1
|
Gao L, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Fu S, Geuchies JJ, Valli D, Saha RA, Pradhan B, Roeffaers M, Debroye E, Hofkens J, Lu J, Ni Z, Wang HI, Bonn M. Tailoring Polaron Dimensions in Lead-Tin Hybrid Perovskites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406109. [PMID: 39189538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Charge carriers in the soft and polar perovskite lattice form so-called polaron quasiparticles, charge carriers dressed with a lattice deformation. The spatial extent of a polaron is governed by the material's electron-phonon interaction strength, which determines charge carrier effective mass, mobility, and the so-called Mott polaron density, that is, the maximum stable density of charge carriers that a perovskite can support. Despite its significance, controlling polaron dimensions has been challenging. Here, experimental substantial tuning of polaron dimensions is reported by lattice engineering, through Pb/Sn substitution in CH3NH3SnxPb1-xI3. The polaron dimension is deduced from the Mott polaron density, which can be composition-tuned over an order of magnitude, while charge carrier mobility occurs through band transport, and remains substantial across all compositions, ranging from 10 s to 100 s cm2 V s-1 at room temperature. The effective modulation of polaron size can be understood by considering the bond asymmetry after carrier injection as well as the random spatial distribution of Pb/Sn ions. This study underscores the potential for tailoring polaron dimensions, which is crucial for optimizing applications prioritizing either high charge carrier density or high mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heng Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jaco J Geuchies
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Donato Valli
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Rafikul Ali Saha
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Bapi Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roeffaers
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Elke Debroye
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Junpeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhenhua Ni
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Nanophotonics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, Utrecht, 3584 CC, Netherlands
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang L, Chen Y, Cao S, Yuan D, Tang X, Wang D, Gao Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Yang X, Lu Z, Fan Q, Sun B. Interfacial Heterojunction Enables High Efficient PbS Quantum Dot Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402756. [PMID: 38696647 PMCID: PMC11234412 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising optoelectronic materials for solution-processed thin film optoelectronic devices. However, the large surface area with abundant surface defects of CQDs and trap-assisted non-radiative recombination losses at the interface between CQDs and charge-transport layer limit their optoelectronic performance. To address this issue, an interface heterojunction strategy is proposed to protect the CQDs interface by incorporating a thin layer of polyethyleneimine (PEIE) to suppress trap-assisted non-radiative recombination losses. This thin layer not only acts as a protective barrier but also modulates carrier recombination and extraction dynamics by forming heterojunctions at the buried interface between CQDs and charge-transport layer, thereby enhancing the interface charge extraction efficiency. This enhancement is demonstrated by the shortened lifetime of carrier extraction from 0.72 to 0.46 ps. As a result, the resultant PbS CQD solar cells achieve a power-conversion-efficiency (PCE) of 13.4% compared to 12.2% without the heterojunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)School of Material Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT)9 Wenyuan Rd.Nanjing210023China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)School of Material Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT)9 Wenyuan Rd.Nanjing210023China
| | - Shuang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)School of Material Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT)9 Wenyuan Rd.Nanjing210023China
| | - Defei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)School of Material Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT)9 Wenyuan Rd.Nanjing210023China
| | - Xu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)School of Material Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT)9 Wenyuan Rd.Nanjing210023China
| | - Dengke Wang
- Department of PhysicsCenter for Optoelectronics Engineering ResearchYunnan UniversityKunming650091China
| | - Yajun Gao
- LONGi Central R&D InstituteLONGi Green Energy Technology Co.Xi'anChina
| | - Junjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)School of Material Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT)9 Wenyuan Rd.Nanjing210023China
| | - Yongbiao Zhao
- Department of PhysicsCenter for Optoelectronics Engineering ResearchYunnan UniversityKunming650091China
| | - Xichuan Yang
- Institute of Artificial PhotosynthesisState Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDUT−KTH Joint Education and Research Centre on Molecular DevicesDalian University of Technology (DUT)2 Linggong Rd.Dalian116024China
| | - Zhenghong Lu
- Department of PhysicsCenter for Optoelectronics Engineering ResearchYunnan UniversityKunming650091China
