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Huang Y, Yin K, Li B, Zheng A, Wu B, Sun L, Nie M. Microelectromechanical system for in situ quantitative testing of tension-compression asymmetry in nanostructures. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:254-263. [PMID: 38014510 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Tension-compression asymmetry is a topic of current interest in nanostructures, especially in strain engineering. Herein, we report a novel on-chip microelectromechanical system (MEMS) that can realize in situ quantitative mechanical testing of nanostructures under tension-compression functions. The mechanical properties of three kinds of nanostructures fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB) techniques were systematically investigated with the presented on-chip testing system. The results declare that both Pt nanopillars and C nanowires exhibit plastic deformation behavior under tension testing, with average Young's moduli of 70.06 GPa and 58.32 GPa, respectively. However, the mechanical deformation mechanisms of the two nanostructures changed in compression tests. The Pt nanopillar exhibited in-plane buckling behavior, while the C nanowire displayed 3D twisting behavior with a maximum strain of 25.47%, which is far greater than the tensile strain. Moreover, asymmetric behavior was also observed in the C nanospring during five loading-unloading tension-compression deformation tests. This work provides a novel insight into the asymmetric mechanical properties of nanostructures, with potential applications in nanotechnology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Huang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Binghui Li
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Anqi Zheng
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Bozhi Wu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Meng Nie
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Han Y, Wang L, Cao K, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Hou Y, Lu Y. In Situ TEM Characterization and Modulation for Phase Engineering of Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:14119-14184. [PMID: 38055201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state phase transformation is an intriguing phenomenon in crystalline or noncrystalline solids due to the distinct physical and chemical properties that can be obtained and modified by phase engineering. Compared to bulk solids, nanomaterials exhibit enhanced capability for phase engineering due to their small sizes and high surface-to-volume ratios, facilitating various emerging applications. To establish a comprehensive atomistic understanding of phase engineering, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques have emerged as powerful tools, providing unprecedented atomic-resolution imaging, multiple characterization and stimulation mechanisms, and real-time integrations with various external fields. In this Review, we present a comprehensive overview of recent advances in in situ TEM studies to characterize and modulate nanomaterials for phase transformations under different stimuli, including mechanical, thermal, electrical, environmental, optical, and magnetic factors. We briefly introduce crystalline structures and polymorphism and then summarize phase stability and phase transformation models. The advanced experimental setups of in situ techniques are outlined and the advantages of in situ TEM phase engineering are highlighted, as demonstrated via several representative examples. Besides, the distinctive properties that can be obtained from in situ phase engineering are presented. Finally, current challenges and future research opportunities, along with their potential applications, are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ke Cao
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710026, China
| | - Jingzhuo Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yingxin Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuan Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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Wang Z, Ren Y, Wu F, Qu G, Chen X, Yang Y, Wang J, Lu P. Advances in the research of carbon-, silicon-, and polymer-based superhydrophobic nanomaterials: Synthesis and potential application. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 318:102932. [PMID: 37311274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of science and technology, superhydrophobic nanomaterials have become one of the hot topics from various subjects. Due to their distinct properties, such as superhydrophobicity, anti-icing and corrosion resistance, superhydrophobic nanomaterials are widely used in industry, agriculture, defense, medicine and other fields. Hence, the development of superhydrophobic materials with superior performance, economical, practical features, and environment-friendly properties are extremely important for industrial development and environmental protection. Aimed to provide a scientific and theoretical basis for the subsequent study on the preparation of composite superhydrophobic nanomaterials, this paper reviewed the latest progress in the research of superhydrophobic surface wettability and the theory of superhydrophobicity, summarized and analyzed the latest development of carbon-based, silicon-based and polymer-based superhydrophobic nanomaterials in terms of their synthesis, modification, properties and structure sizes (diameters), discussed the problems and unique application prospects of carbon-based, silicon-based and polymer-based superhydrophobic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoliang Wang
- Faculty of environmental science and engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; National Regional Engineering Research Center-NCW, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanchuan Ren
- Faculty of environmental science and engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; National Regional Engineering Research Center-NCW, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Fenghui Wu
- Faculty of environmental science and engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; National Regional Engineering Research Center-NCW, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Guangfei Qu
- Faculty of environmental science and engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; National Regional Engineering Research Center-NCW, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Faculty of environmental science and engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; National Regional Engineering Research Center-NCW, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuyi Yang
- Faculty of environmental science and engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; National Regional Engineering Research Center-NCW, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Faculty of environmental science and engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; National Regional Engineering Research Center-NCW, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Faculty of environmental science and engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; National Regional Engineering Research Center-NCW, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
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Al Humaidi M, Jakob J, Al Hassan A, Davtyan A, Schroth P, Feigl L, Herranz J, Novikov D, Geelhaar L, Baumbach T, Pietsch U. Exploiting flux shadowing for strain and bending engineering in core-shell nanowires. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2254-2261. [PMID: 36629039 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on the non-uniform shell growth of InxGa1-xAs on the GaAs nanowire (NW) core by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The growth was realized on pre-patterned silicon substrates with the pitch size (p) ranging from 0.1 μm to 10 μm. Considering the preferable bending direction with respect to the MBE cells as well as the layout of the substrate pattern, we were able to modify the strain distribution along the NW growth axis and the subsequent bending profile. For NW arrays with a high number density, the obtained bending profile of the NWs is composed of straight (barely-strained) and bent (strained) segments with different lengths which depend on the pitch size. A precise control of the bent and straight NW segment length provides a method to design NW based devices with length selective strain distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al Humaidi
