures are explored. Finally, a brief overview and prospectus of how the field may evolve in the coming years is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanquan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kang Li
- Flexible Printed Electronics Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Flexible Printed Electronics Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xingjun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zuhuang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Flexible Printed Electronics Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang YJ, Feng YP, Zhu YL, Tang YL, Yang LX, Zou MJ, Geng WR, Han MJ, Guo XW, Wu B, Ma XL. Polar meron lattice in strained oxide ferroelectrics. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:881-886. [PMID: 32483242 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A topological meron features a non-coplanar structure, whose order parameters in the core region are perpendicular to those near the perimeter. A meron is half of a skyrmion, and both have potential applications for information carrying and storage. Although merons and skyrmions in ferromagnetic materials can be readily obtained via inter-spin interactions, their behaviour and even existence in ferroelectric materials are still elusive. Here we observe using electron microscopy not only the atomic morphology of merons with a topological charge of 1/2, but also a periodic meron lattice in ultrathin PbTiO3 films under tensile epitaxial strain on a SmScO3 substrate. Phase-field simulations rationalize the formation of merons for which an epitaxial strain, as a single alterable parameter, plays a critical role in the coupling of lattice and charge. This study suggests that by engineering strain at the nanoscale it should be possible to fabricate topological polar textures, which in turn could facilitate the development of nanoscale ferroelectric devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Y P Feng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y L Zhu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.
| | - Y L Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - L X Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - M J Zou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - W R Geng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - M J Han
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X W Guo
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - B Wu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - X L Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling on Non-Ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Atomic-scale observations of electrical and mechanical manipulation of topological polar flux closure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18954-18961. [PMID: 32709747 PMCID: PMC7430988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007248117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flux-closures, stable topological polar structures of nanometer size, are considered to be promising candidates as elements of future nanoelectronic and electromechanical devices. Understanding their phase transition pathways under external stimuli is therefore of vital importance for these potential applications. Here, using an atomically resolved in situ electron microscopy technique, we track the evolutions of the polarization of the flux-closure structure under both electric and stress fields with atomic resolution. We find that the flux-closure can be reversibly and controllably manipulated between the topological and ordinary ferroelectric states, enabling potential applications in electromechanical and nanoelectronic devices. The ability to controllably manipulate complex topological polar configurations such as polar flux-closures via external stimuli may allow the construction of new electromechanical and nanoelectronic devices. Here, using atomically resolved in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy, we find that the polar flux-closures in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice films are mobile and can be reversibly switched to ordinary single ferroelectric c or a domains under an applied electric field or stress. Specifically, the electric field initially drives movement of a flux-closure via domain wall motion and then breaks it to form intermediate a/c striped domains, whereas mechanical stress first squeezes the core of a flux-closure toward the interface and then form a/c domains with disappearance of the core. After removal of the external stimulus, the flux-closure structure spontaneously recovers. These observations can be precisely reproduced by phase field simulations, which also reveal the evolutions of the competing energies during phase transitions. Such reversible switching between flux-closures and ordinary ferroelectric states provides a foundation for potential electromechanical and nanoelectronic applications.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee HJ, Shimizu T, Funakubo H, Imai Y, Sakata O, Hwang SH, Kim TY, Yoon C, Dai C, Chen LQ, Lee SY, Jo JY. Electric-Field-Driven Nanosecond Ferroelastic-Domain Switching Dynamics in Epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O_{3} Film. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:217601. [PMID: 31809179 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.217601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial oxide ferroelectric films exhibit emerging phenomena arising from complex domain configurations even at pseudoequilibrium, including the creation of domain states unfavored in nature and abrupt piezoelectric coefficients around morphotropic phase boundaries. The nanometer-sized domain configurations and their domain switching dynamics under external stimuli are directly linked to the ultrafast manipulation of ferroelectric thin films; however, complex domain switching dynamics under homogeneous electric fields has not been fully explored, especially at the nanosecond timescale. This Letter reports the nanosecond dynamics of ferroelastic-domain switching from the 90° to 180° direction using time-resolved x-ray microdiffraction under homogeneous electric fields onto an epitaxial Pb(Zr_{0.35},Ti_{0.65})O_{3} film capacitor. It is found that the application of electric fields induces spatially heterogeneous domain switching processes via intermediate domain structures with rotated polarization vectors. In addition, the domain switching time is shown to be inversely proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field, and electric fields higher than 480 kV/cm are found to complete the ferroelastic switching within nanoseconds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jun Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Funakubo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Imai