| | - Quli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)School of Material Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT)9 Wenyuan Rd.Nanjing210023China
| | - Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)School of Material Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT)9 Wenyuan Rd.Nanjing210023China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Q, Wu K, Zhu H, Yang Y, He S, Lian T. Charge Transfer from Quantum-Confined 0D, 1D, and 2D Nanocrystals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5695-5763. [PMID: 38629390 PMCID: PMC11082908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The properties of colloidal quantum-confined semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), including zero-dimensional (0D) quantum dots, 1D nanorods, 2D nanoplatelets, and their heterostructures, can be tuned through their size, dimensionality, and material composition. In their photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications, a key step is to generate spatially separated and long-lived electrons and holes by interfacial charge transfer. These charge transfer properties have been extensively studied recently, which is the subject of this Review. The Review starts with a summary of the electronic structure and optical properties of 0D-2D nanocrystals, followed by the advances in wave function engineering, a novel way to control the spatial distribution of electrons and holes, through their size, dimension, and composition. It discusses the dependence of NC charge transfer on various parameters and the development of the Auger-assisted charge transfer model. Recent advances in understanding multiple exciton generation, decay, and dissociation are also discussed, with an emphasis on multiple carrier transfer. Finally, the applications of nanocrystal-based systems for photocatalysis are reviewed, focusing on the photodriven charge separation and recombination processes that dictate the function and performance of these materials. The Review ends with a summary and outlook of key remaining challenges and promising future directions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Li
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church St, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Ye Yang
- The
State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM
(Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials),
College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Sheng He
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chi Z, Xu J, Luo S, Ran X, Wang X, Liu P, He Y, Kuang Y, Guo L. Triplet generation at the CdTe quantum dot/anthracene interface mediated by hot and thermalized electron exchange for enhanced production of singlet oxygen. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8913-8920. [PMID: 36916640 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Triplet energy transfer (TET) from semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) to molecular triplets has potential applications in photon up-conversion and singlet oxygen generation. Here, we have constructed a complex consisting of CdTe QDs as the donor and 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid (ACA) as the triplet acceptor, and studied the TET pathways and enhanced singlet oxygen generation properties. The results from steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy demonstrate efficient TET with a total efficiency of over 80% from photoexcited CdTe QDs to ACA. Dynamical analysis clearly indicates two distinctive TET channels - hot electron exchange and thermalized electron exchange - mediating the TET process in the CdTe QDs-ACA complex. The TET efficiencies from hot electron exchange at high energetic levels and thermalized electron exchange on the lowest exciton state can reach ∼27% and ∼85%, respectively, following 530 nm excitation. This efficient TET endows the CdTe QDs-ACA complex with a good capability of generating singlet oxygen species with a yield of up to ∼59%. These findings contribute further insights to the mechanisms of interfacial TET processes and are significant in designing efficient TET systems based on semiconductor nanoparticles and triplet molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chi
- School of Physics and Electronics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Shida Luo
- School of Physics and Electronics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xia Ran
- School of Physics and Electronics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Pingan Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Yulu He
- School of Physics and Electronics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Yanmin Kuang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lijun Guo
