1
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Marcks JC, Onizhuk M, Wang YX, Zhu Y, Jin Y, Soloway BS, Fukami M, Delegan N, Heremans FJ, Clerk AA, Galli G, Awschalom DD. Quantum Spin Probe of Single Charge Dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:130802. [PMID: 39392984 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.130802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Electronic defects in semiconductors form the basis for emerging quantum technologies, but many defect centers are difficult to access at the single-particle level. A method for probing optically inactive spin defects would reveal semiconductor physics at the atomic scale and advance the study of new quantum systems. We exploit the intrinsic correlation between the charge and spin states of defect centers to measure the charge populations and dynamics of single substitutional nitrogen spin defects in diamond. By probing their steady-state spin population, read out at the single-defect level with a nearby nitrogen vacancy center, we directly measure the defect ionization-corroborated by first-principles calculations-an effect we do not have access to with traditional coherence-based quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Marcks
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Q-NEXT, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nazar Delegan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Q-NEXT, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - F Joseph Heremans
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Q-NEXT, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | | | - Giulia Galli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - David D Awschalom
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Q-NEXT, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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2
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Völker LA, Herb K, Merchant DA, Bechelli L, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Charge and Spin Dynamics and Destabilization of Shallow Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers under UV and Blue Excitation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:11895-11903. [PMID: 39265047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offer opportunities to study photochemical reactions, including photogeneration of radical pairs, at the single-molecule regime. A prerequisite is a detailed understanding of charge and spin dynamics of NVs exposed to the short-wavelength light required to excite chemical species. Here, we investigate the charge and spin dynamics of shallow NVs under 445 and 375 nm illumination. With blue excitation, charge-state preparation is power-dependent, and modest spin initialization fidelity is observed. Under UV excitation, charge-state preparation is power-independent and no spin polarization is observed. Aging of NVs under prolonged UV exposure manifests in a reduced charge stability and spin contrast. We attribute this aging to modified local charge environments of near-surface NVs and identify distinct electronic traps only accessible at short wavelengths. Finally, we evaluate the prospects of NVs to probe photogenerated radical pairs based on measured sensitivities and outline possible sensing schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Darin A Merchant
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Bechelli
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Xu K, Pagliero D, López-Morales GI, Flick J, Wolcott A, Meriles CA. Photoinduced Charge Injection from Shallow Point Defects in Diamond into Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:37226-37233. [PMID: 38976775 PMCID: PMC11261567 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Thanks to its low or negative surface electron affinity and chemical inertness, diamond is attracting broad attention as a source material of solvated electrons produced by optical excitation of the solid-liquid interface. Unfortunately, its wide bandgap typically imposes the use of wavelengths in the ultraviolet range, hence complicating practical applications. Here, we probe the photocurrent response of water surrounded by single-crystal diamond surfaces engineered to host shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. We observe clear signatures of diamond-induced photocurrent generation throughout the visible range and for wavelengths reaching up to 594 nm. Experiments as a function of laser power suggest that NV centers and other coexisting defects─likely in the form of surface traps─contribute to carrier injection, though we find that NVs dominate the system response in the limit of high illumination intensities. Given our growing understanding of near-surface NV centers and adjacent point defects, these results open new perspectives in the application of diamond-liquid interfaces to photocarrier-initiated chemical and spin processes in fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Department
of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Daniela Pagliero
- Department