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Solid State Physics, Emmy-Noether Campus, Walter-Flex Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Julian Jakob
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ali Al Hassan
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Solid State Physics, Emmy-Noether Campus, Walter-Flex Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Arman Davtyan
- Solid State Physics, Emmy-Noether Campus, Walter-Flex Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Philipp Schroth
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Solid State Physics, Emmy-Noether Campus, Walter-Flex Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Ludwig Feigl
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jesús Herranz
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dmitri Novikov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, PETRA III, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Geelhaar
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ullrich Pietsch
- Solid State Physics, Emmy-Noether Campus, Walter-Flex Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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Sun Y, Lin Z, Tian F, Sun B, Zou X, Wang C. Tunable Mechanics and Micromechanism in Close-Knit Silicide-in-SiO 2 Core-Shell Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9951-9957. [PMID: 36512484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bending/tension mechanics is one of the core issues for nanowires in flexible free-standing transport and sensor applications, but it remains a challenge to tailor the mechanical performance beyond the inherent properties. Herein, based on structure engineering, silicon-based Mn5Si3@SiO2 nanocables are proposed and demonstrated as versatile nanosystems. Except for outstanding toughness, large ultimate strain, and great strength, they display diverse mechanical behaviors such as simplex elasticity, plasticity, and viscoelasticity under different external conditions. The tunable performances originate from synergetic effects between the core and shell components, like the atomic bonding transitional interface and space confinement, which induce optimizing internal stress distribution and the dislocation evolution mechanism in the core. The related mechanical performance is revealed carefully. The bending and tension dynamic picture, quantitative force curve, stress-strain dependence, and the corresponding lattice evolution are acquired by in/ex situ characterizations and measurements. These results contribute to nanowire mechanical design and also expand to strain-regulated three-dimensional multifunctional nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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Zhang C, Larionov KV, Firestein KL, Fernando JFS, Lewis CE, Sorokin PB, Golberg DV. Optomechanical Properties of MoSe 2 Nanosheets as Revealed by In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:673-679. [PMID: 35007088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing few-layered MoSe2 nanosheet stacks optoelectronic signatures are analyzed by using light compatible in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) utilizing an optical TEM holder allowing for the simultaneous mechanical deformation, electrical probing and light illumination of a sample. Two types of deformation, namely, (i) bending of nanosheets perpendicular to their basal atomic planes and (ii) edge deformation parallel to the basal atomic planes, lead to two distinctly different optomechanical performances of the nanosheet stacks. The former deformation induces a stable but rather marginal increase in photocurrent, whereas the latter mode is prone to unstable nonsystematic photocurrent value changes and a red-shifted photocurrent spectrum. The experimental results are verified by ab initio calculations using density functional theory (DFT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Centre for Material Science and School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Konstantin V Larionov
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 4 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119049, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Pereulok, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin L Firestein
- Centre for Material Science and School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Joseph F S Fernando
- Centre for Material Science and School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Courtney-Elyce Lewis
- Centre for Material Science and School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Pavel B Sorokin
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 4 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119049, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Pereulok, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V Golberg
- Centre for Material Science and School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
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Zhang Z, Hossain ZM. Surface softening regulates size-dependent stiffness of diamond nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:095709. [PMID: 31715594 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab56d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diamond nanowires (NWs) belong to an important class of nanoscale materials for their outstanding potential in mechanical, electrical, and thermal applications. However, their mechanical behavior under pristine and defective conditions remains less understood. This paper reveals a comprehensive understanding of the effective elastic behavior of diamond NWs, and it uncovers surface-softening as the dominant mechanism that regulates their effective behavior. We applied the force-based and energy-based approaches and constructed a comparative analysis to reveal the atomistic basis behind the diameter-dependent elastic properties of the nanowires. Our findings suggest the energy-based approach to produce physically meaningful results, whereas the widely used force-based scheme produces inconsistent size-dependent behavior. Results show that, with increasing diameter, the softening of the surface and the defective regimes decreases. As a direct consequence of the alteration in the softening state, the first-order elastic modulus increases with increasing diameter, whereas the second-order modulus decreases. Also, vacancy defects, even in very dilute concentrations, are found to substantially affect the elastic behavior of the nanowire. Furthermore, surface, core, and defective regimes exhibit very different roles in nanowires of different diameters: the surface regime acts as a softer regime and the core as stiffer, regardless of the diameter. Their cumulative effect is however dominated by the surface in smaller-diameter nanowire-but in wider diameter nanowires it is dominated by the core. As a result, the size-dependent behavior is strictly controlled by the softening state of the surface. The diameter-dependent elastic moduli show a power-law relation, which deviates substantially from the simple surface-to-volume ratio. These findings suggest surface-engineering as an important tool for modulating the effective behavior of brittle nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Mechanics & Physics of Heterogeneous Materials Department of Mechanical Engineering Center for Composite Materials University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America
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Tomographic Collection of Block-Based Sparse STEM Images: Practical Implementation and Impact on the Quality of the 3D Reconstructed Volume. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12142281. [PMID: 31315199 PMCID: PMC6679239 DOI: 10.3390/ma12142281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of the electron dose in electron tomography of biological samples is of high significance to diminish radiation damages. Simulations have shown that sparse data collection can perform efficient electron dose reduction. Frameworks based on compressive-sensing or inpainting algorithms have been proposed to accurately reconstruct missing information in sparse data. The present work proposes a practical implementation to perform tomographic collection of block-based sparse images in scanning transmission electron microscopy. The method has been applied on sections of chemically-fixed and resin-embedded Trypanosoma brucei cells. There are 3D reconstructions obtained from various amounts of downsampling, which are compared and eventually the limits of electron dose reduction using this method are explored.