- School of Physics and Electronics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang H, Debroye E, Vina-Bausa B, Valli D, Fu S, Zheng W, Di Virgilio L, Gao L, Frost JM, Walsh A, Hofkens J, Wang HI, Bonn M. Stable Mott Polaron State Limits the Charge Density in Lead Halide Perovskites. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2023; 8:420-428. [PMID: 36660369 PMCID: PMC9841606 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Large polarons are known to form in lead halide perovskites (LHPs). Photoinduced isolated polarons at low densities have been well-researched, but many-body interactions at elevated polaron densities, exceeding the Mott criterion (i.e., Mott polaron density), have remained elusive. Here, employing ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy, we identify a stable Mott polaron state in LHPs at which the polaron wavefunctions start to overlap. The Mott polaron density is determined to be ∼1018 cm-3, in good agreement with theoretical calculations based on the Feynman polaron model. The electronic phase transition across the Mott density is found to be universal in LHPs and independent of the constituent ions. Exceeding the Mott polaron density, excess photoinjected charge carriers annihilate quickly within tens to hundreds of picoseconds, before reaching the stable and long-lived Mott state. These results have considerable implications for LHP-based devices and for understanding exotic phenomena reported in LHPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Elke Debroye
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Vina-Bausa
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Donato Valli
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shuai Fu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Wenhao Zheng
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucia Di Virgilio
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Lei Gao
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128Mainz, Germany
- School
of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing211189, China
| | - Jarvist M. Frost
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Aron Walsh
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department
of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hai I. Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shakiba M, Stippell E, Li W, Akimov AV. Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics with Extended Density Functional Tight-Binding: Application to Nanocrystals and Periodic Solids. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:5157-5180. [PMID: 35758936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report a new methodology for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics calculations within the extended tight-binding (xTB) framework. We demonstrate the applicability of the developed approach to finite and periodic systems with thousands of atoms by modeling "hot" electron relaxation dynamics in silicon nanocrystals and electron-hole recombination in both a graphitic carbon nitride monolayer and a titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF). This work reports the nonadiabatic dynamic simulations in the largest Si nanocrystals studied so far by the xTB framework, with diameters up to 3.5 nm. For silicon nanocrystals, we find a non-monotonic dependence of "hot" electron relaxation rates on the nanocrystal size, in agreement with available experimental reports. We rationalize this relationship by a combination of decreasing nonadiabatic couplings related to system size and the increase of available coherent transfer pathways in systems with higher densities of states. We emphasize the importance of proper treatment of coherences for obtaining such non-monotonic dependences. We characterize the electron-hole recombination dynamics in the graphitic carbon nitride monolayer and the Ti-containing MOF. We demonstrate the importance of spin-adaptation and proper sampling of surface hopping trajectories in modeling such processes. We also assess several trajectory surface hopping schemes and highlight their distinct qualitative behavior in modeling the excited-state dynamics in superexchange-like models depending on how they handle coherences between nearly parallel states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakiba
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Elizabeth Stippell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ballabio M, Cánovas E. Electron Transfer at Quantum Dot–Metal Oxide Interfaces for Solar Energy Conversion. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:367-395. [PMID: 36281255 PMCID: PMC9585894 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Electron transfer
at a donor–acceptor quantum dot–metal
oxide interface is a process fundamentally relevant to solar energy
conversion architectures as, e.g., sensitized solar cells and solar
fuels schemes. As kinetic competition at these technologically relevant
interfaces largely determines device performance, this Review surveys
several aspects linking electron transfer dynamics and device efficiency;
this correlation is done for systems aiming for efficiencies up to
and above the ∼33% efficiency limit set by Shockley and Queisser
for single gap devices. Furthermore, we critically comment on common
pitfalls associated with the interpretation of kinetic data obtained
from current methodologies and experimental approaches, and finally,
we highlight works that, to our judgment, have contributed to a better
understanding of the fundamentals governing electron transfer at quantum
dot–metal oxide interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ballabio
