A Two-Dimensional MoS2 Catalysis Transistor by Solid-State Ion Gating Manipulation and Adjustment (SIGMA)

Calcium Alginate as an Active Device Component for Light-Triggered Degradation of 2D MoS2-Based Transient Electronics

Transient electronics technology has enabled the programmed disintegration of functional devices, paving the way for environmentally sustainable management of electronic wastes as well as facilitating the exploration of novel device concepts. While a variety of inorganic and/or organic materials have been employed as media to introduce transient characteristics in electronic devices, they have been mainly limited to function as passive device components. Herein, we report that calcium (Ca) alginate, a natural biopolymer, exhibits multifunctionalities of introducing light-triggered transient characteristics as well as constituting active components in electronic devices integrated with two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) layers. Ca2+ ions-based alginate electrolyte films are prepared through hydrolysis reactions and are subsequently incorporated with riboflavin, a natural photosensitizer, for the light-driven dissolution of 2D MoS2 layers. The alginate films exhibit strain-sensitive triboelectricity, confirming the presence of abundant mobile Ca2+ ions, which enables them to be active components of 2D MoS2 field-effect transistors (FETs) functioning as electrolyte top-gates. The alginate-integrated 2D MoS2 FETs display intriguing transient characteristics of spontaneous degradation upon ultraviolet-to-visible light illumination as well as water exposure. Such transient characteristics are demonstrated even in ambient conditions with natural sunlight, highlighting the versatility of the developed approach. This study emphasizes a relatively unexplored aspect of combining naturally abundant polymers with emerging near atom-thickness semiconductors toward realizing unconventional and transformative device functionalities.

Rhodamine 6G/Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Hybrid Nanoscrolls for Enhanced Optoelectronic Performance

The low light absorption efficiency has seriously hindered the application of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanosheets in the field of optoelectronic devices. Various approaches have been used to improve the performance of TMDC nanosheets. Preparation of one-dimensional TMDC nanoscrolls in combination with photoactive materials has been a promising method to improve their properties recently. In this work, we report a facile method to enhance the optoelectronic performance of TMDC nanoscrolls by wrapping the photoactive organic dye rhodamine (R6G) into them. After R6G molecules were deposited on monolayer TMDC nanosheets by the solution method, the R6G/MoS2 nanoscrolls with lengths up to hundreds of microns were prepared in a short time by dropping a mixture of ammonia and ethanol solution on the R6G/MoS2 nanosheets. The as-obtained R6G/MoS2 nanoscrolls were well characterized by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to prove the encapsulation of R6G. There are multiple type II heterojunction interfaces in the R6G/MoS2 nanoscrolls, which can promote the generation of photo-induced carriers and the following electron-hole separation. The separated electrons were transported rapidly along the axial direction of the R6G/MoS2 nanoscrolls, which greatly improves the efficiency of light absorption and photoresponse. Under the irradiation of an incident 405 nm laser, the photoresponsivity, carrier mobility, external quantum efficiency, and detectivity of R6G/MoS2 nanoscrolls were enhanced to 66.07 A/W, 132.93 cm2V-1s-1, 20,261%, and 1.25 × 1012 cm·Hz1/2W-1, which are four orders of magnitude higher than those of monolayer MoS2 nanosheets. Our work indicates that the R6G/TMDC hybrid nanoscrolls could be promising materials for high-performance optoelectronic devices.

What Makes On-Chip Microdevices Stand Out in Electrocatalysis?

Clean and sustainable energy conversion and storage through electrochemistry shows great promise as an alternative to traditional fuel or fossil-consumption energy systems. With regards to practical and high-efficient electrochemistry application, the rational design of active sites and the accurate description of mechanism remain a challenge. Toward this end, in this Perspective, a unique on-chip micro/nano device coupling nanofabrication and low-dimensional electrochemical materials is presented, in which material structure analysis, field-effect regulation, in situ monitoring, and simulation modeling are highlighted. The critical mechanisms that influence electrochemical response are discussed, and how on-chip micro/nano device distinguishes itself is emphasized. The key challenges and opportunities of on-chip electrochemical platforms are also provided through the Perspective.