of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | | | - Johannes Flick
- Department
of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- CUNY-The
Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, United States
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Abraham Wolcott
- Department
of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Carlos A. Meriles
- Department
of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
- CUNY-The
Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, United States
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4
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Garcia‐Arellano G, López‐Morales GI, Manson NB, Flick J, Wood AA, Meriles CA. Photo-Induced Charge State Dynamics of the Neutral and Negatively Charged Silicon Vacancy Centers in Room-Temperature Diamond. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308814. [PMID: 38475912 PMCID: PMC11165459 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The silicon vacancy (SiV) center in diamond is drawing much attention due to its optical and spin properties, attractive for quantum information processing and sensing. Comparatively little is known, however, about the dynamics governing SiV charge state interconversion mainly due to challenges associated with generating, stabilizing, and characterizing all possible charge states, particularly at room temperature. Here, multi-color confocal microscopy and density functional theory are used to examine photo-induced SiV recombination - from neutral, to single-, to double-negatively charged - over a broad spectral window in chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) diamond under ambient conditions. For the SiV0 to SiV- transition, a linear growth of the photo-recombination rate with laser power at all observed wavelengths is found, a hallmark of single photon dynamics. Laser excitation of SiV‒, on the other hand, yields only fractional recombination into SiV2‒, a finding that is interpreted in terms of a photo-activated electron tunneling process from proximal nitrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N. B. Manson
- Department of Quantum Science and TechnologyResearch School of PhysicsAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - J. Flick
- Department of PhysicsCUNY‐City College of New YorkNew YorkNY10031USA
- CUNY‐Graduate CenterNew YorkNY10016USA
- Center for Computational Quantum PhysicsFlatiron InstituteNew YorkNY10010USA
| | - A. A. Wood
- School of PhysicsThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia
| | - C. A. Meriles
- Department of PhysicsCUNY‐City College of New YorkNew YorkNY10031USA
- CUNY‐Graduate CenterNew YorkNY10016USA
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5
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Kumar R, Mahajan S, Donaldson F, Dhomkar S, Lancaster HJ, Kalha C, Riaz AA, Zhu Y, Howard CA, Regoutz A, Morton JJL. Stability of Near-Surface Nitrogen Vacancy Centers Using Dielectric Surface Passivation. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1244-1251. [PMID: 38523744 PMCID: PMC10958592 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
We study the photophysical stability of ensemble near-surface nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond under vacuum and air. The optically detected magnetic resonance contrast of the NV centers was measured following exposure to laser illumination, showing opposing trends in air compared to vacuum (increasing by up to 9% and dropping by up to 25%, respectively). Characterization using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggests a surface reconstruction: In air, atmospheric oxygen adsorption on a surface leads to an increase in NV- fraction, whereas in vacuum, net oxygen desorption increases the NV0 fraction. NV charge state switching is confirmed by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Deposition of ∼2 nm alumina (Al2O3) over the diamond surface was shown to stabilize the NV charge state under illumination in either environment, attributed to a more stable surface electronegativity. The use of an alumina coating on diamond is therefore a promising approach to improve the resilience of NV sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, U.K.
| | - Saksham Mahajan
- Department
of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Felix Donaldson
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, U.K.
| | - Siddharth Dhomkar
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Center for
Quantum Information, Communication and Computing, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | | | - Curran Kalha
- Department
of Chemistry, UCL, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Aysha A. Riaz
- Department
of Chemistry, UCL, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Yujiang Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, UCL, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | | | - Anna Regoutz
- Department
of Chemistry, UCL, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - John J. L. Morton
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, U.K.