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Temen S, Akimov AV. A Simple Solution to Trivial Crossings: A Stochastic State Tracking Approach. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:850-860. [PMID: 33427475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a new state tracking algorithm based on a stochastic state reassignment that reflects the quantum mechanical interpretation of the state time-overlaps. We assess the new method with a range of model Hamiltonians and demonstrate that it yields the results generally consistent with the deterministic min-cost algorithm. However, the stochastic state tracking algorithm reduces magnitudes of the state population fluctuations as the quantum system evolves toward its equilibrium. The new algorithm facilitates the thermalization of quantum state populations and suppresses the population revivals and oscillations near the equilibrium in many-state systems. The new stochastic algorithm has a favorable computational scaling, is easy to implement due to its conceptual transparency, and treats various types of state identity changes (trivial or avoided crossings and any intermediate cases) on equal footing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Story Temen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Han P, Yao X, Müllen K, Narita A, Bonn M, Cánovas E. Size-dependent electron transfer from atomically defined nanographenes to metal oxide nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16046-16052. [PMID: 32761017 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03891a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomically defined nanographenes (NGs) feature size-dependent energy gaps induced by, and tuneable through, quantum confinement. Their energy-tunability and robustness make NGs appealing candidates as active elements in sensitized geometries, where NGs functionalize a metal oxide (MO) film with large-area-to-volume ratio. Despite the prominent relevance of NG/MO interfaces for developing novel architectures for solar energy conversion, to date, little information is available regarding the fundamentals of electron transfer (ET) processes taking place from NG donors to MO acceptors. Here, we analyze the interplay between the size of atomically precise NGs and ET dynamics at NG/MO interfaces. We observe that as the size of NG decreases, ET from the NG donating state to the MO acceptor state speeds up. This dependence can be rationalized from variations in the donor-to-acceptor interfacial overpotential as the NG size (HOMO-LUMO gap) is reduced (increased), and can be rationalized within the framework of Marcus ET theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Y, Wu G, Liu F, Ding C, Zou Z, Shen Q. Photoexcited carrier dynamics in colloidal quantum dot solar cells: insights into individual quantum dots, quantum dot solid films and devices. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:49-84. [PMID: 31825404 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00560a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) record of colloidal quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) has considerably improved from below 4% to 16.6% in the last few years. However, the record PCE value of QDSCs is still substantially lower than the theoretical efficiency. So far, there have been several reviews on recent and significant achievements in QDSCs, but reviews on photoexcited carrier dynamics in QDSCs are scarce. The photovoltaic performances of QDSCs are still limited by the photovoltage, photocurrent and fill factor that are mainly determined by the photoexcited carrier dynamics, including carrier (or exciton) generation, carrier extraction or transfer, and the carrier recombination process, in the devices. In this review, the photoexcited carrier dynamics in the whole QDSCs, originating from individual quantum dots (QDs) to the entire device as well as the characterization methods used for analyzing the photoexcited carrier dynamics are summarized and discussed. The recent research including photoexcited multiple exciton generation (MEG), hot electron extraction, and carrier transfer between adjacent QDs, as well as carrier injection and recombination at each interface of QDSCs are discussed in detail herein. The influence of photoexcited carrier dynamics on the physiochemical properties of QDs and photovoltaic performances of QDSC devices is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohong Zhang
- Faculty of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu Y, Sun Y, Hu Z, An X, Zhou D, Zhou H, Wang W, Liu K, Jiang J, Yang D, Zafar Z, Zeng H, Wang F, Zhu H, Lu J, Ni Z. Fast Photoelectric Conversion in the Near-Infrared Enabled by Plasmon-Induced Hot-Electron Transfer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903829. [PMID: 31495984 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial charge transfer is a fundamental and crucial process in photoelectric conversion. If charge transfer is not fast enough, carrier harvesting can compromise with competitive relaxation pathways, e.g., cooling, trapping, and recombination. Some of these processes can strongly affect the speed and efficiency of photoelectric conversion. In this work, it is elaborated that plasmon-induced hot-electron transfer (HET) from tungsten suboxide to graphene is a sufficiently fast process to prevent carrier cooling and trapping processes. A fast near-infrared detector empowered by HET is demonstrated, and the response time is three orders of magnitude faster than that based on common band-edge electron transfer. Moreover, HET can overcome the spectral limit of the bandgap of tungsten suboxide (≈2.8 eV) to extent the photoresponse to the communication band of 1550 nm (≈0.8 eV). These results indicate that plasmon-induced HET is a new strategy for implementation of efficient and high-speed photoelectric devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Yu