- SPring-8, Japanese Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Osami Sakata
- Synchrotron X-ray Group, Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Seung Hyun Hwang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Changjae Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Cheng Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Long Q Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Su Yong Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37676, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Du K, Zhang M, Dai C, Zhou ZN, Xie YW, Ren ZH, Tian H, Chen LQ, Van Tendeloo G, Zhang Z. Manipulating topological transformations of polar structures through real-time observation of the dynamic polarization evolution. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4864. [PMID: 31653843 PMCID: PMC6814840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Topological structures based on controllable ferroelectric or ferromagnetic domain configurations offer the opportunity to develop microelectronic devices such as high-density memories. Despite the increasing experimental and theoretical insights into various domain structures (such as polar spirals, polar wave, polar vortex) over the past decade, manipulating the topological transformations of polar structures and comprehensively understanding its underlying mechanism remains lacking. By conducting an in-situ non-contact bias technique, here we systematically investigate the real-time topological transformations of polar structures in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayers at an atomic level. The procedure of vortex pair splitting and the transformation from polar vortex to polar wave and out-of-plane polarization are observed step by step. Furthermore, the redistribution of charge in various topological structures has been demonstrated under an external bias. This provides new insights for the symbiosis of polar and charge and offers an opportunity for a new generation of microelectronic devices. Direct observation of the dynamic evolution of polar domain structures at atomic level remains challenging. Here, the authors report the observation of real-time topological transformations of polar structures in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Du
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - C Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Z N Zhou
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Y W Xie
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Z H Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - H Tian
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - L Q Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Gustaaf Van Tendeloo
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium.,Nanostructure Research Centre (NRC) Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huyan H, Li L, Addiego C, Gao W, Pan X. Structures and electronic properties of domain walls in BiFeO 3 thin films. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:669-683. [PMID: 34691922 PMCID: PMC8291563 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Domain walls (DWs) in ferroelectrics are atomically sharp and can be created, erased, and reconfigured within the same physical volume of ferroelectric matrix by external electric fields. They possess a myriad of novel properties and functionalities that are absent in the bulk of the domains, and thus could become an essential element in next-generation nanodevices based on ferroelectrics. The knowledge about the structure and properties of ferroelectric DWs not only advances the fundamental understanding of ferroelectrics, but also provides guidance for the design of ferroelectric-based devices. In this article, we provide a review of structures and properties of DWs in one of the most widely studied ferroelectric systems, BiFeO3 thin films. We correlate their conductivity and photovoltaic properties to the atomic-scale structure and dynamic behaviors of DWs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaixun Huyan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Linze Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christopher Addiego
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Wenpei Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Irvine Materials Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma J, Zhu Y, Tang Y, Han M, Wang Y, Zhang N, Zou M, Feng Y, Geng W, Ma X. Modulation of charged a 1/a 2 domains and piezoresponses of tensile strained PbTiO 3 films by the cooling rate. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13981-13990. [PMID: 35519315 PMCID: PMC9063998 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling domain width, orientation, and patterns in oxide ferroelectrics are not only important for fundamental research but also for potential electronic application. Here, a series of PbTiO3 thin films under various cooling rates were deposited on (110)-oriented NdScO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition and investigated by using conventional transmission electron microscopy, Cs-corrected scanning TEM and piezoresponse force microscopy. Contrast analysis and electron diffraction revealed that PbTiO3 films are a1/a2 domain patterns under large tensile strains with different cooling rates. The a1/a2 domains distribute periodically and the domain width increases with decrease in the cooling rates. Upon increasing the cooling rate, the domain density increases and the domain configurations become complicated. There are special square frame-like domain patterns with charged domain walls found in the PTO films with the fast cooling rate. PFM measurement shows that the PTO films with high cooling rate exhibit enhanced piezoresponse behavior which is ascribed to the high density domain/domain walls and special domain configurations. The formation mechanism of the different domain configurations is discussed in terms of the effect of cooling rates, defects and thermal kinetics. These results are expected to provide useful information for domain/domain wall control and thus facilitate further modulation of the properties for potential applications. The cooling rates can induce domain configurations to change, thus realizing the evolution of the domains of the PTO films.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,State Key Lab of Advanced Processing and Recycling on Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology Langongping Road 287 730050 Lanzhou China.,School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yinlian Zhu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Yunlong Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Mengjiao Han
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Yuquan Road 19 100049 Beijing China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Ningbin Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Minjie Zou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yanpeng Feng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Yuquan Road 19 100049 Beijing China