- Department
of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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6
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Mosavian N, Hubert F, Smits J, Kehayias P, Silani Y, Richards BA, Acosta VM. Super-Resolution Diamond Magnetic Microscopy of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6523-6532. [PMID: 38369724 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Scanning-probe and wide-field magnetic microscopes based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have enabled advances in the study of biology and materials, but each method has drawbacks. Here, we implement an alternative method for nanoscale magnetic microscopy based on optical control of the charge state of NV centers in a dense layer near the diamond surface. By combining a donut-beam super-resolution technique with optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we imaged the magnetic fields produced by single 30 nm iron-oxide nanoparticles. The magnetic microscope has a lateral spatial resolution of ∼100 nm, and it resolves the individual magnetic dipole features from clusters of nanoparticles with interparticle spacings down to ∼190 nm. The magnetic feature amplitudes are more than an order of magnitude larger than those obtained by confocal magnetic microscopy due to the narrower optical point-spread function and the shallow depth of NV centers. We analyze the magnetic nanoparticle images and sensitivity as a function of the microscope's spatial resolution and show that the signal-to-noise ratio for nanoparticle detection does not degrade as the spatial resolution improves. We identify sources of background fluorescence that limit the present performance, including diamond second-order Raman emission and imperfect NV charge state control. Our method, which uses <10 mW laser power and can be parallelized by patterned illumination, introduces a promising format for nanoscale magnetic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Forrest Hubert
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Janis Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Pauli Kehayias
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Yaser Silani
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Bryan A Richards
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
| | - Victor M Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
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7
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Monge R, Delord T, Meriles CA. Reversible optical data storage below the diffraction limit. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:202-207. [PMID: 38049596 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Colour centres in wide-bandgap semiconductors feature metastable charge states that can be interconverted with the help of optical excitation at select wavelengths. The distinct fluorescence and spin properties in each of these states have been exploited to show storage of classical information in three dimensions, but the memory capacity of these platforms has been thus far limited by optical diffraction. Here we leverage local heterogeneity in the optical transitions of colour centres in diamond (nitrogen vacancies) to demonstrate selective charge state control of individual point defects sharing the same diffraction-limited volume. Further, we apply this approach to dense colour centre ensembles, and show rewritable, multiplexed data storage with an areal density of 21 Gb inch-2 at cryogenic temperatures. These results highlight the advantages for developing alternative optical storage device concepts that can lead to increased storage capacity and reduced energy consumption per operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Monge
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tom Delord
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
- Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Giri R, Jensen RH, Khurana D, Bocquel J, Radko IP, Lang J, Osterkamp C, Jelezko F, Berg-So̷rensen K, Andersen UL, Huck A. Charge Stability and Charge-State-Based Spin Readout of Shallow Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2023; 5:6603-6610. [PMID: 38162528 PMCID: PMC10753810 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Spin-based applications of the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamonds require an efficient spin readout. One approach is the spin-to-charge conversion (SCC), relying on mapping the spin states onto the neutral (NV0) and negative (NV-) charge states followed by a subsequent charge readout. With high charge-state stability, SCC enables extended measurement times, increasing precision and minimizing noise in the readout compared to the commonly used fluorescence detection. Nanoscale sensing applications, however, require shallow NV centers within a few nanometers distance from the surface where surface related effects might degrade the NV charge state. In this article, we investigate the charge state initialization and stability of single NV centers implanted ≈5 nm below the surface of a flat diamond plate. We demonstrate the SCC protocol on four shallow NV centers suitable for nanoscale sensing, obtaining a reduced readout noise of 5-6 times the spin-projection noise limit. We investigate the general applicability of the SCC for shallow NV centers and observe a correlation between the NV charge-state stability and readout noise. Coating the diamond with glycerol improves both the charge initialization and stability. Our results reveal the influence of the surface-related charge environment on the NV charge properties and motivate further investigations to functionalize the diamond surface with glycerol or other materials for charge-state stabilization and efficient spin-state readout of shallow NV centers suitable for nanoscale sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshyakar Giri