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhenliang Hu
- Center for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Center, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Xuhong An
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Centre for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhou
- Centre for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Kaiyang Liu
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Institute of Optoelectronics and Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Zainab Zafar
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Haibo Zeng
- Institute of Optoelectronics and Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Fengqiu Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- Centre for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Junpeng Lu
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhenhua Ni
- School of Physics and Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Z, Zhang H, Eredia M, Qiu H, Baaziz W, Ersen O, Ciesielski A, Bonn M, Wang HI, Samorì P. Water-Dispersed High-Quality Graphene: A Green Solution for Efficient Energy Storage Applications. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9431-9441. [PMID: 31386338 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been the subject of widespread research during the past decade because of its outstanding physical properties which make it an ideal nanoscale material to investigate fundamental properties. Such characteristics promote graphene as a functional material for the emergence of disruptive technologies. However, to impact daily life products and devices, high-quality graphene needs to be produced in large quantities using an environmentally friendly protocol. In this context, the production of graphene which preserves its outstanding electronic properties using a green chemistry approach remains a key challenge. Herein, we report the efficient production of electrode material for micro-supercapacitors obtained by functionalization of water-dispersed high-quality graphene nanosheets with polydopamine. High-frequency (terahertz) conductivity measurements of the graphene nanosheets reveal high charge carrier mobility up to 1000 cm-2 V-1 s-1. The fine water dispersibility enables versatile functionalization of graphene, as demonstrated by the pseudocapacitive polydopamine coating of graphene nanosheets. The polydopamine functionalization causes a modest, i.e., 20%, reduction of charge carrier mobility. Thin film electrodes based on such hybrid materials for micro-supercapacitors exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, namely a volumetric capacitance of 340 F cm-3 and a power density of 1000 W cm-3, thus outperforming most of the reported graphene-based micro-supercapacitors. These results highlight the potential for water-dispersed, high-quality graphene nanosheets as a platform material for energy-storage applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- Université de Strasbourg and CNRS , ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Heng Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Matilde Eredia
- Université de Strasbourg and CNRS , ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Haixin Qiu
- Université de Strasbourg and CNRS , ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Walid Baaziz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) , UMR 7504 Université de Strasbourg and CNRS , 23 rue du Loess , 67034 Strasbourg , France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) , UMR 7504 Université de Strasbourg and CNRS , 23 rue du Loess , 67034 Strasbourg , France
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Université de Strasbourg and CNRS , ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg and CNRS , ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grimaldi G, Geuchies JJ, van der Stam W, du Fossé I, Brynjarsson B, Kirkwood N, Kinge S, Siebbeles LD, Houtepen AJ. Spectroscopic Evidence for the Contribution of Holes to the Bleach of Cd-Chalcogenide Quantum Dots. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3002-3010. [PMID: 30938530 PMCID: PMC6509645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In transient absorption (TA) measurements on Cd-chalcogenide quantum dots (QDs), the presence of a band-edge (BE) bleach signal is commonly attributed entirely to conduction-band electrons in the 1S(e) state, neglecting contributions from BE holes. While this has been the accepted view for more than 20 years, and has often been used to distinguish electron and hole kinetics, the reason for the absence of a hole contribution to the BE-bleach has remained unclear. Here, we show with three independent experiments that holes do in fact have a significant impact on the BE-bleach of well-passivated Cd-chalcogenide QD samples. Transient absorption experiments on high photoluminescence quantum yield CdSe/CdS/ZnS core-shell-shell QDs clearly show an increase of the band-edge bleach as holes cool down to the band edge. The relative contribution of electron-to-hole bleach is 2:1, as predicted by theory. The same measurements on core-only CdSe QDs with a lower quantum yield do not show a contribution of holes to the band-edge bleach. We assign the lack of hole bleach to the presence of ultrafast hole trapping in samples with insufficient passivation of the QD surface. In addition, we show measurements of optical gain in core-shell-shell QD solutions, providing clear evidence of a significant hole contribution to the BE transient absorption signal. Finally, we present spectroelectrochemical measurements on CdTe QDs films, showing the presence of a BE-bleach for both electron and hole injections. The presence of a contribution of holes to the bleach in passivated Cd-chalcogenides QDs bears important implications for quantitative studies on optical gain as well as for TA determinations of carrier dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Grimaldi