On-chip electrocatalytic microdevices

On-chip electrocatalytic microdevices (OCEMs) are an emerging electrochemical platform specialized for investigating nanocatalysts at the microscopic level. The OCEM platform allows high-precision electrochemical measurements at the individual nanomaterial level and, more importantly, offers unique perspectives inaccessible with conventional electrochemical methods. This protocol describes the critical concepts, experimental standardization, operational principles and data analysis of OCEMs. Specifically, standard protocols for the measurement of the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction of individual 2D nanosheets are introduced with data validation, interpretation and benchmarking. A series of factors (e.g., the exposed area of material, the choice of passivation layer and current leakage) that could have effects on the accuracy and reliability of measurement are discussed. In addition, as an example of the high adaptability of OCEMs, the protocol for in situ electrical transport measurement is detailed. We believe that this protocol will promote the general adoption of the OCEM platform and inspire further development in the near future. This protocol requires essential knowledge in chemical synthesis, device fabrication and electrochemistry.

High Performance GaN-Based Ultraviolet Photodetector via Te/Metal Electrodes

Photodetectors (PDs) based on two-dimensional (2D) materials have promising applications in modern electronics and optoelectronics. However, due to the intralayer recombination of the photogenerated carriers and the inevitable surface trapping stages of the constituent layers, the PDs based on 2D materials usually suffer from low responsivity and poor response speed. In this work, a distinguished GaN-based photodetector is constructed on a sapphire substrate with Te/metal electrodes. Due to the metal-like properties of tellurium, the band bending at the interface between Te and GaN generates an inherent electric field, which greatly reduces the carrier transport barrier and promotes the photoresponse of GaN. This Te-enhanced GaN-based PD show a promising responsivity of 4951 mA/W, detectivity of 1.79 × 10¹⁴ Jones, and an external quantum efficiency of 169%. In addition, owing to the collection efficiency of carriers by this Te-GaN interface, the response time is greatly decreased compared with pure GaN PDs. This high performance can be attributed to the fact that Te reduces the contact resistance of the metal electrode Au/Ti to GaN, forming an ohmic-like contact and promoting the photoresponse of GaN. This work greatly extends the application potential of GaN in the field of high-performance photodetectors and puts forward a new way of developing high performance photodetectors.

The importance of a charge transfer descriptor for screening potential CO2 reduction electrocatalysts

It has been over twenty years since the linear scaling of reaction intermediate adsorption energies started to coin the fields of heterogeneous and electrocatalysis as a blessing and a curse at the same time. It has established the possibility to construct activity volcano plots as a function of a single or two readily accessible adsorption energies as descriptors, but also limited the maximal catalytic conversion rate. In this work, it is found that these established adsorption energy-based descriptor spaces are not applicable to electrochemistry, because they are lacking an important additional dimension, the potential of zero charge. This extra dimension arises from the interaction of the electric double layer with reaction intermediates which does not scale with adsorption energies. At the example of the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ it is shown that the addition of this descriptor breaks the scaling relations, opening up a huge chemical space that is readily accessible via potential of zero charge-based material design. The potential of zero charge also explains product selectivity trends of electrochemical CO₂ reduction in close agreement with reported experimental data highlighting its importance for electrocatalyst design.

Electrochemistry at Back-Gated, Ultrathin ZnO Electrodes: Field-Effect Modulation of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rate Constants by 30× with Enhanced Gate Capacitance

We report steady-state voltammetry of outer-sphere redox species at back-gated ultrathin ZnO working electrodes in order to determine electron transfer rate constants kET as a function of independently controlled gate bias, VG. We demonstrate that kET can be modulated as much as 30-fold by application of VG ≤ 8 V. The key to this demonstration was integrating the ultrathin (5 nm) ZnO on a high dielectric constant (k) insulator, HfO2 (30 nm), which was grown on a Pd metal gate. The high-k HfO2 dramatically decreased the required VG values and increased the gate-induced charge in ZnO compared to previous studies. Importantly, the enhanced gating power of the Pd/HfO2/ZnO stack meant it was possible to observe a nonmonotonic dependence of kET on VG, which reflects the inherent density of redox acceptor states in solution. This work adds to the growing body of literature demonstrating that electrochemical kinetics (i.e., rate constants and overpotentials) at ultrathin working electrodes can be tuned by VG, independent of the conventional electrochemical working electrode potential.