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Ho̷y Jensen
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Deepak Khurana
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Juanita Bocquel
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ilya P. Radko
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johannes Lang
- Institute
for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology
(IQST), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Osterkamp
- Institute
for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology
(IQST), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute
for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology
(IQST), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ulrik L. Andersen
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Huck
- Center
for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Gorrini F, Bifone A. Advances in Stabilization and Enrichment of Shallow Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond for Biosensing and Spin-Polarization Transfer. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:691. [PMID: 37504090 PMCID: PMC10377017 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in diamond have unique magneto-optical properties, such as high fluorescence, single-photon generation, millisecond-long coherence times, and the ability to initialize and read the spin state using purely optical means. This makes NV- centers a powerful sensing tool for a range of applications, including magnetometry, electrometry, and thermometry. Biocompatible NV-rich nanodiamonds find application in cellular microscopy, nanoscopy, and in vivo imaging. NV- centers can also detect electron spins, paramagnetic agents, and nuclear spins. Techniques have been developed to hyperpolarize 14N, 15N, and 13C nuclear spins, which could open up new perspectives in NMR and MRI. However, defects on the diamond surface, such as hydrogen, vacancies, and trapping states, can reduce the stability of NV- in favor of the neutral form (NV0), which lacks the same properties. Laser irradiation can also lead to charge-state switching and a reduction in the number of NV- centers. Efforts have been made to improve stability through diamond substrate doping, proper annealing and surface termination, laser irradiation, and electric or electrochemical tuning of the surface potential. This article discusses advances in the stabilization and enrichment of shallow NV- ensembles, describing strategies for improving the quality of diamond devices for sensing and spin-polarization transfer applications. Selected applications in the field of biosensing are discussed in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gorrini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, TO, Italy
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10
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Aslam N, Zhou H, Urbach EK, Turner MJ, Walsworth RL, Lukin MD, Park H. Quantum sensors for biomedical applications. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2023; 5:157-169. [PMID: 36776813 PMCID: PMC9896461 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensors are finding their way from laboratories to the real world, as witnessed by the increasing number of start-ups in this field. The atomic length scale of quantum sensors and their coherence properties enable unprecedented spatial resolution and sensitivity. Biomedical applications could benefit from these quantum technologies, but it is often difficult to evaluate the potential impact of the techniques. This Review sheds light on these questions, presenting the status of quantum sensing applications and discussing their path towards commercialization. The focus is on two promising quantum sensing platforms: optically pumped atomic magnetometers, and nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. The broad spectrum of biomedical applications is highlighted by four case studies ranging from brain imaging to single-cell spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Aslam
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hengyun Zhou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Elana K. Urbach
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Matthew J. Turner
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Ronald L. Walsworth
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | | | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
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11
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Monge R, Delord T, Proscia NV, Shotan Z, Jayakumar H, Henshaw J, Zangara PR, Lozovoi A, Pagliero D, Esquinazi PD, An T, Sodemann I, Menon VM, Meriles CA. Spin Dynamics of a Solid-State Qubit in Proximity to a Superconductor. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:422-428. [PMID: 36602464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A broad effort is underway to understand and harness the interaction between superconductors and spin-active color centers with an eye on hybrid quantum devices and novel imaging modalities of superconducting materials. Most work, however, overlooks the interplay between either system and the environment created by the color center host. Here we use a diamond scanning probe to investigate the spin dynamics of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center proximal to a superconducting film. We find that the presence of the superconductor increases the NV spin coherence lifetime, a phenomenon we tentatively rationalize as a change in the electric noise due to a superconductor-induced redistribution of charge carriers near induced redistribution of charge carriers near the NV. We then build on these findings to demonstrate transverse-relaxation-time-weighted imaging of the superconductor film. These results shed light on the dynamics governing the spin coherence of shallow NVs, and promise opportunities for new forms of noise spectroscopy and imaging of superconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Monge