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Sciammarella CA, Sciammarella FM, Lamberti L. Determination of Displacement Fields at the Sub-Nanometric Scale. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:ma12111804. [PMID: 31163682 PMCID: PMC6600795 DOI: 10.3390/ma12111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic behavior of materials depends on interactions of atoms and molecules at nanometer/sub-nanometer scale. Experimental mechanics (EM) can be used for assessing relationships between the macro world and the atomic realm. Theoretical models developed at nanometric and sub-nanometric scales may be verified using EM techniques with the final goal of deriving comprehensive but manageable models. Recently, the authors have carried out studies on EM determination of displacements and their derivatives at the macro and microscopic scales. Here, these techniques were applied to the analysis of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy patterns of a crystalline array containing dislocations. Utilizing atomic positions as carriers of information and comparing undeformed and deformed configurations of observed area, displacements and their derivatives, as well as stresses, have been obtained in the Eulerian description of deformed crystal. Two approaches are introduced. The first establishes an analogy between the basic crystalline structure and a 120° strain gage rosette. The other relies on the fact that, if displacement information along three directions is available, it is possible to reconstruct the displacement field; all necessary equations are provided in the paper. Remarkably, the validity of the Cauchy-Born conjecture is proven to be correct within the range of observed deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Sciammarella
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
| | | | - Luciano Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Bari 70126, Italy.
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Firestein KL, Kvashnin DG, Fernando JFS, Zhang C, Siriwardena DP, Sorokin PB, Golberg DV. Crystallography-Derived Young's Modulus and Tensile Strength of AlN Nanowires as Revealed by in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2084-2091. [PMID: 30786716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum nitride (AlN) has a unique combination of properties, such as high chemical and thermal stability, nontoxicity, high melting point, large energy band gap, high thermal conductivity, and intensive light emission. This combination makes AlN nanowires (NWs) a prospective material for optoelectronic and field-emission nanodevices. However, there has been very limited information on mechanical properties of AlN NWs that is essential for their reliable utilization in modern technologies. Herein, we thoroughly study mechanical properties of individual AlN NWs using direct, in situ bending and tensile tests inside a high-resolution TEM. Overall, 22 individual NWs have been tested, and a strong dependence of their Young's moduli and ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) on their growth axis crystallographic orientation is documented. The Young's modulus of NWs grown along the [101̅1] orientation is found to be in a range 160-260 GPa, whereas for those grown along the [0002] orientation it falls within a range 350-440 GPa. In situ TEM tensile tests demonstrate the UTS values up to 8.2 GPa for the [0002]-oriented NWs, which is more than 20 times larger than that of a bulk AlN compound. Such properties make AlN nanowires a highly promising material for the reinforcing applications in metal matrix and other composites. Finally, experimental results were compared and verified under a density functional theory simulation, which shows the pronounced effect of growth axis on the AlN NW mechanical behavior. The modeling reveals that with an increasing NW width the Young's modulus tends to approach the elastic constants of a bulk material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin L Firestein
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2nd George str. , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Dmitry G Kvashnin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS" , Leninskiy Prospekt 4 , Moscow 119049 , Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Kosigina Street 4 , Moscow 119334 , Russian Federation
| | - Joseph F S Fernando
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2nd George str. , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2nd George str. , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Dumindu P Siriwardena
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2nd George str. , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Pavel B Sorokin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS" , Leninskiy Prospekt 4 , Moscow 119049 , Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Kosigina Street 4 , Moscow 119334 , Russian Federation
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials , Centralnaya Street 7a , Troitsk 108840 , Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V Golberg
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2nd George str. , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 3050044 , Japan
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