Recent advances in understanding and design of efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts for water splitting: A comprehensive review

An unsustainable reliance on fossil fuels is the primary cause of the vast majority of greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn lead to climate change. Green hydrogen (H₂), which may be generated by electrolyzing water with renewable power sources, is a possible substitute for fossil fuels. On the other hand, the increasing intricacy of hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts that are presently being explored makes it more challenging to integrate catalytic theories, catalytic fabrication procedures, and characterization techniques. This review will initially present the thermodynamics, kinetics, and associated electrical and structural characteristics for HER electrocatalysts before highlighting design approaches for the electrocatalysts. Secondly, an in-depth discussion regarding the rational design, synthesis, mechanistic insight, and performance improvement of electrocatalysts is centered on both the intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Thirdly, the most recent technological advances in electrocatalytic water-splitting approaches are described. Finally, the difficulties and possibilities associated with generating extremely effective HER electrocatalysts for water-splitting applications are discussed.

Back-Gated van der Waals Heterojunction Manipulates Local Charges toward Fine-Tuning Hydrogen Evolution

Charge redistribution plays a prominent role in interpreting the intrinsic electrocatalytic mechanism. Establishing a quantitative relationship between the local charges and electrochemical performance can fundamentally update the design philosophies beyond conventional methods. We describe exertion of an external electric field in the cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc)/MoS₂ heterojunction to finely manipulate intermolecular charge transfer. The injected charges (e^- ) from CoPc to MoS₂ migrate to natural S vacancies and enhance Mo-H bonding. Moreover, the band gap of MoS₂ and CoPc can be readily tuned by the electric field, verifying band engineering at the heterointerface. In situ photoluminescence spectra and gate-dependent electrochemical measurement reveal a linear correlation between the charge accumulation and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. This approach provides a new strategy for the design of catalysts, enabling precise regulation of the electronic configuration to improve catalytic activity.

Dual Self-Built Gating Boosts the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Optimizing the intrinsic activity of active sites is an appealing strategy for accelerating the kinetics of the catalytic process. Here, a design principle, namely "dual self-built gating", is proposed to tailor the electronic structures of catalysts. Catalytic improvement is confirmed in a model catalyst with a ReS₂ -WS₂ /WS₂ hybridized heterostructure. As demonstrated in experimental and theoretical results, the dual gating can bidirectionally guide electron transfer and redistribute at the interface, endowing the model catalyst with an electron-rich region. The tailored electronic structures balance the adsorption of intermediates and the desorption of hydrogen synergistically to enhance the reaction kinetics for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Interestingly, the effect of dual gating can be easily amplified by the electric field. The overpotential and Tafel slope (49 mV, 35 mV dec^-1 ) obtained under the electric field for ReS₂ -WS₂ /WS₂ catalyst with the dual self-built gating effect are far below than those (210 mV, 116 mV dec^-1 ) of the pure WS₂ catalyst, which exhibits nearly four times improvement. The concept of dual gating can be applied to more systems, offering a new guideline for designing advanced electrocatalysts.

Boosting the performance of single-atom catalysts via external electric field polarization

Single-atom catalysts represent a unique catalytic system with high atomic utilization and tunable reaction pathway. Despite current successes in their optimization and tailoring through structural and synthetic innovations, there is a lack of dynamic modulation approach for the single-atom catalysis. Inspired by the electrostatic interaction within specific natural enzymes, here we show the performance of model single-atom catalysts anchored on two-dimensional atomic crystals can be systematically and efficiently tuned by oriented external electric fields. Superior electrocatalytic performance have been achieved in single-atom catalysts under electrostatic modulations. Theoretical investigations suggest a universal “onsite electrostatic polarization” mechanism, in which electrostatic fields significantly polarize charge distributions at the single-atom sites and alter the kinetics of the rate determining steps, leading to boosted reaction performances. Such field-induced on-site polarization offers a unique strategy for simulating the catalytic processes in natural enzyme systems with quantitative, precise and dynamic external electric fields.