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York10016, United States
| | - Tom Delord
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Nicholas V Proscia
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Zav Shotan
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Harishankar Jayakumar
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Jacob Henshaw
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Pablo R Zangara
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Artur Lozovoi
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Daniela Pagliero
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
| | - Pablo D Esquinazi
- Division of Superconductivity and Magnetism, Felix-Bloch-Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Leipzig, D-04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toshu An
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi City, Ishikawa923-1292, Japan
| | - Inti Sodemann
- Institut for Theoretical Physics, University of Leipzig, D-04103Leipzig, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, D-01187Dresden, Germany
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York10016, United States
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York10031, United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York10016, United States
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12
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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13
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Olivares-Postigo D, Gorrini F, Bitonto V, Ackermann J, Giri R, Krueger A, Bifone A. Divergent Effects of Laser Irradiation on Ensembles of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Bulk and Nanodiamonds: Implications for Biosensing. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:95. [PMID: 36161373 PMCID: PMC9512947 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ensembles of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV-) in diamond have been proposed for sensing of magnetic fields and paramagnetic agents, and as a source of spin-order for the hyperpolarization of nuclei in magnetic resonance applications. To this end, strongly fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs) represent promising materials, with large surface areas and dense ensembles of NV-. However, surface effects tend to favor the less useful neutral form, the NV0 centers, and strategies to increase the density of shallow NV- centers have been proposed, including irradiation with strong laser power (Gorrini in ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 13:43221-43232, 2021). Here, we study the fluorescence properties and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of NV- centers as a function of laser power in strongly fluorescent bulk diamond and in nanodiamonds obtained by nanomilling of the native material. In bulk diamond, we find that increasing laser power increases ODMR contrast, consistent with a power-dependent increase in spin-polarization. Conversely, in nanodiamonds we observe a non-monotonic behavior, with a decrease in ODMR contrast at higher laser power. We hypothesize that this phenomenon may be ascribed to more efficient NV-→NV0 photoconversion in nanodiamonds compared to bulk diamond, resulting in depletion of the NV- pool. A similar behavior is shown for NDs internalized in macrophage cells under the typical experimental conditions of imaging bioassays. Our results suggest strong laser irradiation is not an effective strategy in NDs, where the interplay between surface effects and local microenvironment determine the optimal experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Olivares-Postigo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.
- Molecular Biology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Federico Gorrini
- Molecular Biology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, via Livorno 60, 10144, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Bitonto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Johannes Ackermann
- Institut Für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rakshyakar Giri
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068, Rovereto, Trento, Italy
| | - Anke Krueger
- Institut Für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Center for Complex Materials Research (RCCM), Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Molecular Biology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, via Livorno 60, 10144, Turin, Italy.
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14
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Abstract
Implementing the modern technologies of light-emitting devices, light harvesting, and quantum information processing requires the understanding of the structure-function relations at spatial scales below the optical diffraction limit and time scales of energy and information flows. Here, we distinctively combine cathodoluminescence (CL) with ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), termed CL-UEM, because CL and UEM synergetically afford the required spectral and spatiotemporal sensitivities, respectively. For color centers in nanodiamonds, we demonstrate the measurement of CL lifetime with a local sensitivity of 50 nm and a time resolution of 100 ps. It is revealed that the emitting states of the color centers can be populated through charge transfer among the color centers across diamond lattices upon high-energy electron beam excitation. The technical advance achieved in this study will facilitate the specific control over energy conversion at nanoscales, relevant to quantum dots and single-photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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15