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Jaco J. Geuchies
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Ward van der Stam
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Indy du Fossé
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Baldur Brynjarsson
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Kirkwood
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Sachin Kinge
- Materials
Research & Development, Toyota Motor
Europe, Hoge Wei 33, Zaventem B-1930, Belgium
| | - Laurens D.A. Siebbeles
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HAZ Delft 2629, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Y, Lai R, Luo X, Liu X, Ding T, Lu X, Wu K. On the absence of a phonon bottleneck in strongly confined CsPbBr 3 perovskite nanocrystals. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5983-5989. [PMID: 31360405 PMCID: PMC6566378 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01339c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In traditional solar cells, photogenerated energetic carriers (so-called hot carriers) rapidly relax to band edges via emission of phonons, prohibiting the extraction of their excess energy above the band gap. Quantum confined semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots (QDs), were predicted to have long-lived hot carriers enabled by a phonon bottleneck, i.e., the large inter-level spacings in QDs should result in inefficient phonon emissions. Here we study the effect of quantum confinement on hot carrier/exciton lifetime in lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. We synthesized a series of strongly confined CsPbBr3 nanocrystals with edge lengths down to 2.6 nm, the smallest reported to date, and studied their hot exciton relaxation using ultrafast spectroscopy. We observed sub-ps hot exciton lifetimes in all the samples with edge lengths within 2.6-6.2 nm and thus the absence of a phonon bottleneck. Their well-resolved excitonic peaks allowed us to quantify hot carrier/exciton energy loss rates which increased with decreasing NC sizes. This behavior can be well reproduced by a nonadiabatic transition mechanism between excitonic states induced by coupling to surface ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China . .,Departmental of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Runchen Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China .
| | - Xiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China .
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China .
| | - Tao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China .
| | - Xin Lu
- Departmental of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , Fujian 361005 , China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics , Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China .
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Han P, Hou ICY, Lu H, Wang XY, Müllen K, Bonn M, Narita A, Cánovas E. Chemisorption of Atomically Precise 42-Carbon Graphene Quantum Dots on Metal Oxide Films Greatly Accelerates Interfacial Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1431-1436. [PMID: 30848919 PMCID: PMC6727373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are emerging as environmentally friendly, low-cost, and highly tunable building blocks in solar energy conversion architectures, such as solar (fuel) cells. Specifically, GQDs constitute a promising alternative for organometallic dyes in sensitized oxide systems. Current sensitized solar cells employing atomically precise GQDs are based on physisorbed sensitizers, with typically limited efficiencies. Chemisorption has been pointed out as a solution to boost photoconversion efficiencies, by allowing improved control over sensitizer surface coverage and sensitizer-oxide coupling strength. Here, employing time-resolved THz spectroscopy, we demonstrate that chemisorption of atomically precise C42-GQDs (hexa- peri-hexabenzocoronene derivatives consisting of 42 sp2 carbon atoms) onto mesoporous metal oxides, enabled by their functionalization with a carboxylate group, enhances electron transfer (ET) rates by almost 2 orders of magnitude when compared with physisorbed sensitizers. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, absorption spectroscopy and valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the enhanced ET rates can be traced to stronger donor-acceptor coupling strength enabled by chemisorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ian Cheng-Yi Hou
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hao Lu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg
University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Organic
and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute
of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Instituto
Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|