While single-atom catalysts offer high atomic utilization and tunable reaction pathways, there are still challenges in controlling reactivity. Here, authors use oriented external electric fields to induce electrostatic polarization in metal single-atoms and to boost water-splitting performances.

Rational Design of Better Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting: A Review

The excessive dependence on fossil fuels contributes to the majority of CO₂ emissions, influencing on the climate change. One promising alternative to fossil fuels is green hydrogen, which can be produced through water electrolysis from renewable electricity. However, the variety and complexity of hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts currently studied increases the difficulty in the integration of catalytic theory, catalyst design and preparation, and characterization methods. Herein, this review first highlights design principles for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts, presenting the thermodynamics, kinetics, and related electronic and structural descriptors for HER. Second, the reasonable design, preparation, mechanistic understanding, and performance enhancement of electrocatalysts are deeply discussed based on intrinsic and extrinsic effects. Third, recent advancements in the electrocatalytic water splitting technology are further discussed briefly. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of the development of highly efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts for water splitting are proposed.

Observation of an intermediate state during lithium intercalation of twisted bilayer MoS2

Lithium intercalation of MoS2 is generally believed to introduce a phase transition from H phase (semiconducting) to T phase (metallic). However, during the intercalation process, a spatially sharp boundary is usually formed between the fully intercalated T phase MoS2 and non-intercalated H phase MoS2. The intermediate state, i.e., lightly intercalated H phase MoS2 without a phase transition, is difficult to investigate by optical-microscope-based spectroscopy due to the narrow size. Here, we report the stabilization of the intermediate state across the whole flake of twisted bilayer MoS2. The twisted bilayer system allows the lithium to intercalate from the top surface and enables fast Li-ion diffusion by the reduced interlayer interaction. The E2g Raman mode of the intermediate state shows a peak splitting behavior. Our simulation results indicate that the intermediate state is stabilized by lithium-induced symmetry breaking of the H phase MoS2. Our results provide an insight into the non-uniform intercalation during battery charging and discharging, and also open a new opportunity to modulate the properties of twisted 2D systems with guest species doping in the Moiré structures.

Alumina Graphene Catalytic Condenser for Programmable Solid Acids

Precise control of electron density at catalyst active sites enables regulation of surface chemistry for the optimal rate and selectivity to products. Here, an ultrathin catalytic film of amorphous alumina (4 nm) was integrated into a catalytic condenser device that enabled tunable electron depletion from the alumina active layer and correspondingly stronger Lewis acidity. The catalytic condenser had the following structure: amorphous alumina/graphene/HfO₂ dielectric (70 nm)/p-type Si. Application of positive voltages up to +3 V between graphene and the p-type Si resulted in electrons flowing out of the alumina; positive charge accumulated in the catalyst. Temperature-programmed surface reaction of thermocatalytic isopropanol (IPA) dehydration to propene on the charged alumina surface revealed a shift in the propene formation peak temperature of up to ΔT _peak∼50 °C relative to the uncharged film, consistent with a 16 kJ mol^-1 (0.17 eV) reduction in the apparent activation energy. Electrical characterization of the thin amorphous alumina film by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy indicates that the film is a defective semiconductor with an appreciable density of in-gap electronic states. Density functional theory calculations of IPA binding on the pentacoordinate aluminum active sites indicate significant binding energy changes (ΔBE) up to 60 kJ mol^-1 (0.62 eV) for 0.125 e^- depletion per active site, supporting the experimental findings. Overall, the results indicate that continuous and fast electronic control of thermocatalysis can be achieved with the catalytic condenser device.