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Li S, Francaviglia L, Kohler DD, Jones ZR, Zhao ET, Ogletree DF, Weber-Bargioni A, Melosh NA, Hamers RJ. Ag-Diamond Core-Shell Nanostructures Incorporated with Silicon-Vacancy Centers. ACS MATERIALS AU 2021; 2:85-93. [PMID: 36855764 PMCID: PMC9888652 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers in diamond have attracted attention as highly stable fluorophores for sensing and as possible candidates for quantum information science. While prior studies have shown that the formation of hybrid diamond-metal structures can increase the rates of optical absorption and emission, many practical applications require diamond plasmonic structures that are stable in harsh chemical and thermal environments. Here, we demonstrate that Ag nanospheres, produced both in quasi-random arrays by thermal dewetting and in ordered arrays using electron-beam lithography, can be completely encapsulated with a thin diamond coating containing SiV centers, leading to hybrid core-shell nanostructures exhibiting extraordinary chemical and thermal stability as well as enhanced optical properties. Diamond shells with a thickness on the order of 20-100 nm are sufficient to encapsulate and protect the Ag nanostructures with different sizes ranging from 20 nm to hundreds of nanometers, allowing them to withstand heating to temperatures of 1000 °C and immersion in harsh boiling acid for 24 h. Ultrafast photoluminescence lifetime and super-resolution optical imaging experiments were used to study the SiV properties on and off the core-shell structures, which show that the SiV on core-shell structures have higher brightness and faster decay rate. The stability and optical properties of the hybrid Ag-diamond core-shell structures make them attractive candidates for high-efficiency imaging and quantum-based sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States,Stanford
Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States,Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Luca Francaviglia
- Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel D. Kohler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary R. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eric T. Zhao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - D. Frank Ogletree
- Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Weber-Bargioni
- Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Melosh
- Stanford
Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States,Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States,
| | - Robert J. Hamers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States,
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16
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Gorrini F, Dorigoni C, Olivares-Postigo D, Giri R, Aprà P, Picollo F, Bifone A. Long-Lived Ensembles of Shallow NV - Centers in Flat and Nanostructured Diamonds by Photoconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43221-43232. [PMID: 34468122 PMCID: PMC8447188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Shallow, negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV-) in diamond have been proposed for high-sensitivity magnetometry and spin-polarization transfer applications. However, surface effects tend to favor and stabilize the less useful neutral form, the NV0 centers. Here, we report the effects of green laser irradiation on ensembles of nanometer-shallow NV centers in flat and nanostructured diamond surfaces as a function of laser power in a range not previously explored (up to 150 mW/μm2). Fluorescence spectroscopy, optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), and charge-photoconversion detection are applied to characterize the properties and dynamics of NV- and NV0 centers. We demonstrate that high laser power strongly promotes photoconversion of NV0 to NV- centers. Surprisingly, the excess NV- population is stable over a timescale of 100 ms after switching off the laser, resulting in long-lived enrichment of shallow NV-. The beneficial effect of photoconversion is less marked in nanostructured samples. Our results are important to inform the design of samples and experimental procedures for applications relying on ensembles of shallow NV- centers in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gorrini
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable
Future Technologies, via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
- Molecular
Biology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Dorigoni
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience
and Cognitive System, corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (Tn), Italy
| | - Domingo Olivares-Postigo
- Molecular
Biology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience
and Cognitive System, corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (Tn), Italy
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Rakshyakar Giri
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience
and Cognitive System, corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto (Tn), Italy
| | - Pietro Aprà
- Department
of Physics and “NIS Inter-departmental Centre”, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
- National
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Federico Picollo
- Department
of Physics and “NIS Inter-departmental Centre”, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
- National
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Angelo Bifone
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable
Future Technologies, via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
- Molecular
Biology Center, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department
of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
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17