| | - Wanrong Geng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Xiuliang Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,State Key Lab of Advanced Processing and Recycling on Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology Langongping Road 287 730050 Lanzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Geng W, Guo X, Zhu Y, Tang Y, Feng Y, Zou M, Wang Y, Han M, Ma J, Wu B, Hu W, Ma X. Rhombohedral-Orthorhombic Ferroelectric Morphotropic Phase Boundary Associated with a Polar Vortex in BiFeO 3 Films. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11098-11105. [PMID: 30352155 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Strongly correlated oxides exhibit multiple degrees of freedoms, which can potentially mediate exotic phases with exciting physical properties, such as the polar vortex recently found in ferroelectric oxide films. A polar vortex is stabilized by competition between charge, lattice, and/or orbital degrees of freedom, which displays vortex-ferroelectric phase transitions and emergent chirality, making it a potential candidate for designing information storage and processing devices. Here, by a combination of controlled film growth and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, we obtain nanoscale vortex arrays in [110]-oriented BiFeO3 films. These vortex arrays are stabilized in ultrathin BiFeO3 layers sandwiched by two coherently grown orthorhombic scandate layers, exhibiting a ferroelectric morphotropic phase boundary constituted by a mixed-phase structure of polar orthorhombic BiFeO3 and rhombohedral BiFeO3. Clear polarization switching and piezoelectric signals were observed in these multilayers as revealed by piezoresponse force microscopy. This work presents a feature of a polar vortex in BiFeO3 films showing morphotropic phase boundary character, which offers a potential degree of manipulating phase components and properties of ferroelectric topological structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanrong Geng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96 , 230026 Hefei , China
| | - Xiangwei Guo
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96 , 230026 Hefei , China
| | - Yinlian Zhu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
| | - Yunlong Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
| | - Yanpeng Feng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19 , 100049 Beijing , China
| | - Minjie Zou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96 , 230026 Hefei , China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
| | - Mengjiao Han
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19 , 100049 Beijing , China
| | - Jinyuan Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96 , 230026 Hefei , China
- State Key Lab of Advanced Processing and Recycling on Non-ferrous Metals , Lanzhou University of Technology , Langongping Road 287 , 730050 Lanzhou , China
| | - Bo Wu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96 , 230026 Hefei , China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Jinzhai Road 96 , 230026 Hefei , China
| | - Xiuliang Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- State Key Lab of Advanced Processing and Recycling on Non-ferrous Metals , Lanzhou University of Technology , Langongping Road 287 , 730050 Lanzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Feng Y, Tang Y, Ma D, Zhu Y, Zou M, Han M, Ma J, Ma X. Thickness-Dependent Evolution of Piezoresponses and Stripe 90° Domains in (101)-Oriented Ferroelectric PbTiO 3 Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24627-24637. [PMID: 29969007 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-index ferroelectric films as (101)-orientated ones exhibit enhanced dielectric responses, piezoelectric responses, and exotic ferroelectric switching behaviors, which are potential candidates for applications in memories and capacitors. However, possible domain patterns and domain wall structures in (101)-oriented ferroelectric thin films are still elusive, which results in difficulties in understanding the origin and further modulating their special properties. In this work, a series of PbTiO3 (PTO) thin films with 35, 50, 60, and 70 nm in thickness were grown on (101)-oriented (LaAlO3)0.29(SrTa1/2Al1/2O3)0.71 (LSAT(101)) substrates by pulsed laser deposition and investigated by both piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM). PFM measurements reveal that periodic stripe domains are dominant in 50 nm thick PTO films. Besides stripe domains, a/ c domains appear in films with thickness more than 60 nm. A thickness-dependent evolution of piezoresponse amplitude indicates that the 50 nm thick PTO films demonstrate a superior piezoresponse. Electron diffraction and contrast analysis clarify that all these (101)-oriented PTO films contain periodic stripe ferroelectric 90° domains. The domain periods increase with the film thickness following Kittel's law. Aberration-corrected STEM imaging reveals that the stripe ferroelectric 90° domains have an alternate arrangement of wide and narrow c domains with polarization directions along [100] for c1 domains and [001̅] for c2 domains, forming a "head-to-tail" polarization configuration. Further strain analysis reveals that stripe domains have uniform strain distributions and distinct lattice rotations around domain walls. It is proposed that the periodic arrangement of high-density stripe 90° domains in 50 nm thick PTO films is the main contributor to the superior piezoresponse behavior. These results are expected to provide useful information to understand the domain structures in (101)-oriented PTO thin films and thus facilitate further modulation of the properties for potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Feng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19 , 100049 Beijing , China
| | - Yunlong Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
| | - Desheng Ma
- School of Physics , Nankai University , Weijin Road 94 , 300071 Tianjin , China
| | - Yinlian Zhu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
| | - Minjie Zou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei , China
| | - Mengjiao Han
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19 , 100049 Beijing , China
| | - Jinyuan Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- School of Materials Sciences and Engineering , Lanzhou University of Technology , Langongping Road 287 , 730050 Lanzhou , China
| | - Xiuliang Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- School of Materials Sciences and Engineering , Lanzhou University of Technology , Langongping Road 287 , 730050 Lanzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|