Key Role of Lorentz Excitation in the Electromagnetic-Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) are recently demonstrated as a promising strategy to promote the electrochemical catalytic reactions. However, the underlying mechanisms are still an open question. In this work, we systematically investigated the influence of AMFs on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by using a Fe-Co-Ni-P-B magnetic catalyst. The HER catalytic efficiency is boosted significantly by AMFs, with 27% increase in current density at 20 mT. This is attributed to the enhancement of charge-transfer efficiency by Lorentz interaction with a minor contribution from the heating effect. The high magnetic permeability and skin effect of electromagnetic eddy current for the Fe-Co-Ni-P-B electrode can magnify the Lorentz effect. These findings clarify the mechanism of AMF-enhanced HER catalytic activities and open a door for designing a high-efficiency electrocatalysis system.

Implicit Solvation Methods for Catalysis at Electrified Interfaces

Implicit solvation is an effective, highly coarse-grained approach in atomic-scale simulations to account for a surrounding liquid electrolyte on the level of a continuous polarizable medium. Originating in molecular chemistry with finite solutes, implicit solvation techniques are now increasingly used in the context of first-principles modeling of electrochemistry and electrocatalysis at extended (often metallic) electrodes. The prevalent ansatz to model the latter electrodes and the reactive surface chemistry at them through slabs in periodic boundary condition supercells brings its specific challenges. Foremost this concerns the difficulty of describing the entire double layer forming at the electrified solid–liquid interface (SLI) within supercell sizes tractable by commonly employed density functional theory (DFT). We review liquid solvation methodology from this specific application angle, highlighting in particular its use in the widespread ab initio thermodynamics approach to surface catalysis. Notably, implicit solvation can be employed to mimic a polarization of the electrode’s electronic density under the applied potential and the concomitant capacitive charging of the entire double layer beyond the limitations of the employed DFT supercell. Most critical for continuing advances of this effective methodology for the SLI context is the lack of pertinent (experimental or high-level theoretical) reference data needed for parametrization.

Surface-Electronic-Structure Reconstruction of Perovskite via Double-Cation Gradient Etching for Superior Water Oxidation

Reconstructing the surface-electronic-structure of catalysts for efficient electrocatalytic activity is crucial but still under intense exploration. Herein, we introduce a double-cation gradient etching technique to manipulate the electronic structure of perovskite LaCoO₃. With the gradient dissolution of cations, the surface was reconstructed, and the perovskite/spinel heterostructure V-LCO/Co₃O₄ (V-LCO refers to LaCoO₃ with La and Co vacancies) can be realized. Its surface-electronic-structure is effectively regulated due to the heterogeneous interface effect and abundant vacancies, resulting in a significantly enhanced activity for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The V-LCO/Co₃O₄ exhibits low electrochemical activation energy and 2 orders of magnitude higher carrier concentrations (1.36 × 10²¹ cm^-3) compared with LCO (6.03 × 10¹⁹ cm^-3). Density functional theory (DFT) calculation unveils that the directional reconstruction of surface-electronic-structure enables the d-band center of V-LCO/Co₃O₄ to a moderate position, endowing perfect adsorption strength for oxo groups and thus promoting the electrocatalytic activity.

Exploring promising gas sensing and highly active catalysts for CO oxidation: transition-metal (Fe, Co and Ni) adsorbed Janus MoSSe monolayers

From first-principles calculations, the transition-metal (TM) atom (Fe, Co and Ni) adsorbed Janus MoSSe monolayer, toxic gas molecules (CO, NH3 and H2S) adsorbed on the Ni-MoSSe monolayer and CO catalytic oxidation on the Fe-MoSSe monolayer are systematically investigated. An increasing order (Fe-MoSSe < Co-MoSSe < Ni-MoSSe) is found for the stability and band gap of the TM atom adsorbed Janus MoSSe monolayer. These toxic gas molecules are found to be weakly physisorbed and strongly chemisorbed on the pristine and Ni-MoSSe monolayers, respectively. The electronic structure and gas molecular adsorption properties of the Janus MoSSe monolayer can be modulated by adsorbing different TM atoms and gas molecules. Particularly, the CO catalytic oxidation can be realized on the Fe-MoSSe monolayer in light of the more preferable Eley-Rideal (ER) mechanism with the two-step route (CO + O2 → OOCO → CO2 + Oads, CO + Oads → CO2) with highly exothermic processes in each step. The adsorption of TM atoms which may greatly enhance gas sensing performance and catalytic performance of CO oxidation based on the Janus MoSSe monolayer is further discussed.