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Liu K, Zhang S, Ralchenko V, Qiao P, Zhao J, Shu G, Yang L, Han J, Dai B, Zhu J. Tailoring of Typical Color Centers in Diamond for Photonics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000891. [PMID: 32815269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On the demand of single-photon entangled light sources and high-sensitivity probes in the fields of quantum information processing, weak magnetic field detection and biosensing, the nitrogen vacancy (NV) color center is very attractive and has been deeply and intensively studied, due to its convenience of spin initialization, operation, and optical readout combined with long coherence time in the ambient environment. Although the application prospect is promising, there are still some problems to be solved before fully exerting its characteristic performance, including enhancement of emission of NV centers in certain charge state (NV- or NV0 ), obtaining indistinguishable photons, and improving of collecting efficiency for the photons. Herein, the research progress in these issues is reviewed and commented on to help researchers grasp the current trends. In addition, the development of emerging color centers, such as germanium vacancy defects, and rare-earth dopants, with great potential for various applications, are also briefly surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Sen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Victor Ralchenko
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pengfei Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Guoyang Shu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jiecai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Bing Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
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18
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Lozovoi A, Jayakumar H, Daw D, Lakra A, Meriles CA. Probing Metastable Space-Charge Potentials in a Wide Band Gap Semiconductor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:256602. [PMID: 33416343 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.256602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While the study of space-charge potentials has a long history, present models are largely based on the notion of steady state equilibrium, ill-suited to describe wide band gap semiconductors with moderate to low concentrations of defects. Here we build on color centers in diamond both to locally inject carriers into the crystal and probe their evolution as they propagate in the presence of external and internal potentials. We witness the formation of metastable charge patterns whose shape-and concomitant field-can be engineered through the timing of carrier injection and applied voltages. With the help of previously crafted charge patterns, we unveil a rich interplay between local and extended sources of space-charge field, which we then exploit to show space-charge-induced carrier guiding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Lozovoi
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | | | - Damon Daw
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Ayesha Lakra
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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19
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Jayakumar H, Lozovoi A, Daw D, Meriles CA. Long-Term Spin State Storage Using Ancilla Charge Memories. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:236601. [PMID: 33337195 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.236601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We articulate confocal microscopy and electron spin resonance to implement spin-to-charge conversion in a small ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in bulk diamond and demonstrate charge conversion of neighboring defects conditional on the NV spin state. We build on this observation to show time-resolved NV spin manipulation and ancilla-charge-aided NV spin state detection via integrated measurements. Our results hint at intriguing opportunities in the development of novel measurement strategies in fundamental science and quantum spintronics as well as in the search for enhanced forms of color-center-based metrology down to the limit of individual point defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Lozovoi
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Damon Daw
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- CUNY-Graduate Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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20
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Tsapyuk GG, Diyuk VE, Mariychuk R, Panova AN, Loginova OB, Grishchenko LM, Dyachenko AG, Linnik RP, Zaderko AN, Lisnyak VV. Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the thermal oxidation of detonation nanodiamonds. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Motojima M, Suzuki T, Shigekawa H, Kainuma Y, An T, Hase M. Giant nonlinear optical effects induced by nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond crystals. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:32217-32227. [PMID: 31684438 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.032217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in single crystal diamond on nonlinear optical effects using 40 fs femtosecond laser pulses. The near-infrared femtosecond pulses allow us to study purely nonlinear optical effects, such as optical Kerr effect (OKE) and two-photon absorption (TPA), related to unique optical transitions by electronic structures with NV centers. It is found that both nonlinear optical effects are enhanced by the introduction of NV centers in the N + dose levels of 2.0×10 11 and 1.0×10 12 N +/cm 2. In particular, our data demonstrate that the OKE signal is strongly enhanced for the heavily implanted type-IIa diamond. We suggest that the strong enhancement of the OKE is possibly originated from cascading OKE, where the high-density NV centers effectively break the inversion symmetry near the surface region of diamond.
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22
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Chang IY, Hyeon-Deuk K. Ultrafast Orbital Depolarization and Defect-Localized Phonon Dynamics Induced by Quantum Resonance between Multi-Nitrogen Vacancy Defects. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4644-4651. [PMID: 31365265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proximate nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects with interdefect interaction may establish a new kind of quantum qubit network to explore controlled multibody quantum dynamics. In particular, by introducing the critical distance and favorable orientation between a pair of NV defects, the quantum resonance (QR) can be induced. Here, we present the first real-time depolarization and phonon dynamics on the excited state at ambient temperature which are intrinsic to the proximate multi-NV defects. We computationally demonstrate that the QR can effectively change the major properties of the multi-NV defects, such as orbital degeneracy, orbital delocalization, local phonon modes, electron-phonon coupling, and orbital depolarization dynamics, elucidating the physical mechanisms and finding the key factors to control them. The physical insights provide a starting point for the positioning accuracy of NV defects and creation protocols with broad implications for magnetometry, quantum information, nanophotonics, sensing, and spectroscopy, allowing the QR to be a new means of physical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ya Chang
- Department of Chemistry , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
| | - Kim Hyeon-Deuk
- Department of Chemistry , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
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23
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Gorrini F, Giri R, Avalos CE, Tambalo S, Mannucci S, Basso L, Bazzanella N, Dorigoni C, Cazzanelli M, Marzola P, Miotello A, Bifone A. Fast and Sensitive Detection of Paramagnetic Species Using Coupled Charge and Spin Dynamics in Strongly Fluorescent Nanodiamonds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:24412-24422. [PMID: 31199615 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of a few unpaired electron spins, such as in metal ions and radicals, is a useful but difficult task in nanoscale physics, biology, and chemistry. Single negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in diamond offer high sensitivity and spatial resolution in the optical detection of weak magnetic fields produced by a spin bath but often require long acquisition times on the order of seconds. Here, we present an approach based on coupled spin and charge dynamics in dense NV ensembles in strongly fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs) to sense external magnetic dipoles. We apply this approach to various paramagnetic species, including gadolinium complexes, magnetite nanoparticles, and hemoglobin in whole blood. Taking advantage of the high NV density, we demonstrate a dramatic reduction in acquisition time (down to tens of milliseconds) while maintaining high sensitivity to paramagnetic centers. Strong luminescence, high sensitivity, and short acquisition time make dense NV- ensembles in NDs a potentially promising tool for biosensing and bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gorrini
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Bettini 31 , Rovereto, 38068 Trento , Italy
| | - R Giri
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Bettini 31 , Rovereto, 38068 Trento , Italy
| | - C E Avalos
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Batochime , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - S Tambalo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Bettini 31 , Rovereto, 38068 Trento , Italy
| | - S Mannucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Strada Le Grazie 8 , 37134 Verona , Italy
| | - L Basso
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Bettini 31 , Rovereto, 38068 Trento , Italy
- Department of Physics , University of Trento , via Sommarive 14, Povo , 38123 Trento , Italy
| | - N Bazzanella
- Department of Physics , University of Trento , via Sommarive 14, Povo , 38123 Trento , Italy
| | - C Dorigoni
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Bettini 31 , Rovereto, 38068 Trento , Italy
| | - M Cazzanelli
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Bettini 31 , Rovereto, 38068 Trento , Italy
- Department of Physics , University of Trento , via Sommarive 14, Povo , 38123 Trento , Italy
| | - P Marzola
- Department of Computer Science , University of Verona , Strada Le Grazie 15 , 37134 Verona , Italy
| | - A Miotello
- Department of Physics , University of Trento , via Sommarive 14, Povo , 38123 Trento , Italy
| | - A Bifone
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Bettini 31 , Rovereto, 38068 Trento , Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences , University of Torino , Torino 10126 , Italy
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24
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Bluvstein D, Zhang Z, Jayich ACB. Identifying and Mitigating Charge Instabilities in Shallow Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:076101. [PMID: 30848640 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.076101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The charge degree of freedom in solid-state defects fundamentally underpins the electronic spin degree of freedom, a workhorse of quantum technologies. Here we measure, analyze, and control charge-state behavior in individual near-surface nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, where NV^{-} hosts the metrologically relevant electron spin. We find that NV^{-} initialization fidelity varies between individual centers and over time; we alleviate the deleterious effects of reduced NV^{-} initialization fidelity via logic-based initialization. Importantly, we also show that NV^{-} can ionize in the dark on experimentally relevant timescales, and we introduce measurement protocols that mitigate the compromising effects of charge conversion on spin measurements. We identify tunneling to a single local electron trap as the mechanism for ionization in the dark, and we develop novel NV-assisted techniques to control and read out the trap charge state. Our understanding and command of the NV's local electrostatic environment will simultaneously guide materials design and provide unique functionalities with NV centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolev Bluvstein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Zhiran Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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