Electrochemical Intercalation in Atomically Thin van der Waals Materials for Structural Phase Transition and Device Applications

In van der Waals (vdWs) materials and heterostructures, the interlayers are bonded by weak vdWs interactions due to the lack of dangling bonds. The vdWs gap at the homo- or heterointerface provides great freedom to enrich the tunability of electronic structures by external intercalation of foreign ions or atoms at the interface, leading to the discovery of new physics and functionalities. Herein, the recent progress on electrochemical intercalation of foreign species into atomically thin vdWs materials for structural phase transition and device applications is reviewed and future opportunities are discussed. First, several kinds of electrochemical intercalation platforms to achieve the intercalation in vdWs materials and heterostructures are introduced. Next, the in situ characterization of electrochemical intercalation dynamics by state-of-the-art techniques is summarized, including optical techniques, scanning probe techniques, and electrical transport. Moreover, particular attention is paid on the experimentally reported phase transition and multifunctional applications of intercalated devices. Finally, future applications and challenges of intercalation in vdWs materials and heterostructures are proposed, including the intrinsic intercalation mechanism of solid ion conductors, exact identification of intercalated foreign species by near-field optical techniques, and the tunability of intercalation kinetics for ultrafast switching.

Pushing Absorption of Perovskite Nanocrystals into the Infrared

To date, defect-tolerance electronic structure of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals is limited to an optical feature in the visible range. Here, we demonstrate that IR sensitization of formamidinium lead iodine (FAPI) nanocrystal array can be obtained by its doping with PbS nanocrystals. In this hybrid array, absorption comes from the PbS nanocrystals while transport is driven by the perovskite which reduces the dark current compared to pristine PbS. In addition, we fabricate a field-effect transistor using a high capacitance ionic glass made of hybrid FAPI/PbS nanocrystal arrays. We show that the hybrid material has an n-type nature with an electron mobility of 2 × 10^-3 cm² V^-1 s^-1. However, the dark current reduction is mostly balanced by a loss of absorption. To overcome this limitation, we couple the FAPI/PbS hybrid to a guided mode resonator that can enhance the infrared light absorption.

Double layer charging driven carbon dioxide adsorption limits the rate of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction on Gold

Electrochemical CO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{2}$$\end{document}2 reduction is a potential route to the sustainable production of valuable fuels and chemicals. Here, we perform CO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{2}$$\end{document}2 reduction experiments on Gold at neutral to acidic pH values to elucidate the long-standing controversy surrounding the rate-limiting step. We find the CO production rate to be invariant with pH on a Standard Hydrogen Electrode scale and conclude that it is limited by the CO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{2}$$\end{document}2 adsorption step. We present a new multi-scale modeling scheme that integrates ab initio reaction kinetics with mass transport simulations, explicitly considering the charged electric double layer. The model reproduces the experimental CO polarization curve and reveals the rate-limiting step to be *COOH to *CO at low overpotentials, CO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{2}$$\end{document}2 adsorption at intermediate ones, and CO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{2}$$\end{document}2 mass transport at high overpotentials. Finally, we show the Tafel slope to arise from the electrostatic interaction between the dipole of *CO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{2}$$\end{document}2 and the interfacial field. This work highlights the importance of surface charging for electrochemical kinetics and mass transport.

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction is a potential route to the sustainable production of valuable fuels and chemicals. In this joint experimental-theoretical work, the authors address the issue of the rate-limiting step on Gold and present insights from multi-scale simulations into the importance of the electric double layer on reaction kinetics and mass transport.

On-chip electrocatalytic microdevice: an emerging platform for expanding the insight into electrochemical processes

This comprehensive summary of on-chip electrocatalytic microdevices will expand the insight into electrochemical processes, ranging from dynamic exploration to performance optimization.